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HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN KESEHATAN GIGI DENGAN NILAI INDEKS DMF-T SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA M. Fahrul Ryzanur.A; Widodo Widodo; Rosihan Adhani
Dentin Vol 6, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i1.6226

ABSTRACTBackground: The prevalence of people with oral and dental problems in Indonesia according to Riskesdas in 2018 was 57.6% with the National DMF-T index of 7.1. Lack of knowledge about oral and dental health causes a person not knowing the causes and prevention of dental caries. Purpose: To determine the results of published studies related to the relationship between dental health knowledge and the DMF-T index value of junior high school students. Method: A literature review with the type of narrative literature review. Data collection is carried out through electronic media. The data source is Secondary data from journals regarding the relationship between dental and oral health knowledge on the DMF-T score of junior high school students. Results: The results of the review of 12 journals conducted, found that the largest average percentage of DMF-T from 6 journals was in the low category, which was 27.45%, the average percentage of the largest dental and oral health knowledge level of the 5 journals was in the good / high, which is equal to 57.68%. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the level of knowledge and the DMF-T index, most of the DMF-T index tends to be low in students with high levels of knowledge. Keywords: DMF-T index, Junior high school students, Level of knowledge. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Prevalensi masyarakat yang bermasalah gigi dan mulut di Indonesia menurut Riskesdas tahun 2018 sebesar 57,6% dengan indeks DMF-T Nasional sebesar 7,1%. Pengetahuan yang kurang mengenai kesehatan gigi dan mulut menyebabkan seseorang tidak mengetahui penyebab dan pencegahan karies gigi. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hasil penelitian yang sudah dipublikasikan yang berkaitan dengan hubungan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dengan nilai indeks DMF-T siswa SMP. Metode: Literature review menggunakan jenis narrative literature review. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui media elektronik. Sumber data berupa data sekunder dari jurnal mengenai hubungan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut terhadap nilai DMF-T siswa SMP. Hasil: Hasil review 12 jurnal yang dilakukan, ditemukan rata-rata persentase DMF-T terbesar dari 6 jurnal pada kategori rendah, yaitu sebesar 27,45%, rata-rata persentase tingkat pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut terbesar dari 5 jurnal tersebut adalah pada kategori baik/tinggi, yaitu sebesar 57,68%. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dengan indeks DMF-T, sebagian besar indeks DMF-T cenderung rendah pada siswa dengan tingkat pengetahuan tinggi. Kata kunci: Indeks DMF-T, Siswa SMP, Tingkat pengetahuan.

COVER DAN DAFTAR ISI_Dentin_Vol 6. No 3. Desember 2022 Dentin FKG ULM
Dentin Vol 6, No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i3.6827

HUBUNGAN MALOKLUSI GIGI TERHADAP STATUS PSIKOSOSIAL REMAJA (LITERATURE REVIEW) Muhiddin Muhiddin; Diana Wibowo; Galuh Dwinta Sari
Dentin Vol 6, No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i3.6818

ABSTRACTBackground: Malocclusion is a condition in which the occlusion deviates from the normal form. Malocclusion can be measured using the IOTN and DAI indices. Research has shown that adolescents who experience problems with anterior dental malocclusion can negatively affect their psychosocial status. Measurement of the effect of malocclusion on psychosocial status can be determined using a questionnaire method, namely the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire (PIDAQ). Objective: To analyze the relationship between dental malocclusion and the psychosocial status of adolescents aged 12-18 years. Methods: This study uses a literature review method with a narrative review model. The literature search was carried out using sources from Google Scholar and PubMed. The literature that has been obtained is then selected according to the inclusion criteria, collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Results: The relationship between dental malocclusion on the psychosocial status of adolescents aged 12-18 years as measured using the IOTN and DAI indexes stated that there was a significant effect. Conclusion: Dental malocclusion has an impact on the psychosocial status of adolescents. Keywords: Adolescent psychosocial, Dental malocclusion, Malocclusion, Psychosocial. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Maloklusi merupakan kondisi dimana oklusi yang menyimpang dari bentuk normal. Maloklusi dapat diukur dengan menggunakan indeks IOTN dan DAI. Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa remaja yang mengalami masalah maloklusi gigi dapat berpengaruh negatif terhadap status psikososialnya. Pengukuran pengaruh maloklusi terhadap status psikososial dapat diketahui menggunakan metode kuesioner yaitu Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire (PIDAQ). Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan maloklusi gigi terhadap status psikososial remaja usia 12-18 tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review dengan model narrative review. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan menggunakan sumber dari Google Scholar dan PubMed. Literatur yang telah didapatkan kemudian diseleksi sesuai kriteria inklusi dikumpulkan, dianalisis, dan dilakukan interpretasi. Hasil: Hubungan antara maloklusi gigi terhadap status psikososial remaja usia 12-18 tahun yang diukur menggunakan indeks IOTN dan DAI menyatakan terdapat pengaruh signifikan. Kesimpulan: Maloklusi gigi berdampak pada kondisi status psikososial remaja. Kata Kunci: Maloklusi, Maloklusi gigi anterior, Psikososial, Psikososial remaja

