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Rahmat Basuki
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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies (Indones. J. Chem. Stud.)
Published by Indonesian Scholar Society
ISSN : 2830778X     EISSN : 28307658     DOI : https://doi.org/10.55749/ijcs.v1i1
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies (IJCS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of basic and applied chemistry. IJCS was managed & published by the Indonesian Scholar Society. This journal is published 2 times a year, namely every June and December. IJCS covers the following topics, but is not limited to: Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Analytical and Electroanalytical Chemistry; Materials and Polymer Chemistry; Supramolecular Chemistry; Organometallic Chemistry; Coordination Chemistry; Biomolecular Chemistry; Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Environmental Chemistry; Propellant Chemistry; and Chemistry for Defense.
Arjuna Subject : Kimia(semua kategori) - Inorganic Chemistry
Articles 60 Documents
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Enhanced Electromagnetic Absorption of Polyaniline/Fe₃O₄ Nanocomposites in the X-Band Region: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Performance Annisa Salsabilla; Andri Hardiansyah; M. Zuhnir Piliang; Krisman H. T. Purba; Andi Setiono; Riri Murniati
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.88

Abstract

PANI can be used as a promising candidate for radar absorbing material. However, the PANI single-composition structure lacks sufficient loss mechanisms, resulting in limited absorption capabilities. This is because PANI is a non-magnetic material, so its microwave absorption properties mostly contributed to dielectric loss. Fe3O4 is highly attractive for enhancing the magnetic loss and electromagnetic attenuation. Therefore, the combination of Fe3O4 and PANI can improve the impedance matching of the nanocomposites while achieving the demand for lightweight. In this research, PANI/Fe3O4 is prepared via chemical oxidative polymerization. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites are characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The microwave parameters are measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The maximum reflection loss of PANI/Fe3O4 is up to -21.43 dB at 9.2 GHz with its thickness being 2 mm, and its absorption bandwidths exceeding -10 dB are in the range from 8.1 to 10.8 GHz with its thickness being in the range from 2-5 mm. It provides that PANI/Fe3O4 nanocomposites have a great potential application for radar absorbing material.
Magnetite Functionalized on Graphene Nanoplatelets Surface as Radar Absorbing Matrix in X-Band Region Krisman Hans Tunggul Purba; Andri Hardiansyah; M. Zuhnir Piliang; Anisa Salsabila; Bintang Dwi Nur Rohmad; Riri Murniati
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.86

Abstract

The development of radar absorbing materials (RAM) is a crucial factor in advancing stealth technology, particularly in aerospace and defense sectors. In this study, a nanocomposite consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and Ferrous-Ferric Oxide (Fe3O4 ) was successfully synthesized through a mechanical homogenization process using Planetary Ball Milling (PBM). This method was selected to ensure uniform dispersion of the magnetic Fe3O4 particles within the conductive GNP matrix, aiming to combine their respective magnetic and dielectric loss mechanisms for enhanced microwave absorption. Surface morphology observations revealed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were homogeneously embedded on the wrinkled surface of the GNP layers, forming a well-integrated nanostructure. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the Fe3O4 maintained its characteristic spinel cubic structure following synthesis. The composite exhibited a noticeable reduction in crystallite size and overall crystallinity, which is attributed to the mechanical impact during milling and the disordered nature of GNP. These structural modifications facilitate enhanced multiple scattering and interfacial polarization, which contribute to microwave attenuation. The electromagnetic absorbing performance showed that the GNP/Fe3O4 nanocomposite achieved a maximum reflection loss (RL) of –13.9 dB at 11.46 GHz with optimal absorber thicknesses of 3 mm and 5 mm. Additionally, the composite exhibited a high absorption efficiency of 99.48% (based on through power calculation), indicating excellent performance in the X-band frequency range. Overall, the results suggest that this GNP/Fe3O4 nanocomposite offers promising potential as a lightweight, cost-effective, and efficient RAM for stealth technology.
The Performance of Red Flares Mg/Sr(NO₃)₂/PVC Compositions Modified with KIO₄ Additives Elda Pratita; Gunaryo; Minandre Wiratama; Anggaria Maharani; Astrid Blandina; Shella Athaya Miwazuki; Satria Aqilla Widyatama
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.103

