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International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS)

IJHESS
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Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

ISSN : - EISSN : 26856689 DOI : 10.31934/ijhess

Core Subject : Economy, Health, Social,

Economics, Econometrics & Finance Public Health Social Sciences

nternational Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) is a peer-reviewed electronic international journal. This statement clarifies ethical behaviour of all parties involved in the act of publishing an article in this journal, including the author, the chief editor, the Editorial Board, the Peer-reviewer and the Publisher Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu. Aims and Scope International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS): Public health, economics, Anthropology, sociology, geography, history, environmental studies, business, administration, political science, cultural studies, ethnography.

Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum

Articles 1,184 Documents

115 116 117 118 119

Teaching the Qur’an and Mentoring Students at Pondok Pesantren Modern Albasya, Payakabung Village, North Indralaya District, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Muhammad Reksi Azhari Fansuri; Muhammad Wahyu Darmawan; Achmad Zakaria; Airlangga Arjuna Arya Gading
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.9849

The Recognition Community Service Program (Kuliah Kerja Nyata/KKN) is a form of community service through which university students implement their knowledge and Islamic values in the community. This activity was conducted at Pondok Pesantren Modern Albasya, Payakabung Village, North Indralaya District, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, with the aim of supporting Qur’an learning and fostering the character and skills of the students. The program was carried out for 36 days, from January 8 to February 12, 2026, with a total of 180 hours of activities. The implementation method consisted of preparation, socialization and training, coordination with the pesantren, program implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The programs included assistance in Qur’an memorization (tahfidz) and review (muroja’ah), moral development, halaqah, muhadharah, bahtsul masail, Al-Ma’tsurat activities, Al Banjari hadrah training, public speaking and leadership training, as well as communal cleaning activities. The results showed positive developments among the students, particularly in the regularity of Qur’an memorization, discipline, confidence in public speaking, hadrah skills, the practice of daily dhikr, leadership, and concern for environmental cleanliness. The program also supported the pesantren administrators in facilitating the students’ educational and developmental activities. Thus, the Recognition KKN program made a positive contribution to religious education, the development of Islamic character, and the enhancement of students’ skills at Pondok Pesantren Modern Albasya.

The Relationship Between Husband’s Emotional Support and Maternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Working Area of Kota Tengah Public Health Center Ainun Yus’iranna Ihram; Ridha Hafid; Siti Hajar Salawali
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.9856

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life is essential for optimal infant growth, development, and health. Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy is an important psychological factor that may support the continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Emotional support from husbands may contribute to maternal confidence by providing empathy, affection, attention, and psychological reassurance. However, evidence concerning the specific relationship between husbands’ emotional support and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy remains limited in the local context. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between husbands’ emotional support and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy in exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of Kota Tengah Public Health Center, Gorontalo City. Methods: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted from January 10 to February 12, 2026. The study involved 82 breastfeeding mothers selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, a 14-item questionnaire assessing husbands’ emotional support, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (BSES-SF). Descriptive statistics were used for univariate analysis, while the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to assess data normality. The relationship between husbands’ emotional support and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy was analyzed using the Pearson Product-Moment correlation test. Results: Most respondents reported high levels of emotional support from their husbands, namely 80 respondents (97.6%), while 2 respondents (2.4%) reported low emotional support. Regarding breastfeeding self-efficacy, 63 mothers (76.8%) had high self-efficacy, 18 mothers (22.0%) had moderate self-efficacy, and 1 mother (1.2%) had low self-efficacy. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between husbands’ emotional support and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy (p = 0.018; r = 0.262). The correlation was classified as weak but positive. Conclusion: Husbands’ emotional support was significantly associated with maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. Although the strength of the relationship was weak, the positive direction indicates that better emotional support from husbands tends to be accompanied by higher maternal confidence in breastfeeding.

