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Agro Bali: Agricultural Journal
Published by Universitas Panji Sakti
ISSN : -     EISSN : 2655853X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v2i2
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Agro Bali: Agricultural Journal is an information media that contains articles from research, theoretical studies, and scientific writings on agriculture especially agrotechnology i.e.: agronomy, horticulture, plant breeding, soil sciences, plant protection, and other pertinent field related to plant production.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Agronomi dan Ilmu Tanaman
Articles 466 Documents
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Salicylic Acid Improves Morpho-Physiological Traits and Biomass of Kale under Drought Stress Rosyida Rosyida; Arina Dinana; Karno Karno; Muhaimin Ar Rasyid; Fajrin Pramana Putra; Nur Izzatul Maulidah
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2765

Abstract

Drought stress in agricultural land disrupts the physiological processes, growth, and yield of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). This study evaluated the physiological responses, growth, and yield of kale treated with salicylic acid, a potential strategy to enhance plant tolerance to drought stress, in a greenhouse at the Department of Agriculture, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. A 4 × 4 factorial experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor was drought level (100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% field capacity). The second factor was salicylic acid (SA) concentration 0, 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 mM). The results indicated that physiological responses (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, relative water content, and electrolyte leakage) remained largely stable under moderate drought stress (60% FC), whereas plant growth parameters (plant height, leaf number, and leaf area) were reduced by 14.5–20.7% compared with the control (100% FC). At 40% FC, both physiological and growth responses were more severely affected; electrolyte leakage increased markedly, and plant height, leaf area, and dry biomass weight decreased by 24.4%, 47.2%, and 60.5%, respectively, compared with the control (P < 0.05). The best treatment was the application of 1.5 mM salicylic acid, which increased the relative water content by 4.13% and decreased the electrolyte leakage by 34.70% compared to untreated plants (P < 0.05). This concentration was likely more effective due to optimal stomatal regulation, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and maintained membrane integrity, indicating that 1.5 mM SA has potential as a biostimulant to improve kale water status and membrane stability. However, field validation across locations and seasons is needed before recommending it for dryland farming.
Carbon Storage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Corporate Social Responsibility-Based Sustainability Projects in Semarang Regency, Indonesia Dina Banjarnahor; Abner Darmawan Sigar; Nurul Ardian Fitriyani; Irwan Hidayat
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2627

Abstract

This study evaluates the environmental impacts of four Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)-based sustainability projects implemented by a private company producing traditional herbal products in Bergas Kidul Village, Central Java, Indonesia. These CSR projects were intended to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in relatively solid forms, thus reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Reduction of carbon emissions was the main goal to be fulfilled in order to prove that the CSR projects were in line with the corporate commitment to sustainability. The implemented projects included avocado tree plantations, communal cattle farming, organic fertilizer application, and the reuse of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) drums. This research aimed to assess and estimate the carbon balance of these four practices based on the potential greenhouse gases stored and emitted by each practice. Supporting data were collected through surveys, interviews, and literature studies. Data were then analyzed using the 2006 and 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, specifically using the Tier 1 method. The Tier 1 approach employs the basic method and the default emission factors provided in the IPCC Guidelines (Workbook and Reference Manual). Based on this analysis, avocado plantations were estimated to sequester 79.850 ton per year of CO2 eq but cattle farming generated 19.91 ton per year of CO2 eq. The use of organic fertilizer in paddy fields was estimated to emit around 0.0005 kg of N2O per hectare (0.1325 kg of CO2 eq per hectare), and this seemed to be drastically reduced compared to the application of chemical fertilizers. Applying liquid organic fertilizer was estimated to reduce approximately 74.518 kg of CO2 eq per hectare. Meanwhile, reusing 46 HDPE drums as planting medium for the household food security project in the studied area, instead of burning them, was predicted to store approximately 1.583 tons of CO2 eq in the solid form. While we couldn’t conclude a single net carbon balance resulted from these projects due to methodological limitations, these results could depict the potential and risks of environmental impacts of the claimed sustainability interventions for a longer period. 
Physicochemical and Agronomic Effects of Sago Waste-Derived Biochar and Compost on Seedling Survival Across Sago Accessions Masluki Masluki; Mutmainnah Mutmainnah; Erni Firdamayanti; Sri Hastuty Saruman; Ulfah Zakiyah Hamdani
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2805

