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Academia Open
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27147444     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen
Core Subject : Economy, Humanities, Health, Science, Education, Agriculture, Art, Social,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Chemistry Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Social Sciences Other
Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English. Academia Open is an open access journal publishing scientifically accurate and valuable research across life, physical, social, and medical sciences.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 1,464 Documents
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Corporate Governance Failures Leading to Bankruptcy in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) Subsidiaries Tsabita, Nabilla Mahva; Gunadi, Ariawan
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12991

Abstract

General Background: Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is essential for ensuring corporate integrity and preventing financial distress, particularly within State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Specific Background: Recent bankruptcy cases involving SOE subsidiaries reveal persistent weaknesses in transparency, accountability, and supervisory mechanisms, as exemplified by the collapse of PT Indofarma Global Medika (IGM). Knowledge Gap: Existing studies often assess fraud or GCG violations in isolation, lacking analysis that connects governance failures to legal and financial consequences within SOE parent–subsidiary structures. Aims: This study examines how suboptimal GCG implementation contributes to bankruptcy risks in SOE subsidiaries and evaluates the legal and managerial implications for parent entities. Results: Findings show that repeated fraud, inadequate risk management, and ineffective oversight created structural vulnerabilities that escalated into insolvency during the Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations process. Novelty: The research establishes a direct causal link between GCG failure and subsidiary bankruptcy within the specific legal framework governing SOEs, highlighting accountability gaps in parent–subsidiary governance. Implications: Strengthening GCG enforcement is critical to safeguard state assets, enhance supervisory effectiveness, and prevent future insolvencies in SOE corporate groups. Highlights: Suboptimal GCG implementation in SOE subsidiaries significantly increases bankruptcy risk. Parent–subsidiary governance gaps weaken supervision and allow fraud to recur. Strengthening risk management and accountability is crucial to protect state assets. Keywords: Good Corporate Governance, State-Owned Enterprises, Bankruptcy, Parent–Subsidiary Governance, Risk Management
Component Tolerance and Performance of 2-Way Passive Crossovers: Toleransi Komponen dan Kinerja Penyeberang Pasif Dua Arah Ahfas, Akhmad; Anggorowati, Adriana Anteng; R.S., Dwi Hadidjaja
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12997

Abstract

General Background: Passive 2-way crossover filters play a crucial role in dividing audio signals between woofer and tweeter channels, where their performance is highly dependent on the precision of passive components. Specific Background: Variations in capacitor and inductor values, along with their tolerances, can significantly alter crossover frequency, phase characteristics, and harmonic distortion, yet these effects are not fully quantified in practical implementations. Knowledge Gap: Limited studies provide an integrated empirical–analytical assessment of how component deviations influence frequency response, THD, and impedance stability in real passive 2-way filters. Aims: This study evaluates the influence of component tolerances on crossover frequency accuracy, filter slope behavior, phase stability, and distortion performance. Results: Experimental findings show that ±10–15% component deviations shift crossover frequency by 7.1–8.5%, reduce filter slope by 2.1–3.2 dB/octave, increase THD from 0.8% to 3.2% at 10W, and induce impedance fluctuations that shift the crossover point by an additional 3.2%. Inductors exhibit higher sensitivity (0.72–0.78) than capacitors (0.45–0.52). Novelty: This study provides a combined simulation–measurement analysis linking component tolerance to measurable acoustic deviations. Implications: The results highlight the need for ≤5% tolerance components and pre-assembly verification to ensure stable crossover performance. Highlights: Component tolerances significantly shift crossover frequency and reduce filter accuracy. Inductors have a stronger impact on system performance than capacitors. Using ≤5% tolerance components improves stability, distortion, and overall audio quality. Keywords: Passive Crossover Filter, Component Tolerance, Crossover Frequency Shift, Total Harmonic Distortion, Impedance Stability
Screening For Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Spp. Bacteria Causing Bacterial Vaginosis in Women: Penyaringan Bakteri Staphylococcus spp. yang Resisten terhadap Banyak Obat yang Menyebabkan Vaginosis Bakteri pada Wanita Fadhil, Zainab A.
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13012

