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Smart City Center Universitas Indonesia, Gedung ILRC Lantai 3, Kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424
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Smart City
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : -     EISSN : 2962780X     DOI : 10.56940/sc
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SMART CITY focuses on four main topics: energy and environment, infrastructure, ICT and mobility, and quality of life. Published biannually, it serves as a comprehensive platform for researchers and practitioners alike to access latest issues, findings, and best practices in the fields of smart cities. SMART CITY is published by CCR Smart City at Universitas Indonesia.
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Articles 52 Documents
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ANALYSIS OF COST AND TIME EFFICIENCY IN CONTAINER DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN CONTAINER TRUCK AND FREIGHT TRAIN FROM INDUSTRIAL AREA TO PORT Imayanti, Indah; Soehodho, Sutanto; Yusuf, Nahry
Smart City Vol. 4, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Jakarta International Container Terminal (JICT) in Tanjung Priok Port , which serves export and import containers, can serve up to 5500 TEUs daily. However, no more than 1% of the total containers are transported by freight trains, meaning that 99% of container distribution from industrial areas is carried by trailer trucks. This condition causes a long queue at the container terminal entrance, resulting in delays in the services as well. Currently, Tanjung Priok Port is connected to rail transportation from Cikarang dry port with the frequency of twice a day with 30 flatcars (FC) for each trip. The capacity of one series of freight trains from Cikarang dry port to Tanjung Priok Port can reach 30 Feus or 60 Teus. However, the container distribution using freight trains is still less optimal because of the double handling at the JICT emplacement which is located outside JICT and the use of trailer trucks to move the containers from the area to JICT. The cost of transporting export and import containers always increases year by year because of the slow transportation due to inefficiency of the container depot location in Tanjung Priok area. In this research, the method used to determine the efficiency of container transportation is divided into three scenarios. The first scenario is when the container is fully transported by truck from the industrial area. The second scenario is when the container is transported by train and handled twice while entering JICT. Finally, the third scenario is when the JICT emplacement is located inside the JICT area, changing the business process of containers coming in and out, needing no stacking in the JICT container yard, relocating the container depot placement, consolidating containers, and automating equipment at JICT to reduce the cost and time of containers for export and import. After analyzing the costs and time of the three scenarios, it was found that the third scenario could reduce travel costs and shorten container time when exporting and importing. The 3rd scenario can reduce the cost by almost 50% from the 1st and 2nd scenarios due to container consolidation.
Success Factors Analysis in Sorong-Manokwari Railway Infrastructure's Project Evaluation with Fuzzy AHP Method Kambuaya, Flora Tresia Wehelmina; Rarasati, Ayomi Dita
Smart City Vol. 4, No. 1
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Abstract

An infrastructure project is a long-term project that has two consequences in the form of uncertainty related to risk and expansive costs. Are infrastructure projects a good long-run stimulus to growth economy? Particularly for new developing areas like Papua island where project preparation evaluation has to be established in order to implement the project. Railway infrastructure is a project initiated in 2018 by Indonesia President and is currently still under administration processing. As a new incubator project, the first train project in Papua Land contains several factors that may be essential to drive project success. The critical success factors as key factors in the preparation of railway infrastructure projects are seen as the main drivers for the success or failure in said project. This research aimed to find answers by problem formulation through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, which applies triangular fuzzy number known as Fuzzy AHP. The technique obtained weighting criteria on for 82 indicators that were further identified to result in 27 critical success factors. Ten experts in relevant professions and structural positions in various government institutions were interviewed for the purpose of this research. The evaluation of project preparation carried out here is mainly focused on the project system approach in terms of management and party support as well as key factors for the success of the railway project.