Abstract

Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is an important tropical starch-producing palm with substantial potential to support food security and climate-resilient agriculture in Indonesia. However, sago-processing activities generate large quantities of lignocellulosic residues that are commonly discarded without proper utilization, thereby contributing to environmental pollution and biomass waste accumulation. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of sago waste-derived biochar and compost and assessed their effectiveness as planting media amendments for improving sago seedling establishment during acclimatization. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis of sago bark residues at 300–500°C, whereas compost was prepared from sago pulp through controlled microbial fermentation. Chemical composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while microstructural characteristics and elemental composition were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). XRF analysis revealed that sago pulp compost contained high silica concentrations (40.50%), whereas sago pith was enriched with potassium (25.63%) and calcium (27.07%). SEM observations revealed highly porous biochar structures with dominant carbon content ranging from 89.35% to 94.42%, indicating favorable properties for water retention and nutrient adsorption. Agronomic evaluation showed that the application of 300 g biochar + 300 g pith + 300 g compost significantly increased seedling survival to 96.43% at 12 weeks after application compared with the untreated control (P ≤ 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate the physicochemical characterization of sago-processing residues (biochar and compost) with an accession-based agronomic evaluation of seedling survival, thereby linking waste valorization to nursery performance in M. sagu. The findings demonstrate that sago-processing residues can be converted into effective organic amendments and provide a mechanistic, evidence-based basis for circular biomass utilization in tropical nursery systems.
Valorization of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Seeds as a Functional Food Ingredient: Physicochemical and Structural Characterization Radha Ranganathan; Bhawaani Selvakumar; Tinu Dhanaraj
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2873

Abstract

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seeds are commonly discarded as agro-industrial by-products despite their rich nutritional composition and potential as functional food ingredients. The underutilization of these seeds not only contributes to environmental burdens but also represents a missed opportunity for sustainable waste valorization and resource recovery. Although increasing attention has been paid to the utilization of food processing by-products, limited information is available on the effects of lyophilization on the physicochemical, functional, structural, thermal, and morphological properties of bitter gourd seed powder. Therefore, this study aimed to compare untreated bitter gourd seed powder (BGSP) with lyophilized bitter gourd seed powder (LBGSP) to determine the effectiveness of lyophilization in preserving and enhancing the quality attributes of the resulting powder for potential functional food applications. Functional properties, including the water absorption index, oil absorption index, wettability, and swelling index, were determined using standardized analytical methods. Structural and morphological characteristics were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM–EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analyses. Compared with untreated BGSP, LBGSP exhibited superior functional performance, improved preservation of proteins, polysaccharides, and other functional groups, a more porous and less aggregated microstructure, greater retention of essential mineral elements, enhanced colloidal stability, and reduced particle aggregation. Furthermore, thermal analysis revealed a substantially higher residual mass for LBGSP (23.1%) than for BGSP (11.42%), indicating improved thermal stability. These improvements were primarily attributed to the low-temperature vacuum dehydration process during lyophilization, which effectively minimized thermal degradation while preserving structural integrity and biofunctional components. Overall, the findings demonstrate that lyophilization is an effective processing strategy for improving the functional and structural quality of bitter gourd seed powder, thereby supporting its development as a sustainable functional food ingredient while promoting the valorization of agro-industrial waste.
Optimizing Land-Use Scenarios for Water-Resource Sustainability in the Upper Kampar Watershed, Indonesia Firman Hidayat; Agung Primatara Marwan
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2766