The Impact of Tourism Activities on Marine Ecosystem Degradation and Mitigation Strategies Through Upstream Waste Management in Kabila Bone Subdistrict, Indonesia Andre Mopili; Abdul Wahab Podungge; Jefri Polinggapo; Nirmala A Sahi; Dikson Junus; Dewi Walahe
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.11332

The development of coastal tourism provides important economic opportunities for coastal communities but may simultaneously increase anthropogenic pressure on marine and coastal ecosystems. In Kabila Bone Subdistrict, Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, tourism activities are accompanied by problems related to coastal waste, water quality, ecosystem disturbance, and the movement of land-based waste through river systems toward the sea. This study aims to analyze the impact of tourism activities on marine ecosystem degradation and identify mitigation strategies based on upstream waste management in Kabila Bone Subdistrict. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using a case study design. Data were collected through direct observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation involving government representatives, tourism managers, coastal communities, and fishers. Data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, supported by NVivo analysis. The findings indicate that marine ecosystem degradation in the study area occurs through four interconnected dimensions: declining coastal water quality, deterioration of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass ecosystems, accumulation of waste in coastal areas, and disturbance to marine organisms. The findings further indicate that waste originating from settlements and upstream areas and transported through river flows contributes to cumulative environmental pressure on coastal areas. The main constraints are inadequate waste management, limited environmental awareness, insufficient monitoring, and fragmented coordination among stakeholders. Six strategic measures are identified: strengthening environmental regulations, developing local environmental institutions, implementing the 3R principles, strengthening environmental education, managing river flows and upstream waste sources, and establishing multi-stakeholder collaboration. The study concludes that mitigation of marine ecosystem degradation requires an integrated upstream-to-coastal governance approach rather than relying exclusively on coastal clean-up activities. Strengthening local institutional capacity and collaborative governance is therefore essential for developing sustainable coastal tourism in Kabila Bone.

Determination of the Cut-Off Value of the Acromiohumeral Center-Edge Angle on Shoulder Radiographs for Differentiating Partial-Thickness and Full-Thickness Supraspinatus Tendon Tears Based on MRI in Degenerative Rotator Cuff Tears Anthony Alikazin; Husnul Fuad Albar; Andriandi
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.11333

Degenerative rotator cuff tear (DRCT) is a common cause of shoulder pain and functional impairment in middle-aged and older adults. The supraspinatus tendon is the most frequently affected component of the rotator cuff. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used as the reference standard for characterizing rotator cuff tears, including differentiation between partial-thickness and full-thickness tears. However, access to MRI may be limited by cost, availability, and waiting time. The Acromiohumeral Center-Edge Angle (ACEA) is a radiographic parameter that describes the geometric relationship between the acromion and the humeral head and has recently been associated with rotator cuff pathology. Nevertheless, the optimal ACEA threshold for differentiating partial-thickness from full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears has not been clearly established. To determine the optimal cut-off value of the ACEA measured on shoulder radiographs for differentiating partial-thickness from full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears based on MRI findings in patients with degenerative rotator cuff tears. This retrospective diagnostic study included 134 patients aged ≥40 years with degenerative supraspinatus tendon tears who underwent both shoulder radiography and MRI at Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. ACEA was measured on standard shoulder radiographs and served as the index test, while MRI findings were used as the reference standard for classifying tears as partial-thickness or full-thickness. Differences in ACEA between groups were evaluated using an independent-samples t-test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off value. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Interobserver reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A total of 134 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 55.28 ± 8.84 years, with an age range of 40–82 years. Women comprised 70.9% of the study population. MRI demonstrated partial-thickness supraspinatus tears in 111 patients (82.8%) and full-thickness tears in 23 patients (17.2%). The overall mean ACEA was 31.85 ± 6.58°. The mean ACEA was significantly lower in the partial-thickness tear group than in the full-thickness tear group (29.87 ± 4.90° vs. 41.38 ± 5.19°, respectively; p < 0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discriminatory performance, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.948 (95% CI, 0.910–0.987; p < 0.001). The optimal ACEA cut-off was ≥34.92°, providing a sensitivity of 95.7%, specificity of 81.1%, PPV of 51.2%, NPV of 98.9%, and overall diagnostic accuracy of 83.6%. Interobserver reliability was excellent, with a single-measure ICC of 0.986 (95% CI, 0.975–0.992). ACEA measured on shoulder radiographs was significantly higher in patients with full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears than in those with partial-thickness tears. An ACEA threshold of ≥34.92° demonstrated excellent discrimination and a very high negative predictive value. ACEA may therefore serve as a practical complementary screening parameter for identifying patients who are more likely to have full-thickness supraspinatus tears and may benefit from further MRI evaluation, particularly in healthcare settings with limited MRI availability.