GIS-BASED SWAT MODELING FOR SURFACE RUNOFF ASSESSMENT TO SUPPORT URBAN FLOOD RESILIENCE IN CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA Sholichah, Putri Amalia, Ms.; Sulistyawati, Endah; Dewi, Susana Paulina
Smart City
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Abstract

Surface runoff significantly contributes to environmental hazards such as floods in Indonesia, including in Borobudur District. Based on watershed delineation, the administrative area of Borobudur District is predominantly located within the Sileng Subwatershed. The rehabilitation zones managed by PT Adaro Indonesia are located in several specific areas within this subwatershed. This study utilizes the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model integrated with GIS (Geographic Information System) to simulate surface runoff quantitaively in the Sileng subwatershed, part of the Progo watershed in Central Java Province. SWAT is applied in this research to simulate surface runoff in both watershed and subwatershed contexts. As a physically based model, it must be calibrated and validated to align with observed hydrological data. While the study area itself is rural, it exerts hydrological influence over downstream regions that are undergoing urban development. The SWAT calibration process yielded good model performance (NSE 0.67, RSR 0.58), although validation performance was unsatisfactory (NSE -0.06, RSR 1.03). SWAT simulation on the subwatershed scale consists of 35 HRUs (hydrological respons units) areas, dominantly by mixed forest (FRST) cover with steep slope (>25-40 %) and very steep slope (>40%). Shrubs (PAST) represent the smallest land cover category, predominantly found on very steep slope (>40%). High annual surface runoff category is primarily associated with dryland seasonal crops (AGRR) and residential areas (URBN) on flat slope (≤8%) and gentle slope (>8–15%), covering an area of 499.47 hectares. In contrast, low annual surface runoff category is mostly observed in mixed forests (FRST) on very steep slope (>40%), with a total area of 694.81 hectares. The watershed rehabilitation areas managed by PT Adaro Indonesia are concentrated in zones with low to moderate surface runoff categories. This study offers novelty by integrating GIS-based SWAT modeling with urban flood resilience planning in Central Java.
Empowering Sustainable Household Waste Management through Rubbin: App-Based Transactions using Google Maps API and QR Code Recognition Rimbawa, H.A. Danang; Arghanie, Muhammad Abditya; Renoult, Muhammad Rey; Ananda, Dea Dwi
Smart City Vol. 4, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The Digitization of environmentally friendly technology must be applied to advance smart cities. Waste management carried out conventionally often causes irregularities in the classification data collection, difficulties in accessing information related to garbage collection schedules, and a lack of transaction history information, which causes a decrease in the quality of waste collection. The development of functional application features is urgently needed as a container for proper waste management. The Rubbin App has been created, which implements Google Maps API for route optimization and waste mapping, QR code recognition using Enhanced Adaptive Median Filter, and private chat for clients and collectors as additional features. The purpose of designing this research is to overcome the impacts of climate change, significantly reducing gas emissions, by proposing a digital waste management system by providing iOS and Android multiplatform applications with attractive and easy-to-use UI/UX interfaces. The Rubbin application utilizes Google Maps API technology to enable waste tracking and route optimization while employing QR codes to streamline the transaction process between clients and collectors, ensuring efficient waste management operations. The Rubbin application results show a change in the community's waste management habits, forming a culture of caring for the environment.
Development of an Adaptive Pelican Crossing Model Using Fuzzy Logic in Mixed Traffic Conditions Adam, Manazil; Kusuma, Andyka; Sumabrata, R. Jachrizal
Smart City
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Abstract

Traffic management at at-grade pedestrian crossing facilities (pelican crossings) in highly populated areas, such as the Universitas Indonesia Station, faces significant inefficiency challenges. During peak hours, the fixed-time system is frequently disabled and replaced with subjective manual control by security personnel, thereby triggering irregular stop-and-go cycles and a high accumulation of vehicle delays. This study aims to develop a hybrid adaptive control model integrating Computer Vision, Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Fuzzy Logic to optimize intersection performance under mixed traffic conditions. The research methodology begins with the extraction of traffic and pedestrian characteristic data, calculated manually through recorded field observations. This manual extraction approach is conducted to ensure the accuracy of the baseline data (ground truth) and to avoid machine detection errors during the initial modeling phase. The precise empirical data is then used to calibrate the mathematical analytical model. Subsequently, a Genetic Algorithm is employed offline to determine the optimal delay equilibrium weights between vehicles and pedestrians. This equilibrium foundation is then integrated with Fuzzy Logic, which acts as a dynamic green time extension mechanism for the Computer Vision-based smart system architecture. Macroscopic evaluation results demonstrate that this hybrid adaptive model successfully performs cycle consolidation, effectively reducing the total number of signal cycles from 19 to 10 compared to the existing manual control. During the morning peak session, the system reduced cumulative vehicular delay by 13.03%, successfully saving a total of 737 seconds. This increase in vehicular efficiency necessitated a minor operational trade-off, resulting in a 5.17% increase in average pedestrian waiting time (from 15.29 to 16.06 seconds per person). Crucially, this adjustment remains strictly within the 18-second ideal safety tolerance threshold, proving that the model successfully achieves an ideal operational equilibrium between competing traffic demands.
