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INDONESIA
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education
Published by IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc
ISSN : -     EISSN : 2747139X     DOI : -
Core Subject : Economy, Science, Education, Social,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Neuroscience Social Sciences Other
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education disseminates knowledge about Business, Law, and Education that useful to academics, educators, scholars, managers, practitioners, policy makers, consumers, and other stakeholders all around the world.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 858 Documents
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The Legal Status of Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts as Electronic Agreements under the Indonesian Positive Legal System Ida Bagus Mahayana Pidada; Made Aditya Pramana Putra
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1558

Abstract

Blockchain-based smart contracts automate the execution of transactions through computer code, but automation alone does not determine whether the resulting arrangement is a legally binding contract. This article examines the legal status and enforceability of blockchain-based smart contracts as electronic agreements under Indonesian law and evaluates how the validity requirements in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code operate in a pseudonymous, automated, and relatively immutable technological environment. Using doctrinal legal research, the study integrates the Indonesian Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (EIT Law) as amended by Law No. 1 of 2024, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, and current financial-sector regulation, supported by comparative analysis of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Automated Contracting, the UK Law Commission's work on smart legal contracts, and relevant European regulatory design. The analysis finds that Indonesian law can recognize a blockchain-based arrangement as an electronic contract when an identifiable agreement is formed through an electronic system and the substantive validity requirements are satisfied. Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019 is particularly significant because Article 46 reproduces the core elements of contractual validity for electronic contracts, while Article 47 requires party identity, transaction terms, cancellation procedures, and choice-of-law provisions. The principal legal uncertainty therefore lies less in basic contractual validity than in attribution of consent and capacity, code-text inconsistency, automated-agent responsibility, coding or oracle errors, reversibility of remedies, and cross-border enforcement. The article recommends targeted, technology-neutral rules and contractual design safeguards rather than assuming that either code alone or a comprehensive blockchain-specific statute can solve these problems.
Reformulating Legal Protection for Vulnerable Women and Children in Indonesia: A Rechtsstaat-Based Framework Virginia Usfunan; I Gede Yusa; I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit Widiatedja; Efatha Filomeno Borromeu Duarte
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1564

Abstract

Women and children remain exposed to forms of violence, exploitation, discrimination, and unequal access to remedies despite Indonesia's increasingly dense framework of protective legislation. This article examines whether that framework satisfies the substantive requirements of Indonesia's constitutional identity as a rechtsstaat (negara hukum), and how legal protection policy should be reformulated when the principal deficit lies not in the absence of norms but in the architecture of implementation. Using normative or doctrinal legal research, the study combines statute and conceptual approaches. It analyzes constitutional provisions, legislation on child protection, domestic violence, marriage, and sexual violence, recent implementing regulations adopted between 2024 and 2025, Indonesia's obligations under CEDAW and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and relevant rule-of-law and vulnerability scholarship. The analysis shows that Indonesia has made substantial normative progress, including a more integrated implementation framework under the Sexual Violence Crimes Law. Nevertheless, persistent problems remain: sectoral fragmentation, uneven inter-agency coordination, territorial disparities in service capacity, barriers to reporting and remedies, a predominantly reactive orientation, weak interoperability of protection data, and insufficient mechanisms for institutional accountability. The article proposes a four-pillar reformulation: integrated protection governance, prevention-centered and digitally responsive measures, vulnerability- and intersectionality-sensitive protection, and measurable state accountability. It argues that a substantive rechtsstaat requires protection to operate as an enforceable institutional system rather than as a collection of formally valid statutes.
Reconstructing Controlling Entity Liability to State-Owned Enterprise Creditors: A Comparative Study of BPI Danantara, Faktischer Konzern, and the Rozenblum Doctrine Aditya Aji Syuhadha Ilmiawan; Budi Santoso; Amelia Sri Kusuma Dewi
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1572