Abstract

This study analyzes the enhancement of red signal flare efficacy for defense applications by formulating Mg/Sr(NO₃)₂/PVC-based pyrotechnics, utilizing various quantities of potassium periodate (KIO₄) as a secondary oxidizer. The addition of KIO₄ is significant as it provides extra oxygen, modifies combus6tion kinetics, raises flame temperature, and enhances the stimulating effect of red-emitting species—mechanisms that together may increase luminous output and stabilize the emitted spectrum band. Performance was assessed by measuring light intensity, dominant wavelength, burn rate, and color purity; spectral and image-based color analyses were performed using ImageJ. Results indicate that formulations containing up to 10% KIO₄ achieve a peak light intensity of 3,173.33 lux, a dominant wavelength of 638.16 nm, a burn rate of 2.01 g/s, and an estimated photon-energy efficiency of 3.54 × 10⁻¹⁹ J, with red emission reaching optimal purity at this composition. Compared to the baseline formulation without KIO₄, KIO₄-containing compositions showed markedly higher intensity and improved spectral stability, faster and more consistent burn behavior, and enhanced color purity—whereas the formulation without KIO₄ exhibited lower luminous output, broader or shifted spectral features, and reduced color stability. The novelty of this work lies in applying potassium periodate as a secondary oxidizer in the Mg/Sr(NO₃)₂/PVC system—an approach that, to our knowledge, has been little explored—and demonstrating its dual benefit for optical performance and combustion behavior. The findings support the recommendation of the 10% KIO₄ formulation as the most effective balance of visual and combustion performance for red signal flares.
Optimization of Green Extraction Methods and Characterization of Luteolin Particle Size from Celery (Apium graveolens) NaDES Ultrasonics for Drug Raw Material Independence Rizky Yulion Putra; Ruri Putri Mariska; Putri Ningrum Nurin Latifah
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.117

Abstract

The development of luteolin extraction technology using NaDES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent) with celery (Apium graveolens) samples will result in technological advances in the self-sufficiency of medicinal raw materials derived from local natural resources. The objective of this research is to develop extraction method for luteolin compounds and to characterize the particle size nanoparticle extracts. Choline chloride is utilized as an HBA, lactic acid, glycerol, and glucose as HBDs. These substances are employed in combinations of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed with variations in time (15, 30, 60 minutes) and temperature (30, 50, 70°C). The %yield of luteolin compound was identified by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was utilized to characterize each compound NaDES extract. Characterized particle size and zeta potental of each NaDES extract was using a particle size analyzer (PSA). The optimal %yield of 1.2468% was achieved through choline chloride-lactic acid (1:3) at 60 minutes and a temperature of 70°C. The characterization of luteolin 3'-methyl ether 7-malonylglucoside and luteolin 7-primeveroside compounds was successfully identified in apium graveolens NaDES extract. Characterization of the particle size and zeta potential values of each group of choline chloride–lactic acid, choline chloride–glycerol, and choline chloride–glucose were 292.2 nm, 428 nm, and 198.3 nm, respectively, with corresponding potential values of 167 mV, 133.9 mV, and 71 mV. Celery extract considerable potential for further development. Obtaining samples is a simple process, and the extract exhibits significant promise in supporting Indonesia's autonomy for domain of medicinal raw materials.
Synthesis and Characterization of SnO and SnO₂ Catalysts for Biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil via Interesterification Amadea Kenyoning Hapsari Subiakto; M. Sulthon Nurharmansyah Putra; Dewi Anggraini Septaningsih; Hanifa Setya Ningrum; Fikriyah Hamidah; Ardine Kusuma Nismarawati; Zaidan Al Fajri; Maura Agnes Erwinda
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.98