Abstract

Soil erosion in the Upper Kampar Watershed threatens reservoir storage and downstream water reliability. This study compared four land-use scenarios using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method across 100 land units. Existing land use produced 142.70 t.ha−1.yr−1 of soil loss, well above the tolerable value of 39.62 t.ha−1.yr−1. Meeting the minimum forest-cover rule lowered erosion by 31.95% but did not reach the threshold. Strip cropping reduced erosion to 32.90 t.ha−1.yr−1, whereas rehabilitation of mapped protected areas yielded 36.15 t.ha−1.yr−1 and the lowest Qmax/Qmin ratio (28.38). Discharge records supported directional checking, but independent event-scale validation was unavailable. The results support protected-area rehabilitation as a zoning framework, combined with soil-conservation practices on cultivated slopes and field monitoring of sediment and river flow.
Maternal Lineage Structure and Chloroplast Diversity of South Sumatran Rice, Indonesia, Revealed by the trnH–psbA Intergenic Spacer Fikri Adriansyah Adriansyah; Rujito Agus Suwignyo; Andi Wijaya; Upit Sarimana; Imam Wibisono; Nabilah Amiros
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2797

Abstract

Despite the importance of comprehensive genetic characterization for the conservation and utilization of local rice germplasm in breeding programs, the maternal genetic diversity of South Sumatran local rice remains largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity, maternal lineage, and phylogenetic relationships of South Sumatran rice accessions using the chloroplast trnH–psbA intergenic spacer, a highly variable chloroplast marker widely used for assessing genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in rice and other plant species. A total of 18 South Sumatran rice accessions, along with reference sequences, were analyzed through sequence alignment, haplotype network construction, genetic distance clustering, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and UPGMA methods. The trnH–psbA region showed a uniform sequence length of 415 bp and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.096%), resulting in the identification of three haplotypes. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses consistently identified two accessions, Bone 1 and Pegagan 2, as genetically distinct, highlighting their potential value as candidates for future conservation and breeding initiatives. These findings provide a molecular basis for the preservation and strategic utilization of South Sumatran rice germplasm and emphasize the importance of conserving genetically divergent local accessions. Future studies integrating chloroplast and nuclear markers will enable a more comprehensive assessment of genetic diversity for rice breeding and conservation.
Morphological Diversity and Virulence of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Anthracnose in Chilli Pepper in Coastal Purworejo, Indonesia Nur Kholida Wulansari; Nur Prihatiningsih; Heru Adi Djatmiko; Endang Mugiastuti
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2846

Abstract

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is one of the most destructive diseases affecting chilli peppers and can result in significant yield losses, particularly in coastal agroecosystems where climatic factors favor the development and spread of this pathogen. This study examined the diversity and virulence of Colletotrichum populations in the coastal region of Purworejo Regency, Central Java, by investigating the severity of anthracnose as well as the morphological diversity and virulence of Colletotrichum spp. in the coastal region of Purworejo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Disease surveys were conducted in chilli-producing areas located in three subdistricts along the coast, followed by the isolation and morphological characterization of the pathogen, as well as an evaluation of its pathogenicity against healthy chilli fruits under laboratory conditions, using a purposive sampling design and a completely randomized design for laboratory testing. The results showed that anthracnose was widespread across all locations, with disease severity ranging from low (1%) in Grabag and Purwodadi subdistricts at Location 1 to very high (75%) in Purwodadi subdistrict at Location 2. Nineteen Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from fruit exhibiting symptoms. They showed significant variation in colony morphology—white, black, gray, and orange on the reverse side of Petri dishes—with textures ranging from cottony to sparse; conidia were oval, fusiform, and crescent-shaped; and conidiomata production was observed in some isolates. Pathogenicity tests showed that all isolates except two exhibited varying levels of virulence, ranging from moderate to high, with the highest virulence of 73.09% observed in the isolate from Purwodadi Subdistrict. 
Floating Nurseries as an Agronomic Technology for Improving Rice Production in Lebak Swamplands: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Eka Mulyana; Sriati Sriati; Muhammad Yamin; Yunita Yunita; Susilawati Susilawati; Agustina Bidarti
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2783