UJI TOKSISITAS KITOSAN SISIK IKAN HARUAN (Channa striata) TERHADAP SEL VERO Azwar Fida Maulana; Deby Kania Tri Putri; Aulia Azizah
Dentin Vol 6, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i2.6390

ABSTRACTBackground: Periodontal disease is one of the oral disease problems that still need attention. These diseases are among the diseases with the second highest number of sufferers after caries. Periodontitis is a multifactorial that causes inflammation of the periodontal tissue. Periodontitis is caused by bacteria that trigger infectious diseases in the supporting tissues of the teeth. Haruan fish scale chitosan has potential as an antimicrobial, because it contains lysozyme enzymes and aminopolysacharida groups that can inhibit microbial growth. Haruan fish scale chitosan in suppressing bacterial growth is due to its positively charged polycation. Objective: To analyze whether haruan fish scale chitosan is toxic at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 75% and 100% against vero cells. Methods: This study used a true experimental type with a post-test-only design with a control group design to test the toxicity of chitosan do vero cell with concentrations 20%, 40%, 75% and 100% using MTT assay method. The study used 4 treatment groups and 2 control groups with 4 repetitions. Data analyzed with probit analyisis. Results: The largest cell viability values were concentrations of 100% and 75% of 100%, 40% of 81.4% and 20% concentration of 68.1%. Chitosan with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 75% and 100% was said to be non-toxic due to cell viability 60%. Value IC50 93103,354 μg/mL > 1000 μg/mL categorized non-toxic. Conclusion: Haruan fish scale chitosan with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 75% and 100% against vero was tested to vero cells was not have toxic effect. Keywords: Chitosan, Toxicity, Vero cells. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penyakit periodontal termasuk penyakit dengan penderita tertinggi kedua setelah karies. Periodontitis merupakan penyakit peradangan jaringan periodontal. Periodontitis disebabkan oleh bakteri pemicu infeksi pada jaringan penyangga gigi. Kitosan sisik ikan haruan memilki potensi sebagai antimikroba, karena mengandung enzim lysosim dan gugus aminopolysacharida yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba. Kitosan sisik ikan haruan menekan pertumbuhan bakteri karena memiliki polikation bermuatan positif. Tujuan: Menganalisis apakah kitosan sisik ikan haruan bersifat toksik pada konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 75% dan 100% terhadap sel vero. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis true experimental dengan rancangan post test-only with control group design untuk menguji toksisitas kitosan sisik ikan haruan terhadap sel vero demam konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 75% dan 100% dengan metode MTT assay. Penelitian menggunakan 4 kelompok perlakuan dan 2 kelompok kontrol dengan 4 pengulangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis probit. Hasil: Nilai viabilitas sel terbesar adalah konsentrasi 100% dan 75% sebesar 100%, 40% sebesar 81,4% dan konsentrasi 20% sebesar 68,1%. Kitosan dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 75% dan 100% dikatakan tidak toksik dikarenakan viabilitas sel ≥ 60%. Nilai IC50 93103,354 μg/mL > 1000 μg/mL termasuk kategori tidak toksik. Kesimpulan: Kitosan sisik ikan haruan dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 75% dan 100% yang diujikan terhadap sel vero tidak memiliki sifat toksik. Kata kunci: Kitosan, Sel Vero, Toksisitas.

