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Rahmat Basuki
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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies (Indones. J. Chem. Stud.)
Published by Indonesian Scholar Society
ISSN : 2830778X     EISSN : 28307658     DOI : https://doi.org/10.55749/ijcs.v1i1
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies (IJCS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of basic and applied chemistry. IJCS was managed & published by the Indonesian Scholar Society. This journal is published 2 times a year, namely every June and December. IJCS covers the following topics, but is not limited to: Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Analytical and Electroanalytical Chemistry; Materials and Polymer Chemistry; Supramolecular Chemistry; Organometallic Chemistry; Coordination Chemistry; Biomolecular Chemistry; Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Environmental Chemistry; Propellant Chemistry; and Chemistry for Defense.
Arjuna Subject : Kimia(semua kategori) - Inorganic Chemistry
Articles 50 Documents
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Development and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticle-Modified SPCEs for the Electrochemical Sensing Diksy, Yuris; Tirta, Ardina Purnama; Herawati; Mulyawan, Reza; Hayat, Moh; Asrorudin, Udin
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.71

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by reducing HAuCl4 using jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) extract as a reductant. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and particle size analyzer (PSA). The synthesized gold nanoparticles were deposited on the screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) substrate using 2 methods, drop casting and differential pulse voltammetry over a potential range of (-1500) mV to 600 mV, scan rate of 100 mV/s for 5 cycles. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of UV– Vis spectrum at 530.7 nm confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles. The results of Au nanoparticle characterization using PSA show that the size of the Au-NPs formed is 33.5 nm with an optimal HAuCl4 concentration of 0.20 mM. Characterization of gold nano-deposited SPCE was carried out by measuring the peak current of the 1 mM K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 system in KCl electrolyte solution (0.1 M) using cyclic voltammetry over a potential range of (-500) mV to 1000 mV, scan rate 100 mV/s for 5 cycles. Gold nanoparticles deposited by differential pulse voltammetry showed a higher current response compared to drop casting deposition.
In Silico Study: Molecular Docking and Toxicity Prediction of Pyrazoline Derivatives with Potential as Anti-Inflammatory Wiratama, Minandre; Rahmi, Azimatur; Huda, Muhammad Badrul; Hasibuan, Anggi Khairina Hanum
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.73

Abstract

Research on heterocyclic compounds suggested that pharmacologically active agents featuring pyrazoline played a crucial role in medicinal chemistry. When fused with other heterocycles, pyrazoline, as a quiescent heterocyclic moiety, resulted in the enhancement of biological properties. Therefore, synthesizing these compounds had attracted the attention of researchers focused on designing novel drugs. The addition of substituents to the N-pyrazoline atom and modifications to the benzene ring of pyrazoline compounds were essential for the identification of pyrazoline derivatives exhibiting enhanced biological activity. Extensive research had shown that pyrazoline compounds had significant biological effects, including anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation was the body's reaction to infection or injury and marked by symptoms such as redness, heat, swelling, and pain. This research involved a computational analysis of pyrazoline compounds utilizing molecular docking with AutoDock Tools and AutoDock Vina software on four pyrazoline derivative compounds (pyrazolines 1-4). Simultaneously, their toxicity was assessed through online pkCSM to evaluate their potential as anti-inflammatory drug candidates. The interaction between the active site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) receptor (PDB: 4PH9) and pyrazoline derivatives showed that pyrazoline 2 (1-benzoyl-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxy)-4,5-dihydro-2-pyrazoline) exhibited the highest binding affinity of -8.0 kcal/mol compared to pyrazoline derivatives 1, 3, 4 and ibuprofen as native ligands also in the molecular docking test with values ​​of -7.1; -7.7; -7.6; and -7.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Toxicity evaluation for pyrazoline 2 also suggested that this compound was non-toxic, non-hepatotoxic, and did not induce skin sensitization, with an Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LOAEL) score of 1.417 log (mg/kg_bw/day).
Temperature Combustion Profiles of KNO₃, CsNO₃, and NaNO₃-Based Energetic Materials at Atmospheric Pressure Nguyen, Duy Tuan; Denisuyk, A.P.; Hoang, Trung Huu; Sizov, V.A.; Doan, Minh Khai
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.74