LEVERAGING A CENTRALIZED FLEET ASSIGNMENT MANAGEMENT FOR AN AVIATION RESILIENCE Acton, Inof Seno, Mr.; Soehodho, Sutanto; Yusuf, Nahry
Smart City
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Since deregulation in the aviation industry, competition among airlines has intensified. This competition is shown by the increasing number of routes, service times, aircraft, and airports served. This competition causes not all flight services to meet their targets, resulting in aircraft operating less efficiently. Passenger seats are not filled, and flight delays are becoming more frequent. Obviously, this will negatively impact consumers and the airline's finances. The study focused on assigning the fleet used to serve flights to maintain existing aviation services and improve aircraft operational efficiency. This study aims to maximize profits by optimizing fleet assignments through the Centralized Fleet Assignment Management (CFAM) strategy. In general, airlines regulate the assignment of their respective fleets. However, in this CFAM, the fleet assignment strategy is carried out centrally by a single management, as if it were a joint company. Integer Programming was used in this study to optimize the aviation fleet assignment model. The purpose of this model is to determine the most appropriate fleet for flights to maximize profits. The results of the study show that the CFAM strategy generates higher profits than in previous conditions, and the aircraft assignment composition is also obtained. With this strategy, evidently, airlines as a system will benefit financially, helping them avoid potential bankruptcy that could have serious consequences for flights. The strategy also offers a different perspective and new nuances to flight service management. In addition, the most important result of this study is that it can serve as a basis for government policy, in this case as a regulator of air transportation services, to ensure the continued operation of aviation services.
Optimization of Sea Transportation Services in The Kepulauan Seribu Using The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) Model Darmadi, Darmadi; Soehodho, Sutanto; Nahry, Nahry
Smart City
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The Kepulauan Seribu regency relies heavily on sea transportation for passenger mobility and goods distribution. However, current systems face efficiency challenges, high operational costs, and potential imbalances between demand and service capacity. This study proposes a framework to optimize sea transportation services in the Kepulauan Seribu using the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) method, especially the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem – Many Single Depot (CVRP–MSD) model with heterogeneous fleets and mixed cargo (passenger and goods). The main objective is to minimize total operating costs, which include fixed costs of using the vessel and variable travel costs, and unmet demand, both passenger and goods. The model was formulated to determine the ideal number of ships to operate, design the most efficient shipping routes that connect depots in Jakarta with destination islands, address capacity limitations for passenger and goods transport, and minimize unmet demand. Analysis based on analogue studies shows that the application of the VRP model has the potential to significantly reduce transportation costs, increase fleet utilization, and provide quantitative data on service capacity shortages, thus allowing for better planning to meet the entire demand.