Abstract

Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal condition characterized by a shift from lactobacilli dominance to opportunistic bacteria. Specific Background: Recent observations indicate the increasing role of Staphylococcus spp., particularly multidrug-resistant strains, in persistent or recurrent BV. Knowledge Gap: Limited evidence exists regarding species-level identification and resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in BV cases in Iraq. Aim: This study aimed to identify the bacterial species associated with BV and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the most resistant isolates. Results: Among 50 clinical samples, 20 yielded bacterial growth, dominated by Gram-positive isolates (65%), especially Staphylococcus haemolyticus (40%), S. aureus (15%), and S. epidermidis (10%). Gram-negative isolates included E. coli (20%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%). Gardnerella vaginalis was detected in 5%. Antibiotic testing of 16 isolates showed high multidrug resistance, with S. haemolyticus exhibiting resistance to OFX, CRO, AMC, CTX, EM, CFM, and NA. Novelty: This study provides the first localized profiling of MDR Staphylococcus spp. in BV using VITEK-2 confirmation. Implications: Findings highlight the need for routine species identification, antimicrobial stewardship, and region-specific treatment guidelines to prevent rising resistance and recurrence. Highlights• Dominance of MDR Staphylococcus spp. in BV• High resistance to β-lactams and macrolides• Importance of routine screening and antibiotic stewardship Keywords: Bacterial Vaginosis, Staphylococcus Haemolyticus, Multidrug Resistance, VITEK-2, Vaginal Microbiota
Adsorptive Removal of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solutions using Agarose Gel as a Natural Adsorbent : Penghilangan Kristal Violet dari Larutan Air Menggunakan Gel Agarosa sebagai Adsorbent Alami Gatea, Azhar Hameed; Ali, Alaa Mohammed; Ajel, Aseer shakir
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13013

Abstract

General Background: Wastewater containing synthetic dyes requires sustainable treatment solutions. Specific Background: Agarose gel, a natural polysaccharide with abundant hydroxyl groups, offers strong affinity toward cationic dyes such as crystal violet. Knowledge Gap: Limited studies have comprehensively assessed how pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration jointly influence adsorption onto agarose while comparing advanced three-parameter isotherm models. Aims: This study investigates the adsorption of crystal violet onto agarose gel and evaluates equilibrium behavior using Langmuir, Sips, and Radke–Prausnitz models. Results: Adsorption reached 95 percent removal under mildly alkaline conditions (pH 9) within 50 minutes, with higher initial concentrations reducing removal due to surface saturation. The Sips and Radke–Prausnitz models showed superior fitting (R² > 0.998), indicating heterogeneous and cooperative adsorption, while Langmuir was adequate only at low concentrations. Novelty: This research is among the first to directly compare the Sips and Radke–Prausnitz models for agarose-based adsorption of crystal violet. Implications: Agarose demonstrates strong potential as a low-cost, biodegradable adsorbent for green wastewater treatment systems, providing insights for future development of natural polymer-based remediation technologies. Highlights• High adsorption efficiency of agarose under alkaline conditions• Superior fitting of Sips and Radke–Prausnitz models• Potential of agarose as a green adsorbent for dye removal Keywords: Agarose, Adsorption Isotherm, Crystal Violet, Natural Adsorbent, Wastewater Treatment
The Impact of Lactobacillus Infection During Pregnancy on Metabolic and Immune Parameters in Women 40 Days Post-Delivery: Dampak Infeksi Lactobacillus Selama Kehamilan terhadap Parameter Metabolik dan Imun pada Wanita 40 Hari Pasca Persalinan Alnawas, Zahraa Ali Nashoor; Dakhil, Kareema A.
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13014

Abstract

Background: Lactobacillus normally plays a protective role in the maternal microbiome, yet under certain dysbiotic conditions it may be associated with metabolic and immunological disturbances during pregnancy. Specific Background: Evidence regarding postpartum health consequences of Lactobacillus infection remains limited, particularly its link to inflammatory and metabolic alterations. Gap: No studies have assessed metabolic and immune outcomes 40 days postpartum among women infected with Lactobacillus during pregnancy. Aim: This study examines postpartum metabolic profiles, inflammatory markers, and immune balance in women previously exposed to Lactobacillus infection. Methods: A cross-sectional comparison of 100 infected and 100 healthy women was conducted using clinical, biochemical, and immunological assessments. Results: Infected women exhibited higher fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TPOAb, and TgAb, alongside lymphopenia and a Th1-dominant immune shift. Novelty: This study provides early evidence that Lactobacillus-associated dysbiosis in pregnancy may contribute to sustained metabolic and immune dysregulation beyond delivery. Implications: Findings highlight the importance of monitoring postpartum women with pregnancy-related dysbiosis and suggest a potential role of microbiome alteration in long-term maternal health. Highlights:• Distinct postpartum metabolic disturbances in infected women• Marked inflammatory activation associated with dysbiosis• Altered Th1/Th2 balance persisting after delivery Keywords: Lactobacillus Infection, Postpartum Metabolism, Immune Imbalance, Cytokines, Maternal Health
Metformin Reduces Inflammatory Markers Through AMPK Activation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Al-din, Khitam Hassan Saleh Salah
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13015