Abstract

This study investigated the thermal properties of energetic materials composed of alkaline metal nitrates, specifically KNO3, CsNO3, and NaNO3, at atmospheric pressure. This study primarily evaluated the burning surface temperature and characterized the heat release behavior of the studied compositions during combustion. To determine the thermal output, temperature profiles were obtained using thermocouple wires on the combustion surface. Given the heterogeneous structure of these formulations and the reactivity of alkali metals during combustion, finding a consistent temperature signatures presented an analytical challenge. All the tested samples exhibited very high surface combustion temperatures. The KNO3-based sample exhibited a higher maximum heat-flow density than the NaNO3-based formulation. Variations in the temperature profiles resulted from the differences in composition structure and combustion reactivity. This study showed the effect of nitrate type on the thermal performance of energetic materials. These results clarified the influence of nitrate identity on heat transfer and combustion efficiency in nitrate-based pyrotechnic formulations, and may inform the design of thermally stable, high-performance propellants and thermal generator formulations.
Physicochemical and Catechin Release Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/κ-carrageenan’s Composite as Precursor of Active Green Packaging: A Preliminary Study Rahmasari, Khusna Santika; Wirasti; Maharani, Vanesa; Putri, Eka Anidya; Rahmadhani, Aulia; Sabilla, Elsa; Ishartono, Bayu
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.75

Abstract

The ongoing dependence on conventional petroleum-based plastic food packaging, and the increasing necessity to protect food quality against lipid oxidation, pose significant challenges that requires comprehensive scientific examinations. In response to these challenges, the development of green food packaging with biopolymer composites, enhanced with antioxidant substances, has become an urgent and promising area of investigation. This preliminary study demonstrated the novel fabrication of green food packaging films by solvent casting blended carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and κ-carrageenan (κ-Car) at specific ratios, resulting in a CMC/κ-Car biocomposites. Catechin (CAT), a model of phenolic-rich antioxidant, was incorporated into the CMC/κ-Car composite matrix to simulate the release of active compounds. The efficacy of the composite synthesis was assessed using spectrometric characterisation and physicochemical property evaluation. Infrared spectroscopy validated the successful synthesis and confirmation of the CMC/κ-Car composite, both in its original form and with CAT. Physicochemically, increasing κ-Car content improved tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), and water absorption capacity (WAC), with optimal performance at an 8:2 CMC/κ-Car ratio. The sustained release profile of CAT over a specific time interval revealed that the composite acted as a carrier matrix, with diffusion-driven release kinetics, as predicted by the Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas equations. The findings of this preliminary study indicated that, the CMC/κ-Car composite, might have potential as a green food packaging material, improving shelf life and reducing lipid oxidation due to CAT's antioxidant properties.
Copolymerization of Tapioca Starch Waste through Grafting of Acrylic Acid Monomer with Cerium(IV) Initiator as Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) Candidate Kurniadi, Tedi; Prasojo, Agus Eko; Putri, Riyanti; Nurwanto; Hartono, Rudi; Atmadi
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.81

Abstract

Indonesia, one of the world's largest tapioca starch producers, generates abundant cassava starch waste (onggok) that remains underutilized. This study aimed to enhance the value of onggok by synthesizing a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) through graft copolymerization using acrylic acid monomer and cerium(IV) initiator. Grafting was optimized by varying monomer concentrations (10–40% w/w) while maintaining the initiator concentration at 1.70% (w/w) and a reaction temperature of 53 °C. The optimal grafting occurred at 20% monomer concentration, yielding a grafting percentage of 14.83% and a monomer conversion of 74.15%. FTIR analysis showed increased absorbance ratios of –OH to C=O functional groups, confirming successful grafting. SEM images revealed a transformation from granular to porous structures, while DSC analysis demonstrated a shift in gelatinization temperature from 45.91 °C (raw onggok) to 46.69 °C (grafted), and retrogradation temperature from 140.67 °C to 141.67 °C. The water absorption capacity of the grafted copolymer reached 4.2450 g/g (5.20 g total), nearly double that of raw onggok (2.2716 g/g or 3.20 g), confirming its effectiveness as a SAP material.
Enzymatic Biodegradation of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) by Crude Lipase from Geotrichum candidum Haviza, Nurul; Armaini; Syafrizayanti, Syafrizayanti
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.90

