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Lex Journal : Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan
Published by Universitas Dr. Soetomo Surabaya
ISSN : 25812033     EISSN : 25809113     DOI : https://doi.org/10.25139/lex.v6i2
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Lex Journal is a scientific journal published by the Faculty of Law, Dr. Soetomo University which will be published regularly every six months. In July and December containing articles in the form of articles, studies, and research results. This journal is published as a forum to provide space for law and justice observers in their contribution to the development of law. Editors accept independent writings which can be in the form of articles, studies, and research results related to the field of law and justice, in Indonesian and English according to the writing style.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 225 Documents
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Problematika Pembuktian Unsur Kesengajaan dalam Penjelasan Pasal 114 UU No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika terhadap Anak Buah Kapal dalam Kasus Pengedaran Narkotika Skala Besar I Komang Bugi Yudhayana; Vita Mahardhika
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.11903

Abstract

This study examines the problem of proving the element of intent in the application of Article 114 of Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, particularly in cases involving ship crew members (Anak Buah Kapal/ABK) in large-scale drug trafficking. The main issue lies in the difficulty of distinguishing between possession and intent, which often leads to broad interpretations in law enforcement practices. This research aims to analyze the scope of intent and to determine the limits of possession and criminal liability for ABK who claim not to know narcotics are being transported. The study uses a normative juridical method combined with a case approach, relying on statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The findings show that intent is often inferred from physical presence or control rather than proven through clear evidence of knowledge and willingness, which risks imposing liability on individuals without actual culpability. The study concludes that stricter standards in proving intent and clearer limitations on possession are necessary to ensure fairness, legal certainty, and proportionality in narcotics law enforcement.
Evaluasi Sistem Hukum Lawrence M. Friedman dalam Penanganan Peredaran Film Ilegal Daring di Indonesia Januar Hukmawa Janatino; Ikhwan Aulia Fatahillah; Dewi Mayaningsih
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12002

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap peredaran film ilegal di platform digital serta mengidentifikasi kendala penegakannya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis empiris dengan mengintegrasikan kerangka teori sistem hukum Lawrence M. Friedman yang menekankan interaksi antara substansi hukum, struktur penegakan, dan budaya hukum masyarakat. Melalui metode kualitatif yang meliputi studi kepustakaan, observasi nonpartisipan terhadap platform seperti Lok TV, serta wawancara mendalam dengan pejabat Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual (DJKI), penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta telah memberikan sebuah landasan normatif yang memadai bagi perlindungan hak moral dan hak ekonomi atas karya sinematografi. Namun, penegakan hukum masih bersifat reaktif dan berbasis delik aduan, serta menghadapi hambatan struktural berupa keterbatasan sumber daya, pengawasan yang lemah, kemudahan penghindaran melalui VPN dan pergantian domain, serta rendahnya kesadaran hukum masyarakat. Akibatnya, peredaran film ilegal terus berlangsung dan menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang signifikan bagi industri perfilman nasional. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, penelitian ini merekomendasikan revisi Undang-Undang Hak Cipta, peningkatan kapasitas teknologi pemantauan berbasis kecerdasan buatan, penguatan koordinasi antara lembaga, serta perluasan program edukasi hak cipta secara berkelanjutan untuk mewujudkan perlindungan hukum yang lebih efektif di era digital.
Reassessing State Financial Loss: Implications of Constitutional Court Ruling No. 25/PUU-XIV/2016 in the Thomas Lembong Sugar Import Case Jeremi Syafa'at Umbu Lamba Awang; Fahrurrozi Iman Jayadi Syahid; Alysia Delly Rasendria
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12213