EFEKTIVITAS MEDIA VIDEO ANIMASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION PADA ANAK TUNAGRAHITA (Literature Review) Lawrencia Constantika; Renie Kumala Dewi; Ika Kusuma Wardani
Dentin Vol 6, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i1.6231

ABSTRACTBackground: Dental and oral health of intellectually disabled children is lower to other children. This is because there are intellectual development disorders and limitation of adaptive function, so they are need an effective learning media to improving the dental and oral health knowledge of intellectually disabled children’s. One of the learning media that can be used is animated video media. Animated video media is concrete, more illustrative, imaginative, easy to understand, not easily damaged and can be accessed through social media. Purpose: This study is aimed to analyze effectiveness of animated video media in dental health education for intellectually disabled children. Method: This study uses literature review method. Article search using PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Then proceed to the screening stage that is adjusted to the inclusion criterias, e.g: (a) journals published in 2011-2020, (b) journals using Indonesian or English, (c) journals with the subject of research on children with intellectual disability. Results: The results of 20 articles, there are 8 articles that use animation video media as learning media. Based on average calculation, the percentage of total knowledge in dental and oral health increase by 57,86%. Conclusion: Animated video media is an effective learning media for improve knowledge of dental and oral health in intellectually disabled children.Keywords: Animated video, Dental health education, Intellectually disabled children.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak tunagrahita lebih rendah dibandingkan anak-anak lainnya. Hal tersebut dikarenakan terdapat hambatan intelektual dan keterbatasan fungsi adaptif pada anak tunagrahita, sehingga diperlukan media pembelajaran yang efektif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan anak tunagrahita mengenai kesehatan gigi dan mulutnya. Salah satu media pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan adalah media video animasi. Media video animasi bersifat konkret, lebih ilustratif, imajinatif, mudah dimengerti, tidak cepat rusak dan dapat diakses melalui media sosial. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas media video animasi dalam pembelajaran dental health education pada anak tunagrahita. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review. Penelusuran artikel menggunakan PubMed, Google Scholar dan Science Direct. Kemudian dilanjutkan ke tahap penyaringan yang disesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi, diantaranya: (a) jurnal dipublikasikan tahun 2011-2020, (b) jurnal menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia atau Bahasa Inggris, (c) jurnal dengan subjek penelitian anak tunagrahita atau retardasi mental. Hasil: Hasil penelitian dari 20 artikel, terdapat 8 artikel yang menggunakan media video animasi sebagai media pembelajaran. Berdasarkan perhitungan yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, didapatkan persentase total peningkatan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak tunagrahita sebesar 57,86%. Kesimpulan: Media video animasi merupakan media pembelajaran yang efektif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak tunagrahita. Kata Kunci: Anak tunagrahita, Dental health education, Video animasi.

EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN RAMBAI (Sonneratia caseolaris) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Melati Ainun Nisa; Beta Widya Oktiani; Deby Kania Tri Putri
Dentin Vol 6, No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i3.6823