Abstract

The issue of plastic waste, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), has become a major global environmental concern due to its resistance to natural degradation. One promising approach to addressing PET waste is the use of lipase enzymes produced by microorganisms. This study aims to explore the potential of the fungus Geotrichum candidum J1 to produce crude lipase enzymes capable of degrading PET plastic. The research involved stages including isolation and rejuvenation of the fungus, enzyme production through solid-state fermentation, and lipase activity assay using the cup-plate method. Subsequently, PET degradation testing was carried out using the crude enzyme extract under controlled conditions for 30 days. The results indicated that the crude lipase from G. candidum J1 exhibited lipolytic activity, as evidenced by clear zones formed on selective media. The average total protein yield reached 2.992 ± 0.05 mg/mL, indicating stable fermentation. Degradation tests showed a weight loss of PET between 5.9% and 6.4%. Characterization by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) confirmed the cleavage of ester bonds in PET structure, evidenced by spectral changes in carbonyl groups. Observations using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed morphological changes, including cracks and pores, on the PET surface post-treatment. In conclusion, the crude lipase from G. candidum J1 demonstrates significant potential as a biodegradation agent for reducing PET plastic pollution in an environmentally friendly manner.
Adsorption-Desorption of Cd(II) and Mg(II) Ions by Dithizone-Immobilized Coal Bottom Ash Wijaya, Dwi Putra; Bonaventura, Ridho; Munandar, Nurharis; Hutagalung, Fajar; Anwar, Chairil
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.76

Abstract

Dithizone-immobilized coal bottom ash (DICBA) was successfully prepared as Cd(II) and Mg(II) adsorbent. The parameters examined in the metal ion adsorption study included the effect of pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, and initial concentration. Sequential desorption was examined using H2O, KNO3, HNO3, and Na2EDTA. The results showed that dithizone had been successfully immobilized on the activated coal bottom ash, as verified by FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses. Specific wavenumbers observed included the aromatic group C=C at 1496 cm-1, the C-N group at 1319 cm-1 and the Si-O-Si at 1087 cm-1 with d-spacing values of 8.313 and 6.046 Å. The optimum conditions for adsorption were 60 min for Cd(II) and 90 min for Mg(II) at a pH of 5 with 0.2 g of adsorbent mass, and an initial concentration of Cd(II) at 50 ppm. The adsorption kinetics of Cd(II) and Mg(II) followed the Ho pseudo-second-order model with 0.174 and 0.285 (g/mol·min) rate constants for Cd(II) and Mg(II), respectively. The highest correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.995 for Cd(II) and 0.999 for Mg(II). Isotherm modeling indicated that the adsorption of Cd(II) best fitted the Langmuir model (R² = 0.988), followed by the Dubinin–Radushkevich (R² = 0.952), Freundlich (R² = 0.843), and Temkin (R² = 0.827) models. The desorption mechanism for Cd(II) and Mg(II) was formed by various interactions, such as physical mechanism (28.25% and 26.26%), ion exchange (23.13% and 14.15%), hydrogen bond formation (16.90% and 12.11%), and the mechanism of complex formation (9.56% and 6.13%).
Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Magnesium-Teflon-Viton (MTV) and Aluminum-Teflon-Viton (ATV) Flares Widyatama, Satria Aqila; Pratita, Elda; Gunaryo, Gunaryo; Wiratama, Minandre; Maharani, Anggaria
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.95

