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Mikroenkapsulasi Daun Pala Menggunakan Maltodekstrin dan Gom Arab dengan Teknik Spray Drying Sabrina Dahlizar; Della Irsalina; Nelly Suryani; Ofa Suzanti Betha; Estu Mahanani Dhilasari; Sofa Fajriah; Maulina Handayani; Mutia Sari Wardana
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.46181

Nutmeg leaves (Myristica fragrans H.) are a rich source of various types of phenolic compounds that have exhibited a strong correlation with antioxidant capacity. The inherent instability of phenolic compounds poses significant challenges for their application in the pharmaceutical sector. Spray–drying microencapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these challenges. The research aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant activity of the spray-dried microcapsule of nutmeg leaves. There are variations in extract: encapsulant concentration, including FM-1 (1:2), FM-2 (1:3), and FM-3 (1:4), with a 1:1 encapsulant ratio between maltodextrin and gum arabic. The spray-dried nutmeg leaves were evaluated for morphology, particle size distribution, yield, moisture content, flowability, angle of repose, and encapsulation efficiency. Additionally, antioxidant activity tests were conducted using the DPPH method. The research showed that microcapsules of each formula have spherical and wrinkled shapes. The characteristics of the microcapsules for each formula yield 29.63%, 33.23%, and 33.85%, with moisture content of 7.31%, 9.32%, and 10.01%. The particle sizes measured were 4.58 μm, 5.55 μm, and 7.16 μm; flow rates were 0.59 g/s, 0.75 g/s, and 1.04 g/s; angles of repose were 41.71 °, 37.7 °, and 36.72 °, respectively (FM-1, FM-2, FM-3). The encapsulation efficiencies were 46.63%, 34.32%, 25.66%, respectively. The nutmeg leaves extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 36.1 ppm. In contrast, the antioxidant activity of the microcapsules was relatively weak, with IC50 values of 239.07 ppm, 555.29 ppm, and 755.84 ppm, respectively (FM-1, FM-2, FM-3). This study showed that the spray-dried microcapsules of nutmeg leaves from the three formulas have morphologies, particle size distribution, angle of repose, and moisture content that met the requirements. However, the yield, flow rate, and encapsulation efficiency have not met the requirements.

Anti-Anemia Effect of Red Beetroot and Roselle Extract Combination with NaNO2 Induction in White Rats Nina Herlina; Moerfiah; Nadya Putri Utamai
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.49813

Anemia remains a major global health problem characterized by reduced erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit levels, often resulting from iron deficiency and oxidative stress. Plant-based alternatives with proven hematological efficacy offer promising therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-anemic effect of combined red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts in sodium nitrite (NaNO₂)-induced anemic rats and to determine the most effective combination ratio. The extracts were prepared by maceration using 70% ethanol. Twenty-four female Sprague Dawley rats (±200 g body weight (BW) were randomly divided into six groups: negative control (Na-CMC), positive control (blood supplement tablet), roselle flower extract (40 mg/200 g BW), and three combination groups consisting of beetroot–roselle extracts at ratios of 1:2 (90 mg + 80 mg/200 g BW), 2:1 (180 mg + 40 mg/200 g BW), and 1:1 (90 mg + 40 mg/200 g BW). Anemia was induced using NaNO₂ for 14 days, followed by oral treatment for another 14 days. Hematological parameters, including erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit value, were measured on days 0, 7, and 14 of treatment. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). NaNO₂ induction significantly reduced erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, confirming successful anemia induction. All treatment groups showed significant hematological improvement compared to the negative control (P<0.05). Roselle extract alone produced the highest hemoglobin increase (84.1%), whereas combination treatments resulted in greater erythrocyte recovery. The beetroot–roselle combination at a 2:1 ratio demonstrated the most balanced improvement across erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit parameters. In conclusion, the combination of beetroot and roselle extracts exhibited synergistic anti-anemia activity, likely associated with enhanced iron utilization and antioxidant effects, with the 2:1 ratio showing the most favorable overall hematological response.