Abstract

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of SnO and SnO₂ catalysts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) via interesterification. SnO was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, while SnO₂ was prepared through the sol–gel route. The catalysts were applied in the interesterification of refined bleached palm oil with methyl acetate at an oil : methyl acetate molar ratio of 1:9, catalyst loading of 0.25 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 °C, and reaction time of 3 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of tetragonal SnO and rutile tetragonal SnO₂ phases. Biodiesel quality was evaluated according to SNI 7182:2015 parameters. Biodiesel produced using SnO showed density of 861 kg/m³, viscosity of 3.09 cSt, water content of 0.25%, free fatty acid (FFA) of 0.66%, and iodine value of 44.04. Meanwhile, SnO₂-catalyzed biodiesel exhibited density of 886 kg/m³, viscosity of 3.12 cSt, water content of 0.22%, FFA of 0.56%, and iodine value of 36.03. GC–MS analysis identified methyl oleate as the dominant compound in SnO-catalyzed biodiesel, while methyl palmitate was dominant in SnO₂-catalyzed biodiesel. These results indicate that both catalysts have potential as alternative heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from palm oil via interesterification.
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Endophytic Fungal Extracts from Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Adelia Filza Izzati; Suryati; Ahmad Fathoni; Muhammad Ilyas; Andria Agusta
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.124

Abstract

This study investigated endophytic fungi associated with Pluchea indica (L.) Less, focusing on their chemical profiles and biological potential. A total of five isolates were successfully obtained from leaves and stems.  Morphological examination led us to identified the fungal isolates  -as Aspergillus section Nigri 12TBt-3, Colletotrichum sp. 12TDn-1, Diaporthe sp. (Phomopsis sp.) 12TBt-1, Diaporthe sp. (Phomopsis sp.) 12TBt-2, and Diaporthe sp. (Phomopsis sp.) 12TDn-2. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis revealed distinct secondary metabolite profiles among the isolates, with the detection of alkaloids and phenolic compounds, particularly in extracts Aspergillus section Nigri 12TBt-3 and Diaporthe sp. (Phomopsis sp.) 12TDn2. Antibacterial activity was evaluated qualitatively by TLC bioautography and quantitatively by microdilution assays. Extract Aspergillus section Nigri 12TBt-3 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 128 µg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC 256 µg/mL). Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH assay, demonstrated that  the extract  Aspergillus section Nigri 12TBt-3 possessed strong activity with an IC50 value of 27.31 µg/mL and an Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) of 1.14. In addition, total phenolic content analysis revealed that the extract Aspergillus section Nigri 12TBt-3 contained 257.179 mg GAE/g extract, while Diaporthe sp. (Phomopsis sp.) 12TDn2 contained 67.249 mg GAE/g extract. Collectively, these findings indicate that endophytic fungi from Pluchea indica (L.) Less, particularly isolated Aspergillus section Nigri 12TBt-3, harbor significant potential as sources of bioactive metabolites with antibacterial and antioxidant properties, supporting their prospective application in biotechnology and pharmaceutical development.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Prediction of Bioactive Compounds from the n-Hexane Extract of Gracilaria compressa (C. Agardh) Greville Syafrizayanti Syafrizayanti; Andre Priandoko; Mai Efdi
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.128

Abstract

This study evaluated the antioxidant potential and in silico pharmacological properties of the n-hexane extract of Gracilaria compressa (C. Agardh) Greville. Antioxidant assays using DPPH and ABTS radicals demonstrated moderate to strong scavenging activities, with IC₅₀ values of 74.51 mg/L and 58.81 mg/L, respectively. LC–MS/MS profiling identified several major lipophilic compounds, including uvaretin, mangostanol, and palmitic acid. Molecular docking simulations against Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) revealed that uvaretin exhibited the strongest binding affinity (–9.0 kcal/mol), supported by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with key active-site residues. Pharmacokinetic evaluation based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five indicated favorable drug-likeness and bioavailability properties for the identified compounds. These findings suggest that G. compressa n-hexane extract contains bioactive constituents with promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential for further pharmacological development of marine-derived compounds as candidate therapeutics agents, particularly in the design of natural COX-2 inhibitors, and supports their potential application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.
Bismuth Oxide-Based Photocatalytic Nanoplatforms for Cancer Theranostics - Advances, Mechanisms, and Clinical Prospects Reyhan Natadilandes; Wardah Ibnatis Tsaniyah; Lathifah Puji Hastuti; Suseno Amien
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.137