Abstract

The development of effective pyrotechnic flare compositions is critical for advancing indigenous defense capabilities. This study presents a comparative analysis of two formulations, Magnesium-Teflon-Viton (MTV) and Aluminum-Teflon-Viton (ATV) to evaluate their suitability for application in decoy systems within Indonesia’s defense sector. Key performance factors, including luminosity, combustion temperature, burn rate, and spectral color distribution, were assessed through controlled laboratory experiments. The MTV composition demonstrated superior luminous intensity, reaching up to 3572.5 lux, alongside broader spectral color output, indicating enhanced visibility and potential effectiveness in visual signaling applications. Conversely, the ATV composition exhibited higher average burn rates, peaking at 5.55 g/s, which suggests greater combustion efficiency and faster energy release, advantageous for time-sensitive deployments. Both systems maintained comparable combustion temperatures, with variations attributed to compositional differences in fuel-metal interactions and binder behavior. This study emphasizes the trade-offs between brightness and combustion kinetics inherent in flare formulations and provides valuable insights for optimizing material selection according to mission-specific applications. The results obtained in this study are expected to contribute to the creation of independence in defense material development by utilizing locally available resources and promoting domestic innovation in pyrotechnic technology.
Preparation and Field Application of A Cellulose Triacetate–Based Optode for Cr(VI) Detection in Environmental Water Samples Arif, Zulhan; Fendy; Gunawan, Fransisca; Febriani, Elsa; Sugiarti, Sri; Rohaeti, Eti; Batubara, Irmanida
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.147

Abstract

In this study, the optode was fabricated by incorporating 1,5-diphenylcarbazide and the ion carrier Aliquat 336 into a cellulose triacetate polymer matrix, which was subsequently modified using a dual-plasticizer system consisting of oleic acid and acetophenone. The successful synthesis of the optode was justified through FTIR spectroscopy to confirm functional group immobilization and screw micrometer measurements to ensure membrane thickness uniformity. A linear response was obtained within the concentration range of 0.02–0.40 ppm, with a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.9979, a limit of detection of 0.0108 ppm, a limit of quantitation of 0.0328 ppm, precision expressed as a relative standard deviation of 4.458%, and accuracy of 97.51%. The optode demonstrated high analytical sensitivity, as evidenced by a molar absorptivity of 2.262 × 10⁷ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹, along with excellent selectivity against common potentially interfering ions, including Fe(III), Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II). The formed color complex exhibited good stability, remaining unchanged for up to five days. When applied to the determination of Cr(VI) in water samples, the optode yielded a concentration of 0.0664 ppm with satisfactory precision and accuracy. Although this value differed from the concentration obtained using UV–Vis spectrophotometry (0.0881 ppm), the overall performance of the optode was validated. Furthermore, a functional prototype was successfully developed and evaluated using real samples, producing favorable results. Collectively, these outcomes highlight the strong potential for further development and optimization of the proposed system.
The Effect of Germination Time and Aloe vera Rind Ratio on Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Peanut Sprout Snack Bars: ROC-SAW Approach for Product Optimization Narsih; Pratama, Borneo Satria
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.148

Abstract

This study examined the effects of peanut germination time and the ratio of germinated peanut sprout flour to aloe vera rind flour on snack bar quality. Two experimental parameters were used in the study: flour proportions of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30, and germination times of 12, 24, and 36 hours. The first evaluation concentrated on proximate composition, which included quantities of moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber, and carbohydrates. Both factors and their interaction had a substantial (p < 0.05) impact on all proximal metrics. In order to determine the best formulation, these proximate data were then integrated into a multi-criteria decision-making framework using the Rank Order Centroid (ROC) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) techniques. The ROC–SAW results showed that the best combination of a 36-hour germination period and a 70:30 flour ratio yielded 23.79% protein, 8.81% fiber, 15.15% fat, and 31.37% carbohydrates. Additional analyses of the optimized formulation included antioxidant evaluation, amino acid profile, and FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, amide, alcohol, and ether. Aspartic acid, glutamate, and arginine were the most frequently detected amino acids. The antioxidant activity IC50 value obtained from the DPPH experiment was 10,734.27 ppm. All things considered, combining germinated peanut sprout flour with aloe vera rind flour shows promise for producing a functional snack bar with enhanced nutritional content and bioactive potential.

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