Abstract

General Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and systemic inflammation. Specific Background: Metformin, derived from Galega officinalis, has served as first-line pharmacotherapy for over six decades, demonstrating efficacy in glycemic control through multiple mechanisms including AMPK activation and mitochondrial modulation. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive clinical application, the precise molecular pathways underlying metformin's anti-inflammatory properties and their relationship to improved metabolic outcomes remain incompletely characterized. Aims: This systematic review examined metformin's effects on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on molecular mechanisms involving AMPK activation, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress reduction. Results: Analysis of multiple studies revealed significant reductions in C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, alongside decreased leukocyte-endothelial interactions through diminished expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin adhesion molecules. Novelty: This review synthesizes emerging evidence on brain-dependent pathways involving Rap1 protein modulation and identifies metformin's dual role in glycemic control and inflammation suppression. Implications: These findings support metformin's multifunctional therapeutic potential beyond diabetes management, with applications in cardiovascular protection, cancer prevention, and inflammatory disease modification.HIghlight : Metformin reduces blood glucose and inflammatory markers (CRP, HSCRP) in type 2 diabetes patients through AMPK activation. The drug works via mitochondrial Complex I inhibition, mTORC1 suppression, and CARM1 enzyme modulation. Pharmacogenetic testing for CYP450 enzymes predicts individual drug responses and adverse effects for personalized treatment. Keywords : Metformin, Type 2 Diabetes, AMPK, Inflammatory Markers, Molecular Mechanisms
Structural and Optical Properties of Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications Wali, Hiba Fouad Tawfeeq; Sayed, Saja Abdul Ameer; A.Thamer, Ahmed
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13018

Abstract

General Background: Nanostructured metal oxides are widely explored for sensing technologies due to their tunable structural and optical behavior. Specific Background: Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), particularly hematite, offers stability, biocompatibility, and catalytic activity suitable for biosensing applications. Knowledge Gap: However, the combined structural–optical characterization of Fe₂O₃ synthesized via a simple sol–gel route and its integrated performance within a glucose biosensor remains insufficiently examined. Aims: This study investigates the structural, morphological, and optical properties of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and evaluates their functionality as an active layer in a glucose oxidase (GOx) sol–gel biosensor. Results: XRD confirmed hematite with sharp peaks at ~33.2° and ~35.7°, indicating high crystallinity; UV–Vis/Tauc analysis yielded a direct band gap of 2.1–2.2 eV; SEM/EDS revealed quasi-spherical aggregates composed predominantly of Fe and O. The biosensor exhibited first-order amperometric responses with T90 values of ~26 s (2 mM) and ~34 s (5 mM) and rapid T10 recovery (~2 s). Novelty: The combination of sol–gel immobilization and Fe₂O₃’s intrinsic catalytic behavior produced fast, stable, and reversible glucose sensing. Implications: These findings support Fe₂O₃–sol–gel platforms as promising candidates for next-generation enzymatic biosensors. Highlights: Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles exhibit high crystallinity and a 2.1–2.2 eV direct band gap. Sol–gel Fe₂O₃–GOx biosensor achieves rapid response and recovery times. Demonstrates a synergistic catalytic–structural design for reliable glucose detection. Keywords: Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles; Hematite; Glucose Biosensor; Optical Properties; Sol–Gel
Response of Sugarcane Varieties L. Saccharum Officinarum to Foliar Feeding with Nano-Fertilizers Under Drip Irrigation Technology Al-Bawi, Amjad Shaker Hamoud; Alddin, Raghda Safaa; Al-Zubaidi , Shuaa Majid; Shadhan, Omar Mohammed
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13020