Abstract

The establishment of the Daya Anagata Nusantara Investment Management Agency (BPI Danantara) creates a gap in the legal protection of creditors of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) because its controlling authority derives from statutory delegation rather than share ownership. This study aims to reconstruct the framework governing BPI Danantara’s liability to SOE creditors as a controlling entity. The study employs normative legal research and applies statutory, conceptual, historical, and comparative approaches, supported by grammatical, systematic, teleological, and functional comparative analysis. The study finds that Article 3(2)(d) of the Indonesian Company Law is structurally inadequate to address BPI Danantara’s position because its requirement of an “unlawful act” does not encompass the lawful exercise of delegated authority. The proposed reconstruction introduces a special liability provision in the SOE Law by combining the German faktischer Konzern compensation mechanism with the French Rozenblum proportionality standard. This model establishes causation-based liability, proportional compensation, an insolvency ceiling, technical delegation, and direct creditor standing.
Legal Accountability for Climate-Related Financial Risk and Greenwashing: Reconstructing Sustainable Finance Law in Developing Countries through Indonesia's Regulatory Experience Aida Ardini; Usman Manor
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1575

Abstract

Climate change has become a systemic financial risk, prompting the incorporation of sustainability considerations into financial regulation. However, the rapid expansion of ESG disclosure requirements and sustainable finance has not been matched by equally robust mechanisms of legal accountability, thereby increasing the risks of greenwashing and investor harm. This study analyzes global developments in climate-related financial regulation, evaluates Indonesia's sustainable finance legal framework, and develops a model of legal accountability for greenwashing. Employing normative legal research with comparative-transnational and regulatory governance approaches, the study examines international standards and Indonesia's regulatory framework, particularly policies issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Indonesian Sustainable Finance Taxonomy (TKBI). The findings reveal a persistent gap between sustainability disclosure obligations and mechanisms for verification, supervision, and legal accountability. To address this gap, the study develops the Climate Financial Liability Framework, which integrates four interconnected pillars: materiality-based disclosure, independent sustainability assurance, risk-based supervision, and legal liability for greenwashing. The framework reorients sustainable finance governance from disclosure-based regulation toward accountability-based regulation. The study concludes that strengthening Indonesia's sustainable finance regime requires clearer ESG verification standards, more effective climate-risk-based supervision, proportionate liability mechanisms, and closer alignment with international sustainability standards. The proposed framework offers a regulatory model for strengthening market integrity and investor protection in Indonesia and other emerging economies.
A Corridor-Based Integration Model for Tourism Village Development in the Malang–Batu Tourism Corridor Fauzan Roziqin; Nahdila Safiira R; Dian Fitri Argarini
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1576

Abstract

The Malang–Batu corridor is a high-volume tourism system in East Java, but economic benefits remain concentrated in large commercial attractions while tourism villages operate as fragmented peripheral destinations. This study formulates a corridor-based integration model that combines smart tourism, community-based tourism (CBT), environmental protection, and cross-regional governance. A mixed-methods design was applied across five tourism-village loci representing gateway, magnet, and buffer functions. Data comprised a survey of 400 tourists, stakeholder interviews, hexahelix focus-group discussions, structured observation, policy documents, spatial data, and village plans. Analysis used GIS overlay, a Tourism Village Readiness Index, GAP and SWOT–IFAS/EFAS analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Three integration barriers were identified: cross-administrative policy divergence, LP2B conversion of 3.2% per year against a 1.5% spatial-plan threshold, and a digital divide affecting 39.7% of surveyed tourists. Economic leakage occurred through supply chains (45–55%), accommodation (IDR 200,000–400,000 per tourist per night), and external asset ownership. The corridor was positioned in Quadrant I (X = 0.92; Y = 0.85). AHP prioritized collective partnerships and local cooperatives (0.1415), followed by a tri-regional joint BUMD and joint regulation (0.1305). The proposed Chain Tourism Corridor model assigns gateway, core, and explorer functions to destination nodes and links them through integrated information, visitor, and benefit flows. The model indicates that governance and distributive equity must precede large-scale physical and digital investment.
Construction of Witness Standardization on Sharia Financing Deeds in Sharia Financial Institutions within Tasikmalaya City Region Rani Mariana Mariana; Iwan Setiawan
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1577