Assessing Patient Satisfaction and Sociodemographic Determinants in Outpatient Pharmaceutical Care Dian Ayu Juwita; Chofifah Putri Isnania Syaiful; Dita Permatasari
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.51282

Abstract: Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of pharmaceutical service quality, reflecting the interaction between healthcare providers and patients. The shift from drug-oriented to patient-oriented care requires healthcare professionals to improve service quality to meet patient needs and expectations. This study aimed to evaluate patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at the Outpatient Pharmacy of Semen Padang Hospital and its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics, including gender, age, education, occupation, and payment type. This study used a descriptive quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach using the Larson questionnaire as the research instrument. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square and Spearman tests. The study involved 391 patients who met the inclusion criteria at the Outpatient Pharmacy of Semen Padang Hospital. Most respondents were female (67.3%), adults (81.1%), had a high school education (37.1%), were unemployed (65.7%), and used BPJS insurance (82.1%). Overall, patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services was categorized as “satisfied” with a mean score of 3.87. The Friendly Explanation dimension showed a higher score (3.95) than the Managing Therapy dimension (3.77). Gender, age, and occupation did not affect patient satisfaction (p>0.05), while education and payment type affected patient satisfaction (p<0.05). Overall, patients at the Outpatient Pharmacy of Semen Padang Hospital were satisfied with the pharmaceutical services provided, indicating good service quality and positive patient perceptions toward pharmaceutical care. Keywords: Outpatient Pharmacy, Patient Satisfaction, Pharmacy Services, Sociodemographic Characteristics

The Effect of Purified Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) and Vitamin C on Aspartate Aminotransherase (AST) Levels of Male White Mice Yoneta Srangenge; Annisatulkhairat Annisatulkhairat; Almahdy Almahdy
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.43581

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of purified gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.), vitamin C, and their combination on AST levels in male mice subjected to maximal physical activity. Twenty-five male albino mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=5/group): normal control, maximal physical activity control, purified gambir 200 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity, vitamin C 65 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity, and a combination of purified gambir 100 mg/kg body weight and vitamin C 32.5 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity. Treatments were administered orally for 7 days. On day 8, maximal physical activity was induced by forced swimming for approximately 15 min. Serum AST levels were measured photometrically at 340 nm. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene’s test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and exploratory Mann-Whitney U test. The mean serum AST levels in Groups I, II, III, IV, and V were 141.4 ± 5.98, 146.6 ± 6.88, 122.6 ± 14.26, 124.8 ± 9.96, and 118.8 ± 6.46 IU/L, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant overall difference among groups (p=0.007). Descriptively, the purified gambir, vitamin C, and combination groups showed lower AST levels than the maximal physical activity group. The combination group showed the lowest mean AST level; however, no significant difference was found between the combination group and the single-treatment groups in exploratory pairwise analysis. Purified gambir, vitamin C, and their combination were associated with lower serum AST levels in male mice subjected to maximal physical activity compared with the physical activity-only group. Although the combination treatment showed the lowest mean AST level, its statistical superiority over purified gambir alone or vitamin C alone was not demonstrated. These findings suggest a potential protective effect against exercise-associated tissue stress, although further studies using larger sample sizes and more specific biomarkers are needed.

Model Konseptual Pendidikan Farmasi Berbasis Worldview Islam dan Tibb Nabawi Ofa Suzanti Betha; Maemunah Sa'diyah; Budi Handrianto
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.49190

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of purified gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.), vitamin C, and their combination on AST levels in male mice subjected to maximal physical activity. Twenty-five male albino mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=5/group): normal control, maximal physical activity control, purified gambir 200 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity, vitamin C 65 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity, and a combination of purified gambir 100 mg/kg body weight and vitamin C 32.5 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity. Treatments were administered orally for 7 days. On day 8, maximal physical activity was induced by forced swimming for approximately 15 min. Serum AST levels were measured photometrically at 340 nm. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene’s test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and exploratory Mann-Whitney U test. The mean serum AST levels in Groups I, II, III, IV, and V were 141.4 ± 5.98, 146.6 ± 6.88, 122.6 ± 14.26, 124.8 ± 9.96, and 118.8 ± 6.46 IU/L, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant overall difference among groups (p=0.007). Descriptively, the purified gambir, vitamin C, and combination groups showed lower AST levels than the maximal physical activity group. The combination group showed the lowest mean AST level; however, no significant difference was found between the combination group and the single-treatment groups in exploratory pairwise analysis. Purified gambir, vitamin C, and their combination were associated with lower serum AST levels in male mice subjected to maximal physical activity compared with the physical activity-only group. Although the combination treatment showed the lowest mean AST level, its statistical superiority over purified gambir alone or vitamin C alone was not demonstrated. These findings suggest a potential protective effect against exercise-associated tissue stress, although further studies using larger sample sizes and more specific biomarkers are needed.

