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Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26850389     DOI : 10.30829/contagion
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Public Health
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health, A Scientific Periodic Journal of Public Health published by the Public health Study Program of The Faculty of Public Health UINSU Medan. This Journal prioritiez the collaboration of lecturers and students with scope of the discussion is about Public Health, Health and Islam, and Coastal Health. This Journal is published twice, published on June and December.
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Articles 627 Documents
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Effectiveness of “Kartu Gigiku” in Enhancing Elementary School Students’ Ability to Detect Oral Cavity Yufitri Mayasari; Sarah Mersil; Mutiara Rina Rahmawati Ruslan; Gilang Rasuna Sabdho Wening
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.29570

Abstract

Oral diseases among school-aged children remain highly prevalent, partly due to limited early detection skills and low oral health literacy. Effective promotive and preventive strategies in school-based health education require educational media that are accessible, engaging, and developmentally appropriate for children. Kartu Gigiku ” is a visual educational tool designed to facilitate students' independent recognition of oral disease. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of “Kartu Gigiku” in improving elementary school students’ ability to detect oral diseases compared with conventional health education methods. This study was conducted at State Elementary School 01 Pondok Ranji, South Tangerang, Indonesia using a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control-group design. A total of 200 elementary school students were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 100) or a control group (n = 100). The intervention group received education using “Kartu Gigiku ”, while the control group received conventional health education. Oral disease detection ability was assessed using a validated and reliable observation checklist. Data were analyzed using the Mc Nemar and Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The intervention group demonstrated a significant improvement in detection ability, increasing from 61% at pretest to 78% at posttest (p = 0.014). In contrast,the control group showed no significant change, remaining at 61% in both the pretest and posttest assessments (p = 0.821). Posttest comparisons revealed  significantly higher detection ability in the intervention group than in the control group (p = 0.014). The “Kartu Gigiku ” effectively enhances elementary school students’ ability to independently detect oral cavity and may serve as a valuable adjunct to school-based oral health education programs.  Its integration into the School Dental Health Program (UKGS) may strengthen early detection efforts and promote oral health awareness among elementary school children. Keywords:  Dental Caries, Health Education, Oral Health, Students
Effectiveness of Training Model Types on Improving Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Infectious Disease Transmission and the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Rakheyrsma Lembayung Puri; Ulfa Nurullita; Rahayu Astuti; Ratih Sari Wardani; Irfanul Chakim
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.28703

Abstract

Infectious disease transmission in healthcare settings remains a critical challenge that threatens both patient and healthcare worker safety. Strengthening nurses’ knowledge and attitudes through structured training programs is essential to improve infection prevention practices and compliance with personal protective equipment (PPE) use. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of classical training methods and classical training combined with educational booklets in improving nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding infectious disease transmission and PPE use. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest comparison group approach was conducted among 72 nurses, divided equally into two intervention groups (n = 36 each). Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. The results showed that in the classical training group, the mean knowledge score increased from 23.17 ± 1.134 to 23.89 ± 0.319 (p = 0.001), and the mean attitude score increased from 66.83 ± 4.365 to 69.50 ± 4.226 (p = 0.005). In the classical training combined with booklet group, the mean knowledge score increased from 23.33 ± 0.894 to 23.86 ± 0.424 (p = 0.006), while the mean attitude score increased from 66.81 ± 3.463 to 68.08 ± 4.607 (p = 0.026). However, there were no statistically significant differences in knowledge improvement (p = 0.496) or attitude improvement (p = 0.263) between the two groups. In conclusion, both training methods were effective in significantly improving nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding infectious disease transmission and PPE use. Nevertheless, no significant difference in effectiveness was found between the classical training method and the classical training combined with educational booklets. Keyword: Knowledge, attitude, training methods, infectious diseases, personal protective equipment
The Relationship Between Noise Intensity and Hearing Loss In Security Workers Fransiskus Harf Poluan; Vidi Posdo A. Simarmata; Ditta Suhita Dewi Asnul; Patar Hutagalung
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.28673