Abstract

General Background: Sugarcane is a major tropical crop whose productivity depends on efficient nutrient management and irrigation systems. Specific Background: Recent advances in nanotechnology have introduced nano-fertilizers capable of enhancing nutrient uptake and improving physiological performance, yet their crop-specific efficacy under drip irrigation remains insufficiently characterized. Knowledge Gap: Empirical evidence on how distinct sugarcane varieties respond to varying nano-fertilizer concentrations in field conditions—particularly regarding vegetative growth, yield components, and sucrose accumulation—is still limited. Aims: This study evaluated the growth, physiological traits, and yield of four American sugarcane cultivars (CP72-2086, CP89-2143, CP81-325, LO3-371) subjected to three nano-fertilizer concentrations (1, 2, 3 L ha⁻¹) under drip irrigation. Results: The 3 L ha⁻¹ treatment consistently improved stem height, diameter, leaf area, and stem yield (229.67 t ha⁻¹), while cultivars CP89-2143 and CP81-325 showed the highest sucrose content (up to 16.20%). LO3-371 exhibited the greatest increase in extractable stems and dry biomass. Novelty: This study provides the first integrated comparison of nano-fertilizer dose–response patterns across multiple sugarcane varieties under drip irrigation in arid-field conditions. Implications: Findings highlight the potential of nano-fertilizers—particularly at 3 L ha⁻¹—to enhance growth efficiency and sugar yield, supporting more sustainable and productive sugarcane management strategies.Highlight : Nano-fertiliser 3 L ha⁻¹ consistently improves stem growth and leaf performance. Varieties CP81-325, CP89-2143, and LO3-371 show stronger vegetative responses. Sucrose and sugar yield increase under optimized nano-fertiliser levels with drip irrigation. Keywords : Stem Height, Sugar Yield, Nano-fertiliser, Sugarcane Varieties, Drip Irrigation
Using Citrus limon Extract and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties Al-Akabi, Saad Ali Hussein; Al-Masoodi, Aliea K.; Jasim, Ibtisam Abdulnabi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13021

Abstract

General Background: The escalating prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the exploration of natural antimicrobial alternatives. Specific Background: Citrus limon (lemon) peel contains bioactive phytochemicals with potential antibacterial properties, yet systematic evaluation against clinical isolates remains limited. Knowledge Gap: Comparative efficacy of different extraction solvents and their mechanisms against multidrug-resistant pathogens require comprehensive investigation. Aims: This study evaluated antibacterial activities of aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts of C. limon peel against clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: Ethanolic extract demonstrated superior antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 19.5 ± 0.3 mm against S. aureus and 18.7 ± 0.3 mm against E. coli, exhibiting lower minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5–50 mg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (25–100 mg/mL) compared to other extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids responsible for membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition. Novelty: This research provides empirical evidence of solvent-dependent extraction efficiency from Iraqi cultivars against local clinical isolates. Implications: These findings support the development of cost-effective, environmentally sustainable natural antibacterial agents for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food preservation applications, particularly addressing multidrug resistance challenges.Highlight : Ethanolic extract demonstrated highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with lowest MIC and MBC values. Bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, and vitamin C contribute to antibacterial mechanisms. Lemon peel extracts showed effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, indicating potential for pharmaceutical and food preservation applications. Keywords : Citrus Limon, Lemon Peel, Antibacterial Activity, Multi-Drug Resistance, Natural Antibiotics
Metformin Antibacterial Activity on Vaginal Isolates in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Salman, Halah Dawood
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13026

Abstract

General Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to intensify worldwide, creating an urgent need for adjunct therapies that enhance antimicrobial efficacy. Specific Background: Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has shown immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties, yet its effects on vaginal pathogens in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remain insufficiently explored. Knowledge Gap: Limited evidence exists regarding whether metformin can potentiate antibiotic activity against common vaginal bacterial isolates, particularly in PCOS patients who often exhibit reduced IL-10 levels and heightened inflammatory states. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the adjuvant antibacterial effect of metformin when combined with standard antibiotics against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from affected women. Results: Metformin enhanced antibiotic inhibition zones notably for K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, while producing a moderate but less consistent synergistic effect on E. coli. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly lower in patients than controls, confirming an underlying inflammatory imbalance. Novelty: This research provides one of the first empirical assessments of metformin’s antibacterial adjuvant role in vaginal infections among PCOS and non-PCOS women. Implications: Findings suggest metformin may serve as a promising supportive agent to strengthen antibiotic efficacy and help mitigate bacterial resistance.Highlight : Metformin enhances the antibacterial effects on K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. IL-10 is lower in PCOS patients, indicating inflammatory imbalance E. coli is the most common bacterium in vaginal infections. Keywords : Metformin, Vaginal Infection, PCOS, Antibacterial Synergy, Antibiotic Resistance

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