ABSTRACTBackground: Aggressive periodontitis is a disease that destroys periodontal tissue rapidly caused by the dominance of the bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by 90%. Aggressive periodontitis treatment may include antibiotics. One of the antibiotics that can be used is metronidazole, but this metronidazole can have side effects when used in the long term such as headaches, nausea, dry mouth, and a metallic taste in the mouth. There are herbal plants, namely rambai leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris) which contain compounds that can be used as antibacterials including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. Purpose: To prove and analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) against the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria. Method: True experimental with post test design only with control group and there are 7 treatment groups with 6 repetitions. Antibacterial test using liquid dilution method to determine the value of Minimum Inhibitory Content (MIC) and solid dilution to determine the value of Minimum Bactericidal Content (MBC). Data analysis using Kruskal Wallis and Post Hoc Mann Whitney test. Results: Based on the results and data analysis, the MIC value of rambai leaf extract was found at a concentration of 40%, while the MBC was found at a concentration of 100%. Conclusion: Rambai leaf extract is able to inhibit and kill Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria. Keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aggressive Periodontitis, Sonneratia caseolaris ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Periodontitis agresif merupakan penyakit yang merusak jaringan periodontal dengan cepat yang disebabkan oleh dominasi bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans sebesar 90%. Perawatan periodontitis agresif dapat berupa antibiotik. Salah satu antibiotik yang dapat dipakai yaitu metronidazole, namun metronidazole ini dapat memberikan efek samping apabila digunakan dalam jangka panjang seperti diantaranya sakit kepala, mual, mulut kering, dan berasa logam di mulut. Terdapat tumbuhan herbal yaitu daun rambai (Sonneratia caseolaris) yang mengandung senyawa yang dapat digunakan sebagai antibakteri diantaranya fenol, flavonoid, tanin, steroid, dan saponin. Tujuan: Membuktikan dan menganalisis efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun rambai (Sonneratia caseolaris) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Metode: True experimental dengan desain posttest only with control group dan terdapat 7 kelompok perlakuan dengan 6 kali pengulangan. Uji antibakteri menggunakan metode dilusi cair untuk mengetahui nilai Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan dilusi padat untuk mengetahui nilai Kadar Bunuh Minimum (KBM). Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dan Post Hoc Mann Whitney. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil dan analisis data didapatkan nilai KHM ekstrak daun rambai pada konsentrasi 40%, sedangkan KBM terdapat pada konsentrasi 100%. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun rambai mampu menghambat dan membunuh bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Kata Kunci: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Daun Rambai, Periodontitis Agresif

COVER DAN DAFTAR ISI_Dentin_Vol VI. No 2. September 2022 Dentin FKG ULM
Dentin Vol 6, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i2.6398

COVER DAN DAFTAR ISI_Dentin_Vol VI. No 1. April 2022 Dentin FKG ULM
Dentin Vol 6, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i1.6236

HUBUNGAN ANTARA LAMA MEROKOK DAN JUMLAH ROKOK YANG DIKONSUMSI PER HARI TERHADAP TIMBULNYA SMOKER’S MELANOSIS (Literature Review) Anisa Novia Farrasti; Beta Widya Oktiani; Juliyatin Putri Utami
Dentin Vol 6, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i1.6227

ABSTRACTBackground: The World Health Organizations (2018) set Indonesia as the third largest cigarette consumer in the world. Smoking habits can cause pathological conditions in periodontal tissue, one of which is smoker's melanosis. Smoker's melanosis is an anomalous pigmentation that can be seen with the naked eye characterized by scattered, uneven, and blackish brown patches in the oral cavity tissue. The incidence of smoker's melanosis is thought to be influenced by the duration and number of cigarettes consumed per day. Objective: Study was conducted to analyze the relationship between length of smoking and the number of cigarettes consumed each day with the onset of smoker's melanosis. Method: The method that will be used in this study is a literature review with a narrative review procedure. The literature search was carried out using sources from PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar. The literature that has been obtained is then filtered according to the inclusion criteria, collected, entered in the results table for analysis, and then interpreted. Results: The results showed that from a total of 25 reviewed journals, it was stated that the number of cigarettes consumed per day and the length of smoking. The more and longer the person smokes, the more likely it is that smoker's melanosis will occur. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the length of smoking and the number of cigarettes consumed per day on the incidence of smoker's melanosis. Keywords: Duration of smoking, Gingival hyperpigmentation, Smoking habits, Smoker's melanosis. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: World Health Organizations (2018) menetapkan Indonesia sebagai pengonsumsi rokok terbesar ketiga di dunia. Kebiasaan merokok dapat menyebabkan timbulnya kondisi patologis pada jaringan periodontal, salah satunya smoker’s melanosis. Smoker’s melanosis merupakan pigmentasi anomali yang dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang ditandai dengan bercak yang menyebar, tidak merata, dan berwarna coklat kehitaman di jaringan rongga mulut. Timbulnya smoker’s melanosis diduga dipengaruhi oleh faktor durasi dan jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi perharinya. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara lama merokok dan jumlah merokok yang dikonsumsi setiap hari dengan timbulnya smoker’s melanosis. Metode: Metode yang akan digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah literature review dengan prosedur narrative review. Pencarian literature dilakukan menggunakan bersumber dari PubMed, Science Direct dan Google scholar. Literature yang telah didapatkan kemudian disaring sesuai kriteria inklusi, dikumpulkan, dimasukkan dalam tabel hasil untuk dianalisis, dan kemudian diinterpretasi. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari total 25 jurnal yang telah di-review, menyatakan bahwa jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi per hari dan lama merokok. Semakin banyak dan lama orang tersebut merokok maka akan semakin besar kemungkinan terjadinya smoker’s melanosis. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara lama merokok dan jumlah rokok yang di konsumsi perhari terhadap timbulnya smoker’s melanosis. Kata kunci: Hiperpigmentasi gingiva, Kebiasaan merokok, Lama merokok, Smoker’s melanosis.