Abstract

Rice productivity in lowland rice fields is critical to feeding the national food estate and warrants researchers' attention. This paper investigates the impact of input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, and local wisdom strategy on the productivity of floating rice cultivation in lowland rice fields in Ogan Ilir, Indonesia. This study analyzes how institutional support and floating rice land typology influence input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, local wisdom strategy, and floating rice cultivation productivity. The researchers employed a survey questionnaire to gather primary data from selected participants. The researchers employed smart-PLS to examine the association between factors. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and field measurements were used to examine data from 250 farmers. The results of the research indicate that input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom understanding, and local wisdom strategy all contribute to increased floating rice cultivation productivity. The findings show that institutional support has a substantial influence on the link between input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, local wisdom strategy, and floating rice cultivation productivity. This study advises policymakers on local and national policies to increase floating rice cultivation productivity by implementing efficient input provision, effective floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, and the use of long-term local wisdom strategies.
Organic Fertilizer Source and Rate Determine Growth, Flower Yield, and Phytochemical Quality of Butterfly Pea on Ultisol M. Laily Qadry Sukmana; Hilda Susanti; Gusti Rusmayadi; Zairin Zairin; Indya Dewi; Abdul Halik Setiabudi
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2708

Abstract

Butterfly pea is increasingly valued as a functional flower crop because its petals are rich in flavonoids and anthocyanins, which are used as natural colorants and antioxidants. However, production on Ultisol is frequently constrained by poor soil fertility and limited nutrient availability. This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizer source and application rate on vegetative growth, flowering, and phytochemical quality under greenhouse conditions. The study provides an integrated factorial assessment of these response domains across contrasting organic fertilizer sources and rates on Ultisol. A 3 × 4 completely randomized factorial design with three replications compared cattle manure, poultry manure, and water hyacinth bokashi at nominal as-received rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha⁻¹. Responses included vegetative traits, flowering time, flower number, total flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Fertilizer source, application rate, and their interaction significantly affected flower number, total flavonoid content, and anthocyanin content (all P < 0.001). Poultry manure at 15 t ha⁻¹ produced 48.11 flowers plant⁻¹, 27.00 mg mL⁻¹ QE total flavonoids, and 1.65 mg 100 g⁻¹ anthocyanins; flower number was 32.0% greater than with cattle manure at the same rate. Increasing poultry manure from 15 to 20 t ha⁻¹ reduced flower number, total flavonoids, and anthocyanins by 20.1%, 43.5%, and 43.0%, respectively. Rate responses were non-monotonic and fertilizer-source-dependent. Poultry manure at 15 t ha⁻¹ was the best-performing treatment among those evaluated for balancing flower production and phytochemical quality. These findings support source-specific organic nutrient management of butterfly pea on acidic Ultisols, although multi-location field trials and nutrient-equivalent comparisons are needed before broad recommendations can be made.
Enhancing Compost Quality through Black Soldier Fly Larvae Bioconversion of Young Coconut Coir and Low-Carbon Organic Wastes Dini Mufriah; T. Sabrina; Lisdayani Lisdayani
Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Panji Sakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37637/ab.v9i2.2787

Abstract

Young coconut coir is an abundant high-carbon residue in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, but its direct use as an organic amendment is limited by its fibrous structure and high C/N ratio. This study aimed to evaluate whether mixing young coconut coir with several low-carbon residues could improve the quality of frass produced by black soldier fly larvae. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with seven substrate treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of young coconut coir alone and its mixtures with cauliflower leaf waste, pineapple skin waste, chicken manure, quail manure, goat manure, and cow manure. After 14 days of larval treatment, the frass was analyzed for moisture content, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, total phosphorus, and total potassium. The substrate mixtures significantly affected moisture content, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and total potassium (P<0.01), but did not significantly affect temperature and total phosphorus. The mixture with quail manure produced the most favorable frass, characterized by low moisture content (30.84%), the highest total nitrogen (4.15%), the lowest C/N ratio (12.22), and the highest total potassium (4.59%). It also increased total nitrogen by 116.52% and total potassium by 51.38% compared with the initial substrate. These findings demonstrate that combining young coconut coir with nutrient-rich animal manure, particularly quail manure, is an effective strategy for producing nutrient-enriched BSFL frass suitable for use as an organic amendment.

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