Abstract

Occupational noise exposure is an important risk factor for hearing loss, particularly among workers exposed to elevated noise levels over prolonged periods. To analyze the association between workplace noise intensity and hearing loss among security guards at Jatinegara Station in 2024. This analytical study used a cross-sectional design and included 38 security guards. Workplace noise intensity was measured using a sound level meter, while respondent characteristics, duration of employment, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, and hearing complaints were collected using questionnaires. Associations between noise intensity, age, duration of employment, and hearing loss were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test when expected cell counts were <5. Crude prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each comparison. Hearing loss was present in 22 of 34 workers (64.7%) exposed to noise levels ≥85 dB and 2 of 4 workers (50.0%) exposed to ≤85 dB. Fisher’s exact test showed no significant association between noise intensity and hearing loss (p=0.616; crude PR=1.29, 95% CI: 0.47–3.56). Among workers aged ≥40 years, 7 of 11 (63.6%) had hearing loss compared with 17 of 27 (62.9%) among those aged ≤40 years (p=0.970; crude PR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.59–1.72). Hearing loss occurred in 12 of 18 workers (66.7%) with ≥3 years of service and 12 of 20 (60.0%) with ≤3 years of service (p=0.681; crude PR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.68–1.80). No statistically significant associations were identified between the examined factors and hearing loss. Although the prevalence of hearing loss was numerically higher among workers exposed to ≥85 dB and those with longer employment duration, these differences were not statistically significant. The wide confidence intervals, particularly for noise exposure, indicate substantial uncertainty in the estimates, partly because of the small number of workers in the ≤85 dB exposure group. No significant association was found between noise intensity and hearing loss among security guards at Jatinegara Station. The findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample size and the limited number of workers in the ≤85 dB exposure group. Continued efforts to control workplace noise and improve compliance with hearing protection measures remain relevant for occupational hearing-loss prevention. Keywords: Hearing Loss, Noise Intensity, Security Guards, Risk Factors.
Pregnancy Risk, Neonatal Factors, and Health Care Services on Low Birth Weight Mortality Sherly Anggun Irawati; Sutrisno Sutrisno; Kusworini Handono
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.31168

Abstract

Low birth weight (LBW) infants are highly vulnerable to death during the first 28 days of life. However, evidence from primary care settings that simultaneously examines pregnancy related, neonatal, and health service factors remains limited. This retrospective case control study used secondary records for LBW infants born between 2018 through 2022 at six public health centers in X city, Indonesia. The analytical sample comprised 86 infants, including 43 neonatal deaths (cases) and 43 controls who survived beyond 28 days. Data were extracted from Perinatal Verbal Autopsy forms, delivery registers, and medical records. Bivariate associations were assessed using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher‘s exact tests, and crude odds ratios (cORs). Six non-separated predictors were subsequently entered into a multivariable binary logistic regression model. Maternal anemia (hemoglobin <11 g/dL) occurred in 29/43 cases (67.4%) and 9/43 controls (20.9%) and was associated with neonatal death in bivariate analysis (cOR 7.83; 95% CI 2.96-20.70; p<0.001). Respiratory compromise showed complete separation: all 43 infants with abnormal respiratory status were cases (Fisher p<0.001), so a conventional OR could not be estimated. Delivery facility type, breastfeeding, neonatal follow-up, and referral status also contained zero cells. The six predictor model was significant overall (p=0.002); maternal anemia remained the only independently significant predictor (aOR 8.94; 95% CI 2.95-27.09; p<0.001). The complete separation observed for several neonatal and service variables suggests strong distributional differences between cases and controls; however, these findings should be interpreted cautiously because of potential severity related referral bias, reverse causality, and survivor bias.  Maternal anemia was the most consistent independent factor associated with neonatal death among LBW infants. Strengthening antenatal screening  and treatment for maternal anemia, improving immediate respiratory assessment, enhancing referral documentation, and ensuring linkage between maternal and infant health records  may contribute to better prevention and surveillance efforts.Keywords: Low Birth Weight, Neonatal Mortality, Case-Control Study, Maternal Anemia.
Global Research Trends and Empirical Evidence on Physician Response Time and Family Psychological Outcomes in Emergency Departments: A Bibliometric Study Dhea Anindya Cahyarini; Rr. Pipiet Okti Kusumastiwi
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.29452

Abstract

Physician response time is a key performance indicator in Emergency Departments (ED), influencing service efficiency and quality of care. Although research has expanded, the literature remains fragmented, limiting a comprehensive understanding of global research trends and thematic development. This study aims to analyse global research trends, scientific contributions, collaboration patterns, and thematic evolution related to physician response time in ED using a bibliometric approach. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on Scopus-indexed journal articles published between 2016 and 2025. Following the PRISMA 2020 framework, 166 eligible articles were analysed using Bibliometrix (RStudio) and VOSviewer to evaluate publication trends, citation performance, collaboration networks, and keyword co-occurrence. A total of 166 articles from 91 journals were included. The annual publication growth rate reached 16.18%, with an average of 13.2 citations per document. The United States was the leading contributor, while international collaboration accounted for 15.66% of publications. Dominant research themes focused on emergency department performance, waiting time, patient flow, patient satisfaction, and quality of care. Family-related psychological outcomes appeared as an emerging but underexplored research area. Research on physician response time has evolved from operational performance toward broader healthcare quality perspectives. The findings highlight opportunities for international research and health policies that integrate operational efficiency with patient- and family-centred emergency care. Keywords:  Physician response time, Emergency department, Bibliometric analysis, Patient satisfaction, Family psychological outcomes
Implementing an Electronic Patient Safety Incident Reporting System to Improve Healthcare Quality: A Qualitative Implementation Evaluation Savitri Citra Budi; Vintya Meiliana Putri Nugraheni; Rita Dian Pratiwi; Angga Eko Pramono; Nuryati Nuryati1; Nik Azliza
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.30079