PENGARUH JENIS, LAMA, DAN JUMLAH ROKOK YANG DIKONSUMSI TERHADAP NILAI INDEKS SMOKER’S MELANOSIS PEROKOK DEWASA Nur Alam; Beta Widya Oktiani; Norlaila Sarifah
Dentin Vol 6, No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/dentin.v6i3.6819

ABSTRACTBackground: Smoker's melanosis is hyperpigmentation of the oral mucosa which generally occurs in the anterior gingiva of the mandible of smokers caused by melanin deposition. The occurrence of smoker's melanosis can be seen from several indicators, such as the type of cigarette, smoking duration, and smoking frequency. Currently, Nunukan is one of the districts in North Kalimantan with the highest number of active smokers. Assessment of the severity of smoker's melanosis can be seen using the gingival pigmentation index by Hedin. Purpose: To analyze the effect of the type of cigarette, duration of smoking, and the number of cigarettes consumed on the smoker's melanosis index value. Methods: analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sample was determined using the Lemeshow formula. The population in this study is the community of West Nunukan Village and obtained a sample of 97 respondents. Results: The chi-square test showed that there was an effect of the type of cigarette on the smoker's melanosis index value (p=0.01). There is an influence between the length of smoking on the index value of smoker's melanosis (p=0.000). There is an influence between the number of cigarettes consumed on the index value of smoker's melanosis (p=0.001).Conclusion: There is an influence between the type of cigarettes on the index value of smoker's melanosis. There is an influence between the length of smoking on the index value of smoker's melanosis. There is an influence between the number of cigarettes consumed on the value of the smoker's melanosis index. Keywords : Benzopyrene, Cigarettes, Nicotine, Smoker’s melanosis. ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Smoker’s melanosis adalah hiperpigmentasi pada mukosa mulut yang umumnya terjadi pada gingiva perokok bagian anterior mandibula yang disebabkan oleh deposisi melanin. Terjadinya smoker’s melanosis dapat dilihat dari beberapa indikator, seperti jenis rokok, durasi merokok, dan frekuensi merokok. Saat ini, Nunukan adalah salah satu kabupaten di Kalimantan Utara dengan jumlah perokok aktif terbanyak. Penilaian derajat keparahan smoker’s melanosis dapat dilihat menggunakan indeks pigmentasi gingiva oleh Hedin. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh antara jenis rokok, lama merokok, dan jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi terhadap nilai indeks smoker’s melanosis. Metode: observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel ditentukan dengan menggunakan rumus Lemeshow. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Kelurahan Nunukan Barat dan didapatkan sampel sebanyak 97 responden. Hasil: Uji chi-square menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh antara jenis rokok terhadap nilai indeks smoker’s melanosis (p=0,01). Terdapat pengaruh antara lama merokok terhadap nilai indeks smoker’s melanosis (p=0,000). Terdapat pengaruh antara jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi terhadap nilai indeks smoker’s melanosis (p=0,001). Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh antara jenis rokok terhadap nilai indeks smoker’s melanosis. Terdapat pengaruh antara lama merokok terhadap nilai indeks smoker’s melanosis. Terdapat pengaruh antara jumlah rokok yang dikosumsi terhadap nilai indeks smoker’s melanosis. Kata kunci : Benzopiren, Nikotin, Rokok, Smoker’s melanosis,.

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