Hydrating Balm Serum Minyak Cendana (Santalum album L.) dan Minyak Zaitun (Olea europaea) untuk Meningkatkan Kelembapan Kulit Vica Aspadiah; Astrid Indalifiany; Suryani Suryani; Nur Illiyyin Akib; Rahmat Muliadi; Wa Ode Sitti Aminah Basri
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.49347

Dry skin is associated with barrier dysfunction and decreased hydration of the stratum corneum. Santalum album and Olea europaea contain bioactive compounds that function as emollients and occlusives. A serum balm formulation with a high concentration of active ingredients has the potential to effectively restore skin moisture. This study aimed to determine the optimal composition of a serum balm formula, identify the physical characteristics and stability of the formulation using the cycling test method, and evaluate the moisturizing effectiveness of a serum balm containing sandalwood oil and olive oil. The method involved formulating a serum balm with varying concentrations of sandalwood oil as the active ingredient, followed by evaluation of physical characteristics including organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. Stability testing was conducted using the cycling test method by storing the preparation at 4°C for 24 hours and then transferring it to room temperature (25°C) for another 24 hours. The effectiveness test was performed using an in vitro occlusivity method. The results showed that the serum balm formulations were homogeneously distributed, had a pH of approximately 5, spreadability of 3.2–3.6 cm, and adhesiveness ranging from 9–22 seconds. The physical stability test indicated that the formulations met the required standards, and the moisturizing effectiveness ranged from 30–62%. In conclusion, the most optimal formula was F5 with 10% sandalwood oil, as it demonstrated the highest moisturizing activity at 61.095% before the cycling test and 54.965% after the cycling test, while also fulfilling the required physical characteristics.

Pendekatan Molecular Docking dalam Metode Penemuan Obat Berbasis Struktur: Sebuah Tinjauan Adha Dastu Illahi; Tifany Maulida Candra
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50146

Molecular docking is one of the most widely used computational techniques in computer-aided drug design (CADD) for predicting ligand binding modes and relative binding affinities toward target proteins. Although binding affinity is frequently used to evaluate docking performance, the success of molecular docking cannot be determined by a single parameter. Instead, predictive accuracy depends on the integration of multiple interrelated methodological factors. This review discusses the fundamental principles, methodologies, validation strategies, and interpretation of molecular docking in the context of structure-based drug discovery. The topics covered include protein structure quality, conformational search algorithms, scoring functions, docking workflows, and protein–ligand interaction analysis. This review highlights that the accuracy of molecular docking relies on the integration of all methodological stages, from protein structure selection to validation and result interpretation. It provides a comprehensive overview of molecular docking as an effective tool for initial screening and hypothesis generation in structure-based drug discovery prior to further validation using molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies.

Enhancing Dissolution of Febuxostat: Novel Febuxostat–Syringic Acid Multicomponent Crystals via Liquid-Assisted Grinding Gita Sri Fitri; Lili Fitriani; Erizal Zaini; Adhitya Jessica
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50282

Gout is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints, and its global prevalence continues to increase. Febuxostat, a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, serves as an alternative therapy for patients who cannot tolerate allopurinol. Although effective, its clinical performance is limited by very low aqueous solubility and slow dissolution due to its Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II characteristics. Enhancing its solubility is therefore essential to improve oral absorption. This study aimed to prepare and characterize a febuxostat–syringic acid multicomponent crystal using the liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) method and to evaluate its impact on dissolution behavior. Multicomponent crystals were prepared using various molar ratios and optimized based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results. Further characterization was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dissolution studies were conducted with three replicates (n=3) in phosphate–citrate buffer pH 5.5 containing 1% sodium lauryl sulfate followed by HPLC analysis. The formation of a multicomponent crystal was evidenced by a reduced melting point and decreased peak intensity, along with distinct diffraction patterns indicating lower crystallinity compared to the febuxostat and syringic acid components. FTIR analysis revealed shifts in the absorption of wave numbers, while SEM showed smaller and rougher particles, indicating improved wettability. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA showed that the febuxostat–syringic acid multicomponent crystal demonstrated significantly enhanced dissolution (99.21% at 60 minutes) compared with pure febuxostat (76.00% at 60 minutes) (p < 0.05). The febuxostat–syringic acid multicomponent crystal prepared via the LAG method improved the physicochemical characteristics and dissolution performance of febuxostat. This approach provides a potential strategy to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble BCS Class II drugs.

Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Phyllantus buxifolius Leaf Extract and Its Antioxidant Activity Dini Hanifa; Purnawan Pontana Putra; Akmal Djamaan; Marta Aulia Zahra; Maharani Auliasanrah Siregar
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50647

Green synthesis is an approach for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that more popular because the use of bioreductor, making it safer and more eco-friendly. The use of Phyllanthus buxifolius as a source of reducing and stabilizing agents in the formation of AgNPs and its contribution to antioxidant activity is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize AgNPs using P. buxifolius leaf extract and evaluate its antioxidant activity. The leaves of P. buxifolius were extracted using ethanol in a 1:10 ratio through maceration, then followed by solvent evaporation using a rotary evaporator. AgNO3 was mixed with a 10% P. buxifolius leaf extract solution. The UV-Vis spectrum was analyzed at wavelengths ranging from 400 to 800 nm. Particle size, morphology, functional groups, and crystal structure of AgNPs were characterized. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method to determine the IC50, with ascorbic acid as the reference standard. To confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles, a color change from colorless to brown were observed. These nanoparticles exhibited a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm, were non-spherical with the particle size around 50 nm, and showed a crystalline structure. Additionally, the silver nanoparticles synthesized with P. buxifolius extract demonstrated comparable antioxidant activity to standard ascorbic acid, indicating their potential to be developed as antioxidant agents for health and therapeutic uses.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Garcinia dioica Blume Stem Bark Extracts Vivi Anggia., M.Farm; Hendri Aldrat; Arsha Waniza Rusdi
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50813

Garcinia dioica Blume, locally known as asam kandis, is a member of the Garcinia genus, which is recognized as an important source of xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds associated with diverse biological activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that xanthones possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of G. dioica stem bark extracts. The antioxidant analyzes with DPPH method and the cytotoxic activities with BSLT method. Asam kandis stems were extracted in stages with hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. All extracts exhibited very strong antioxidant activity compared to vitamin C, with an IC50 of 3.86. The 96% ethanol extract showed the highest activity (IC₅₀ 10.59 ppm; AAI 1.89), followed by n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts with IC50 of 12.96 and 20.04 ppm. The cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate was proven to provide significant results, followed by ethanol and hexane extracts with LC50 of 30.50 ppm, 37.68 ppm, and 59.10 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that the bark of Garcinia dioica exhibits significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, suggesting its potential for further research as a source of anticancer compounds.

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Ismiarni Komala

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Program Studi Farmasi, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Jl. Kertamukti No. 5, Pisangan, Ciputat 15412 Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia Telp: (62-21)74716718 Fax: (62-21) 7404985

Location
Kota tangerang selatan,

Banten

INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Ismiarni Komala

Contact Email pbsj@uinjkt.ac.id

Phone +6282125509705

Journal Mail Official pbsj@uinjkt.ac.id

Editorial Address Program Studi Farmasi, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Jl. Kertamukti No. 5, Pisangan, Ciputat 15412 Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia Telp: (62-21)74716718 Fax: (62-21) 7404985

Location Kota tangerang selatan, Banten INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Ismiarni Komala

Contact Email
pbsj@uinjkt.ac.id

Phone
+6282125509705

Journal Mail Official
pbsj@uinjkt.ac.id

Editorial Address
Program Studi Farmasi, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Jl. Kertamukti No. 5, Pisangan, Ciputat 15412 Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia Telp: (62-21)74716718 Fax: (62-21) 7404985

Location
Kota tangerang selatan,

Banten

INDONESIA