The Effect Oof Work Supervision and Safety Motivation on Workers’ Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Procedures at Pt Pln Nusa Daya Gorontalo Service Unit Selawati Usman; Herlina Jusuf; Putri Ayuningtias Mahdang
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.11334

Workers’ compliance with Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) procedures is an important aspect of preventing occupational accidents, particularly in the electricity sector, which involves high levels of occupational risk. Workers’ compliance may be influenced by external factors, such as work supervision, and internal factors, such as safety motivation. This study aimed to analyze the effect of work supervision and safety motivation on workers’ compliance with OSH procedures at PT PLN Nusa Daya Gorontalo Service Unit. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The population and sample consisted of all 89 Technical Service (Yantek) workers, selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using simple linear regression. The results showed that 69 respondents (77.5%) perceived work supervision as good, 42 respondents (47.2%) had a moderate level of safety motivation, and 47 respondents (52.8%) demonstrated a moderately compliant level of OSH procedure adherence. The analysis showed that work supervision did not have a statistically significant effect on workers’ compliance (p = 0.185; r = 0.142; R² = 0.020). In contrast, safety motivation had a statistically significant effect on workers’ compliance (p = 0.041; r = 0.217; R² = 0.047). Therefore, safety motivation was identified as a factor associated with workers’ compliance with OSH procedures, whereas the contribution of supervision in the present model was not statistically significant. Improving compliance requires strengthening safety motivation through OSH training, routine safety briefings, safety communication, and the development of a consistent safety culture.

Validity And Reliability of the Indonesian Version of the American Orthopaedic Foot And Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Score as an Instrument for Assessing Ankle and Hindfoot Function Immanuel M.T. Naiborhu; Iman Dwi Winanto; OK Ilham Abdullah Irsyam
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.11335

Background: Standardized outcome instruments are essential for evaluating pain, function, and clinical status in patients with ankle and hindfoot disorders. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Score is widely used internationally, but a formally validated Indonesian-language version is needed for use in Indonesian clinical practice and research. Objective: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Score in adults with ankle and hindfoot disorders. Methods: A methodological validation study was conducted in a multicenter clinical setting. Adults with traumatic, postoperative, or degenerative ankle and hindfoot disorders who could understand Indonesian and provide informed consent were included. The AOFAS score was assessed together with the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Internal item validity was examined using Pearson correlation, internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha, and inter-rater reliability using Cohen’s kappa. Convergent validity was assessed by correlation with FAOS and SF-36. Floor and ceiling effects were also examined. Results: Eighty-seven participants were included in the descriptive analysis. The mean age was 40.0 ± 16.1 years, 58.6% were male, and 44.8% had a university education. The mean AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Score was 59.03 ± 19.72. In the 81 participants included in item-level validation and inter-rater analyses, all nine AOFAS items were valid, with item correlations ranging from 0.623 to 0.856 and p < 0.001. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.851). Inter-rater reliability was excellent, with Cohen’s kappa values ranging from 0.911 to 1.000 and a mean kappa of 0.975. Convergent correlations were strong with FAOS (r = 0.850) and SF-36 (r = 0.911), both p < 0.001. No floor or ceiling effect was observed for the total AOFAS score. Conclusion: The Indonesian AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Score demonstrated good internal validity, high internal consistency, excellent inter-rater agreement, and strong convergent validity in the study population. It can therefore be considered a useful instrument for assessing ankle and hindfoot function in Indonesian adults, although further studies should evaluate responsiveness and performance in specific non-traumatic populations.