Abstract

This study addresses the critical challenge of legal uncertainty in Sharia financing deeds by proposing a transformative framework based on witness standardization. The research aims to construct a standardized model for witness requirements in Sharia financing contracts within Sharia financial institutions in the Tasikmalaya City region. Utilizing a qualitative case study methodology with a normative-empirical approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews, document analysis, and focus group discussions with Sharia financial institution managers, notaries, and relevant stakeholders in Tasikmalaya City. The findings culminate in a four-stage Witness Standardization Framework (WSF), comprising Selection, Verification, Competence, and Documentation. This model shifts the paradigm from informal and inconsistent witnessing practices to a structured, legally robust, and Sharia-compliant witnessing system. The study concludes that systematically applying witness standardization is essential for enhancing legal certainty, reducing dispute risks, and strengthening the integrity of Sharia financing deeds. This framework offers a practical blueprint for Sharia financial institutions, notaries, and regulators in improving the legal quality and accountability of Sharia financing transactions.
Surge Pricing, Asymmetrical Power, and Consumer Protection: Assessing Fairness in Digital Transportation Contracts Thea Farina; Nuraliah Ali; Wan Ismahanisa Ismail
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1589

Abstract

Surge pricing in digital transportation services raises questions of contractual fairness because platforms control price-formation mechanisms, transaction data, and standard contractual terms, whereas consumers primarily encounter prices generated by automated systems. This study examines how asymmetrical power manifests in the implementation of surge pricing and evaluates the adequacy of Indonesia’s consumer protection framework in safeguarding contractual fairness. Using a normative-empirical (socio-legal) design, the study combines statutory and conceptual analysis with a survey of 113 online transportation service users selected through purposive sampling. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test, Spearman’s rank correlation, and, as a supplementary analysis, ordinal logistic regression. Legal materials were analyzed qualitatively and prescriptively and then integrated with the empirical findings. The results show that perceived transparency of fare information was relatively low (M = 2.09), whereas understanding of dynamic pricing was higher (M = 3.17). Experience of fare changes was significantly associated with their reported effect on service-use decisions (ρ = 0.582; p < 0.001) and with perceptions of disadvantage (ρ = 0.347; p < 0.001). These findings indicate that asymmetrical power extends beyond informational inequality to encompass platform control over price-formation mechanisms and the practical effectiveness of consumer choice. Although Indonesia’s legal framework contains substantive consumer-protection safeguards, it lacks sufficiently specific parameters for assessing real-time dynamic pricing. The study therefore proposes three analytical parameters—information adequacy, meaningful consent, and protection against situational vulnerability—as a basis for evaluating contractual fairness in surge-pricing practices.
The Influence of Outsourcing Employees’ Role on Company Performance Pulung Winata Sari; Andriyansah Andriyansah
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1597

Abstract

This study analyzes the effect of outsourcing employees’ role on company performance. A quantitative approach with a correlational design was employed. The sample consisted of 30 respondents selected through purposive sampling from a manufacturing and petrochemical company utilizing outsourcing services. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire with 19 items for the outsourcing employee variable and 11 items for the company performance variable. Validity was assessed using Pearson correlation (r-table = 0.361), and reliability was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha. Simple linear regression and Pearson correlation were used to test the hypothesis. Results reveal a strong positive correlation (r = 0.937) with a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.879. The regression equation is Y = −2.214 + 0.632X. The t-test confirms t-count (14.247) > t-table (2.048, df = 28, α = 5%), with a significance of 0.000. These findings confirm that outsourcing employees’ role significantly and positively affects company performance.

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