DEEP Q NETWORK FOR ADAPTIVE PELICAN CROSSING SIGNAL OPTIMIZATION BALANCING PEDESTRIAN SAFETY AND VEHICULAR EFFICIENCY Chairunnisa, Amalia Yasmin; Kusuma, Andyka; Sumabrata, Jachrizal R
Smart City
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Static pelican crossing systems often fail to accommodate the stochastic arrival patterns prevalent in high-density transit-oriented development (TOD) zones, creating operational inefficiencies between pedestrian clearance and vehicular flow. At the Cikini Station transit hub in Jakarta, existing fixed signal cycles contribute to pedestrian delays and peak-hour congestion. This study evaluates an adaptive signal control model for mid-block pelican crossings using a Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm. To calibrate the simulation, empirical data were extracted from field CCTV footage using the YOLOv8 algorithm, accurately capturing 15-minute peak flow fluctuations and commuter surges. The system is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and trained through microscopic simulation in SUMO via TraCI, utilizing real-time queue states to dynamically adjust phase durations. Results indicate that the DQN agent reduced average pedestrian waiting times by 64% (from 28.0 to 10.0 seconds) compared to the static configuration. Furthermore, by enforcing a 3-second all-red clearance and a 6-second evacuation interval, the model eliminated pedestrian risk exposure (0%). Consequently, peak-hour vehicular delay underwent a calculated increase to 33.95 seconds to prioritize safety, yet the intersection maintained a stable Level of Service (LOS). Ultimately, this research provides a data-driven framework for applying reinforcement learning to balance multi-modal mobility demands in high-variance urban traffic environments
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE EXTERNAL COSTS OF TRUCK OVERLOADING ON ROAD DAMAGE, EMISSIONS, AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW sitepu, aleksius; Soehodho, Sutanto; Kusuma, Andyka
Smart City
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Freight transport services cannot be separated from the infrastructure and facilities involved, each of which faces its own challenges in delivering optimal performance in the logistics sector. A common challenge in Indonesia’s road sector is the presence of overloaded freight vehicles, which has become a national issue. This phenomenon has a negative impact not only on road infrastructure but also on the environment and traffic. This study aims to develop a conceptual model of the external costs caused by truck overloading practices in terms of road infrastructure damage, increased exhaust emissions, and traffic congestion through a systematic literature review. This phenomenon is a global issue that has significant economic, environmental, and social impacts. The research method employed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach by analyzing 87 scientific articles from the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases covering the period 2015–2024. The results of the study can be categorized into three main components: (1) to systematically review the isolated external costs associated with pavement damage, emissions, and congestion, (2) to quantify the interconnected relationships and multiplier effects between these variables, and (3) to propose an integrated conceptual causal-chain model that delineates the compounded external costs of ODOL operations. The conceptual model developed integrates these three cost components while taking into account factors such as axle load, road pavement conditions, traffic characteristics, and applicable regulations. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive framework for policymakers to calculate the total costs of overloading externalities and to design appropriate economic instruments for internalizing these external costs.
DECARBONIZING ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF GREEN TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES ACROSS THE INFRASTRUCTURE LIFE CYCLE Ali, Sulthan Syah; Berawi, Mohammed Ali; Sari, Mustika
Smart City
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Decarbonization of electrical infrastructure s becoming increasingly important in efforts to meet climate change mitigation targets, particularly in reducing emissions from substations. However, conventional substations continue to release significant quantities of GHG emissions throughout their life cycle As an example, a typical 500 kV substation emits around 150,000 tCO2e from construction to decommissioning. In addition, the development of green substation concepts remains limited, particularly in Indonesia where standardized approaches are not yet established. In response to the need for more sustainable power infrastructure, this study aims to identify, classify, and review all types of green technologies, practices, and innovations that can enhance conventional substation design, with the aim of reducing life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. An integrative literature review was conducted by synthesizing recent peer-reviewed studies related to green technologies and sustainable infrastructure. The identified technologies are categorized into seven groups, including Green materials, Efficient Construction Methods, Water Management, Thermal Management, Renewable Energy, Smart Monitoring System, and Low-Emission Equipment. The findings indicate that several technologies, such as Geopolymer Concrete as a replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Concrete, prefabricated construction to replace concrete columns and beams, implementation of passive design strategies for the substation building, and photovoltaic (PV) integration on substation roof to partially replace the grid electricity consumption have significant potential to reduce the GHG emissions across the substation life cycle. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of green technologies, practices, and innovations that can be proposed as practical recommendations for the implementation in substation, contributing to the development of sustainable power infrastructure.

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