Management Strategy of Islamic Banks in Optimizing Funding, Financing, and Services: The Maqasid al-Shariah Framework Tentiyo Suharto; Sukiman; Maryam Batubara
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) Vol. 8 No. 2: April 2026 - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i2.11345

The transformation of Islamic banking in the digital 5.0 era demands a paradigm shift toward value-based institutions capable of integrating business performance, technological innovation, and Maqasid al-Shariah principles. This study aims to formulate an Islamic bank management strategy to optimize the functions of funding, financing, and service in accordance with Law Number 21 of 2008 concerning Islamic Banking through an approach centered on public welfare (maslahah) and sustainability. The research method employs a descriptive qualitative approach utilizing literature studies through the analysis of literature, regulations, and industry reports, analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The research results indicate that funding optimization requires product innovation, digitalization, financial literacy, and enhanced customer trust. The financing strategy is directed toward productive financing, strengthening risk management, process digitalization, and supporting the real sector and MSMEs. Meanwhile, the service strategy emphasizes customer experience quality, technological utilization, human resource competence, and trustworthy (amanah) service. The developed strategy model positions Maqasid al-Shariah as the foundation for creating a balance among economic, social, ethical, and spiritual aspects. The research findings confirm that the competitiveness of modern Islamic banks depends not only on profitability, but also on the ability to create sustainable value, enhance financial inclusion, and realize public welfare. This model provides theoretical and practical contributions toward strengthening the strategic management of Islamic banking to be innovative, adaptive, and globally competitive.

Association Between Injury Mechanism and the Type of Posterior Complex Fracture-Dislocation of the Elbow at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan Steven; Nino Nasution; Heru Rahmadhany
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.11398

Background: Posterior complex fracture-dislocation of the elbow is a severe traumatic injury involving elbow dislocation accompanied by fractures of important osseous stabilizers. The direction and energy of trauma may determine which stabilizing structures fail and, consequently, which fracture-dislocation pattern develops. However, clinical evidence directly evaluating the association between injury mechanism and specific posterior complex fracture-dislocation patterns remains limited, particularly in Indonesia. Objective: To analyze the association between injury mechanism and the type of posterior complex fracture-dislocation of the elbow in adult patients treated at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan. Methods: This analytical observational study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 48 adult patients with posterior complex fracture-dislocation of the elbow who met the study criteria were included. Data were obtained from medical records and radiological examinations during the period from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2025. Injury mechanisms were categorized as fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH) or direct injury. Radiological patterns were categorized as posterolateral, posteromedial, Monteggia apex anterior, Monteggia apex posterior, or trans-olecranon fracture-dislocation. Demographic variables included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and injured side. Because the assumptions for the Pearson chi-square test were not fulfilled, the Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test was used to assess the association. Results: The mean age was 41.85 ± 14.76 years, with the largest age group being 30–39 years (25.0%). Men accounted for 52.1% of patients, 41.7% were overweight, and 75.0% sustained left-sided injuries. FOOSH was the predominant injury mechanism (64.6%), while direct injury accounted for 35.4%. The posterolateral pattern was most frequent (56.2%), followed by posteromedial (25.0%), Monteggia apex posterior (8.3%), trans-olecranon (8.3%), and Monteggia apex anterior (2.1%) patterns. Among FOOSH injuries, 83.9% were posterolateral, whereas direct injuries were predominantly posteromedial (47.1%), followed by Monteggia apex posterior (23.5%) and trans-olecranon (17.6%). The association was statistically significant (p < 0.001), with a strong effect size (Cramer's V = 0.775). Conclusion: Injury mechanism was strongly associated with the type of posterior complex fracture-dislocation of the elbow. FOOSH was predominantly associated with posterolateral injury, whereas direct injury was more commonly associated with posteromedial, Monteggia, and trans-olecranon patterns. A detailed history of the injury mechanism may therefore assist early clinical suspicion, radiological evaluation, and treatment planning.