Abstract

Healthcare facilities in Indonesia are required to report patient safety incidents. However, many hospitals continue to face challenges in integrating incident data, conducting systematic analyses, and using incident reports to inform continuous quality improvement initiatives. The Regional General Hospital of Yogyakarta City faces similar challenges because incident reporting and analysis have not been fully integrated within a single system. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Patient Safety Incident Reporting (PaSIR) system and explore its contribution to improving incident reporting practices. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using a User-Centered Design (UCD) methodology. The qualitative evaluation was conducted between January and June 2025. Purposive sampling was used to recruit10 participants, including members of the patient safety team, information technology staff, and public relations personnel. Data were collected through interviews, surveys, document reviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs). Implementation was evaluated using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), and data were analyzed thematically using triangulation. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and ethical approval was secured prior to the study. Before implementation, incident reporting was fragmented across paper-based forms, Google Forms, and the hospital information system. PaSIR integrated key incident management process, including reporting, validation, root cause analysis, follow-up, and feedback. The findings indicated that PaSIR was user-friendly, responsive to user needs, and provided a more transparent and integrated workflow for incident management. Key factors supporting implementation included staff engagement, regulatory alignment, cross-functional collaboration, and managerial commitment.  PaSIR improved the effectiveness of incident reporting, strengthened the patient safety culture, and supported data-driven decision-making. Nevertheless, greater managerial coordination, organizational readiness, user engagement, and ongoing technological integration are needed to ensure sustainable implementation. Keywords: Patient Safety, Risk Management, User-Centered Design, Quality Improvement, Electronic Health Records
Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Vitamin B1 Levels with the Degree of HIV Neuropathy Yuri Haiga; Sri Nani Jelmila
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.30947

Abstract

Peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nutritional factors, particularly vitamin B1 (thiamine), may contribute to peripheral nerve dysfunction because of their essential roles in cellular energy metabolism and neuronal function. This study aimed to investigate the associations of body mass index (BMI), dietary vitamin B1 intake, and serum vitamin B1 levels with peripheral neuropathy severity among people living with HIV.  This analytical cross-sectional study included 90 patients with HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy who met the eligibility criteria. Data were obtained through medical history, physical examination, BMI assessment, dietary vitamin B1 intake assessment using a food frequency questionnaire, and serum vitamin B1 measurement. Participants were classified as having mild or moderate neuropathy. Categorical variables were analysed using the chi-square test, whereas continuous non-normally distributed variables were compared using the Mann Whitney U test. The mean age of the participants was 39.88 ± 10.46 years. Of the 90 participants, 70 (77.8%) were male. Normal BMI was observed in 40.0% of participants, while 25.6% were overweight, 20% were obese, and 14.4% were underweight. Forty-two participants (46.7%) had mild neuropathy and 48 (53.3%) had moderate neuropathy. Dietary vitamin B1 intake did not differ significantly between the mild and moderate neuropathy groups [median: 2.61 (0.44–5.99) vs. 2.46 (0.44–7.01) mg/day, respectively; p = 0.683]. Serum vitamin B1 levels were significantly higher in participants with mild neuropathy than in those with moderate neuropathy [median: 1,427.25 (417.39–3,083.42) vs. 748.60 (29.88–10,585.42) ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.001]. BMI was not significantly associated with neuropathy severity (p = 0.261). Serum vitamin B1 levels were significantly lower in participants with moderate neuropathy than in those with mild neuropathy, whereas BMI and dietary vitamin B1 intake were not significantly associated with neuropathy severity. Given the wide range of serum vitamin B1 concentrations observed, these findings do not support routine thiamine supplementation in all patients. Instead, thiamine status should be monitored and confirmed deficiencies should be appropriately treated. Prospective studies controlling for antiretroviral therapy, immune status, and other potential confounders, while incorporating measurements of thiamine diphosphate and thiamine transporters, are warranted.  Keywords: HIV, peripheral neuropathy, vitamin B1, thiamine, body mass index, nutritional status 
The Potential of Plantain Leaves (Plantago major L) and Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma longa L) in Perineal Wound Healing Juana Linda Simbolon; Emilia Silvana Sitompul; Antetti Tampubolon
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.28936