Abstract

The growing demand for precise, minimally invasive, and image-guided cancer management has accelerated the development of multifunctional theranostic platforms capable of unifying diagnosis and therapy. Among emerging inorganic nanomaterials, bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) has gained significant attention due to its high atomic number, strong X-ray attenuation, tunable semiconductor band structure, and intrinsically favorable biocompatibility. This review provides a synthesis of advances in Bi2O3-based photocatalytic nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics. This article discusses how phase control, defect engineering, doping, and heterojunction construction enable enhanced ROS generation, improved charge separation, broadened optical absorption, and synergistic radiosensitization. These physicochemical features underpin a wide range of theranostic applications, including CT, photoacoustic, and multimodal imaging (photodynamic-, sonodynamic-, and photothermal-type therapies), radiotherapy enhancement; controlled chemotherapy delivery; and emerging immunomodulatory strategies. State-of-the-art designs increasingly integrate hierarchical architectures, oxygen-vacancy engineering, NIR-responsive components, and tumor microenvironment–activated functionalities to achieve intelligent, multi-stimuli cancer treatment. Despite their promise, key translational challenges persist, particularly relating to long-term biodistribution, clearance, standardized manufacturing, and regulatory validation. By consolidating mechanistic insights and engineering principles, this review outlines design guidelines for the rational development of clinically viable Bi2O3-based nanoplatforms and highlights their potential to bridge diagnostic imaging with personalized, multi-modal cancer therapy.
Cytotoxic Evaluation of Medicinal Plants used by Suku Anak Dalam Community in Jambi Province Using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Santi Perawati; Nurul Kamilah Sadli; Marizki Pondawinata; Rina Oktaria; Lili Andriani; Diah Kusumawati; Evelin Sabatini Sinaga; Fauziyah
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.146

Abstract

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and the search for effective therapeutic agents continues. Natural products, including traditional medicinal plants used by the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) community in Jambi, offer promising sources of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the cytotoxic potential of ten SAD medicinal plants extracted through a decoction method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) at concentrations of 50, 100, 500, and 1000 ppm. All plant extracts exhibited toxic-level cytotoxicity, which correlated with their secondary metabolite profiles and their inhibitory effects on Artemia salina Leach larvae. The LC₅₀ values ranged from 150 to 400 ppm, indicating that these traditional medicinal plants possess notable cytotoxic activity. These findings support the potential of SAD ethnomedicinal plants as candidates for further investigation in anticancer research.
Effect of Activated Carbon Addition on the Burning Rate and Energetic Characteristics of Sodium Nitrate–Sucrose Composite Solid Propellants Aura Restu Sabila; Anceu Murniati
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.159

Abstract

Composite solid propellants are widely used in rocket propulsion and gas-generating systems; however, many conventional formulations rely on chlorine-containing oxidizers that raise environmental concerns. This study evaluates a sodium nitrate–sucrose composite solid propellant and investigates the effect of activated carbon addition on combustion behavior and energetic characteristics. The propellant system consists of sodium nitrate as the oxidizer, sucrose as the fuel, unsaturated polyester resin as the binder, and activated carbon as a combustion-modifying additive. Two formulations, with and without activated carbon, were prepared to assess the influence of activated carbon on the composite system. The samples were characterized using visual inspection, linear burning-rate testing (n = 5), calorific value measurement by bomb calorimetry, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and statistical analysis using Welch’s t-test (α = 0.05). The formulation containing activated carbon exhibited a more controlled burning rate and showed a statistically significant difference compared with the formulation without activated carbon. The calorific value increased from 3338 - 4111 cal g⁻¹, equivalent to 13.908 – 17.129 kJ g⁻¹, while the calculated reaction enthalpy (−968 cal g⁻¹) confirmed the exothermic nature of the base sodium nitrate–sucrose system. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of characteristic functional groups and suggested possible interactions within the composite matrix, particularly involving oxygen-containing groups and activated carbon. These results indicate that activated carbon functions as a combustion-modifying additive that influences both burning rate and energetic characteristics. The findings represent a preliminary laboratory-scale evaluation of formulation effects in sodium nitrate–sucrose composite solid propellants.

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