Cross-Cultural Communication in Song Selection and Presentation of Events at Sriwijaya Radio Muhammad Ravi Aziz Anafi; Sepriadi Saputra; M. Mifta Farid
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.11422

This study aims to find out how cross-cultural communication is applied in song selection and program presentation at Sriwijaya Radio Palembang. The problem in this study is that there is still a dominance of national and international popular songs compared to regional songs, so the representation of local culture in radio broadcasting needs to be studied further. The theory used in this study is Hofstede's Cultural Dimension Theory. The type of research used is field research with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Primary data sources are obtained from Sriwijaya Radio's broadcasters, producers, program managers, and listeners, while secondary data are obtained from relevant archives, documents, books, and journals. Data analysis techniques are carried out through data reduction, data categorization and coding, thematic analysis, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that cross-cultural communication at Sriwijaya Radio is realized through the use of the Palembang language, the presentation of programs that elevate local culture, and the role of broadcasters as cultural mediators. However, the representation of local culture in the selection of songs still faces challenges due to the dominance of popular songs that adapt to market tastes and listener needs.

The Effect of Hearing the Soundtrack 'Always in Your Heart' on the Audience's Decision on Jumbo Film (2025) (Study on Students/I of Uin Raden Fatah Palembang) Dody Kusuma Jaya; Fera Indasari; Muhamad Arif Setiawan
International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) (Special Issue) - International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) - July 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/ijhess.v8i3.11478

The film industry is currently increasingly competitive, requiring film marketers to use various marketing communication strategies, including the use of audio elements such as movie soundtracks to attract the interest of potential audiences. This study aims to measure the level of achievement of movie soundtrack listening activities and viewing decisions among students, as well as analyze the influence of listening to movie soundtracks on the decision to watch UIN Raden Fatah Palembang students partially and how much of an impact it has. This study uses a quantitative approach with an associative method. The population in this study is active students of UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. The sample taken was 100 student respondents using purposive sampling techniques. The primary data collection technique was carried out by distributing a structured questionnaire through Google Form with a Likert scale. The data was analyzed descriptively using the Respondent Achievement Level (TCR) with the Sugiyono criteria, as well as inferential analysis using the analysis prerequisite test and simple linear regression through the SPSS 25.0 program. The results of the descriptive descriptive analysis showed that the variable of Listening to the Film Soundtrack (X) was classified as Very Good with a TCR value of 80.30%. Likewise, the Viewing Decision variable (Y) was in the Very Good category with a TCR achievement of 89.20%. Based on the results of the hypothesis test (t-test), it was found that there was a positive and significant influence between Listening to the Film Soundtrack on the Viewing Decision of UIN Raden Fatah Palembang students. This is evidenced by the t-value of the table > t (12.863 > 1.984) and the significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. The simple linear regression equation formed is Y = 25.972 + 0.464 X. The results of the determination coefficient analysis (R Square) show that the contribution of the influence of Hearing the Film Soundtrack on the Viewing Decision is 62.8%, while the remaining 37.2% is influenced by other variables that were not studied in this study.

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Contact Name Ahmad Yani

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Journal Mail Official ahmadyani.publichealth@gmail.com

Editorial Address Room IT Center, Hasanuddin University, Jalan Hang Tuah No 114 Palu, Mantikulore, Palu, 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

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Abstract

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Contact Name
Ahmad Yani

Contact Email
ahmadyani.publicheatlh@gmail.com

Phone
+6281245936241

Journal Mail Official
ahmadyani.publichealth@gmail.com

Editorial Address
Room IT Center, Hasanuddin University, Jalan Hang Tuah No 114 Palu, Mantikulore, Palu, 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Location
Kota palu,

Sulawesi tengah

INDONESIA