Abstract

Women giving birth vaginally are at risk of perineal tears. The perineal area is often overlooked, with wound infection rates of 0.1–23.6%. Its warm, moist environment near genitourinary and gastrointestinal flora impairs healing. Poor care may cause infection, dyspareunia, reduced quality of life, or death. Midwives need safe, non-pharmacological, traditional methods to accelerate healing. To evaluate the effect of a combined decoction of Plantago major L. and Curcuma longa L. on perineal wound healing time. A quasi-experimental post-test-only control group design included 34 postpartum mothers (n=34; mean age 26.4±3.2 years, gestational age 38–40 weeks) with first- or second-degree perineal tears. The intervention group (n=17) received perineal compresses with the decoction; controls (n=17) received boiled and cooled water. Healing was assessed daily using the REEDA Scale (Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation). Mean healing time in the intervention group was 5.5 days (SD ±0.72; median 5 days; 95% CI: 5.18–5.82) vs. 6.7 days (SD ±0.44; median 7 days; 95% CI: 6.51–6.89) in controls. The Mann–Whitney test showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). The combination of Plantago major L. and Curcuma longa L. is more effective than boiled water alone. Practical implications: This low-cost traditional decoction can be integrated into primary healthcare and community midwifery care to accelerate perineal wound healing, reduce complications, and improve maternal quality of life. Keywords: Plantago Major L, Curcuma Longa, Perineal Wound, Healing
The Evolution of Lean Six Sigma Research in Hospitals: Trends, Themes, and Future Directions Noni Rinasmara Fadhilah; Merita Arini
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.29326

Abstract

In response to the increasing complexity of healthcare services, hospitals have adopted systemized approaches to enhance operational performance while ensuring safe, high-quality patient care. Lean Six Sigma (LSS) has been widely applied in healthcare settings to improve processes, such as patient flow, discharge procedures, and hospital length of stay. However, the overall development of LSS research in hospitals, including the evolution and interrelationships of key research themes, has not been comprehensively examined. This study aimed to explore the current landscape of hospital-based LSS research with respect to publication trends, major research themes, collaboration characteristics, and research gaps. A total of 70 publications indexed in the Scopus database between 2016 and 2025 were analysed using the keywords “Lean Six Sigma” AND “Hospital”. Bibliographic data were analysed using Bibliometrix in R and VOSviewer to examine publication trends, keyword co-occurrence networks, collaboration networks, and thematic evolution. The results showed that publications increased at an annual growth rate of 18.19% indicating growing interest in hospital-based LSS research. Research efforts were primarily focused on operational efficiency, particularly patient flow, discharge processes, and length of stay. Three interconnected research domains emerged: operational efficiency, clinical quality, and organisational performance. Identified research gaps included the limited integration of digital technologies, the underrepresentation of low- and middle-income countries, limited international collaboration, and relatively less attention to patient safety and patient-centred outcomes. Although hospital-based LSS research continues to expand, it remains predominantly oriented toward operational improvement. Future research should focus on integrating digital technologies, broadening the range of healthcare contexts studied, strengthening international collaboration, and addressing clinical, safety, and patient-centred outcomes.Keywords: Lean Six Sigma, Healthcare Quality Improvement, Operational Efficiency, Patient Safety, Hospital Process Management, Bibliometric Analysis, VOSviewer.
Electronic Prescription Systems and Medication Adherence in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Digital Integration and Implementation Evidence Tri Sunu Handayani; Muhammad Thesa Ghozali; Sabtanti Harimurti
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 3 (2026): Contagion
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i3.29864

Abstract

Medication non-adherence among patients with schizophrenia  ranges from 40% to 60% and is a major factor contributing to relapse and rehospitalization. Objective assessment of medication adherence was facilitated through an electronic prescription system (SRE), although evidence regarding its effectiveness and implementation remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of SRE in improving medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia and to identify factors influencing its implementation. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published between 2015–2025. Study was assessed using the RoB-2, ROBINS-I, CASP, and GRADE instruments. Data were synthesized using a thematic approach and a random effects model. A total of 501 studies were identified, of which eligible studies were included in the final synthesis.  The findings indicated that SRE (Schizophine Recognition Elements) improved the objective identification of medication non-adherence, with measured medication adherence (p=0.001) and may contribute to relapse prevention among patients with  schizophrenia. The use of long-acting antipsychotics (LAIs) was also associated with better adherence, with adherence rates ranging from 46% to 61%. The main barriers to implementation included poor internet connectivity, resistant among healthcare professionals, non-user-friendly interfaces, and limited digital literacy. Overall, SRE appears to be an effective strategy for improving medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia , particularly when  supported by healthcare interventions and  the use of LAIs. Successful implementation requires  institutional  commitment, standardized performance metrics, and effective integration into routine clinical practice. Keywords: Electronic prescribing, medication adherence, schizophrenia

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