Abstract

Constitutional Court Decision No. 25/PUU-XIV/2016 brought a transformation requiring proof of actual and definite state financial loss (actual loss), rather than merely potential or estimated loss (potential loss). This study provides an in-depth analysis of the alleged corruption case surrounding sugar importation involving Thomas Trikasih Lembong. The case a quo highlights divergent interpretations between prosecutors and judges regarding the valuation of state financial loss. Employing normative legal research, this study aims to analyze how the doctrine of the a quo decision was applied in the case, along with the legal implications of the judges’ interpretation concerning the limits of state financial loss in public policy. The findings show that law enforcement agencies can no longer rely on corruption laws based solely on possibilities, estimates, or potential losses. Furthermore, the court demonstrated legal compliance by rejecting speculative calculations of potential tax and import duty shortfalls, categorizing them as non-criminal potential loss. However, the court remains inconsistent in equating the lost projected profits of State-Owned Enterprises (lucrum cessans) with actual and definite loss, even though the action was proven to be part of an assigned policy discretion without criminal intent (mens rea) for self-enrichment.
Addressing the Regulatory Gap: A Legal Analysis of Wiretapping Procedures in the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code Naura Atha Fadhila Salvia Berti Putri; Emmilia Rusdiana
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12334

Abstract

The rapid advancement of information technology has rendered modern crime patterns increasingly complex, often eluding conventional investigative methods. In response, Law No. 20 of 2025 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP 2025) was enacted, formally recognizing wiretapping as a legitimate coercive measure in criminal investigations. However, Article 136 of KUHAP 2025 merely serves as an enabling norm, delegating the procedural specifics of wiretapping to a separate, yet-to-be-drafted statute. This delegation creates a significant regulatory vacuum. Through a normative-juridical method grounded in statutory and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the legal implications of this procedural void—specifically its threat to legal certainty and citizens' guaranteed privacy rights. Furthermore, this research formulates the ideal substantive framework for the forthcoming Wiretapping Law. The findings assert that to safeguard against arbitrary surveillance, the new legislation must incorporate three essential elements: strictly defined limits on applicable criminal offenses, a rigorous judicial warrant mechanism, and definitive boundaries on wiretapping duration. Ultimately, these regulatory pillars are crucial for striking an equitable balance between the efficacy of law enforcement and the fundamental protection of human rights.
Sovereign Debt and State Budget Deficit: A Financial Law Perspective Juniarto Prakoso
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12354

Abstract

Since the reform era, foreign debt has contributed to Indonesia's economic growth. However, new borrowing exceeding the country's repayment capacity has resulted in the national debt reaching Rp9,920.42 trillion by 2026, accompanied by a debt wall of Rp833.96 trillion. This normative legal research, using legislative and conceptual approaches, analyzes the legal regulations for managing state debt and the state budget deficit, and their implications for the principles of prudence and intergenerational equity. The results show that the legal framework for state debt, from the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the State Finance Law (limiting deficit at 3% and debt at 60% of GDP), to the State Treasury Law and the Government Securities Law, contains normative gaps due to the lack of effective enforcement mechanisms, resulting in aspirational fiscal limits. This condition creates a self-reinforcing cycle of debt, narrowing fiscal space, and placing a disproportionate burden on future generations, contrary to the ideals of intergenerational equity. This study recommends amendments to the State Finance Law, including binding legal sanctions and the establishment of an independent fiscal oversight body.
Legal Certainty of Territorial Boundaries as a Constitutional Right of Autonomous Regions: An Analysis of Constitutional Court Decision No. 62/PUU-X/2012 Juniarto Prakoso
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12355

Abstract

Post-1998 reform regional expansion often leads to boundary disputes between regions, one of which is the dispute over ownership of Berhala Island between Lingga Regency (Riau Islands Province) and Jambi Province, which has lasted for three decades. This study aims to analyze the constitutionality of Constitutional Court Decision No. 62/PUU-X/2012 concerning the legal certainty of territorial boundaries as a constitutional right of autonomous regions. The research method uses normative juridical methods. The results of the study indicate that Constitutional Court Decision No. 62/PUU-X/2012, which provides legal certainty regarding territorial boundaries, stating that Berhala Island is included in the Riau Islands region, is final and binding. This is a constitutional prerequisite for the running of all wheels of the Indonesian government because without definite territorial boundaries, regional autonomy cannot be managed. However, more than a decade later, the existence of a Joint Agreement (KSB) between Jambi Province and the Riau Islands on April 13, 2026, in the management of Berhala Island proves that legal settlement through litigation often needs to be accompanied by non-litigation settlement in the field. This is achieved through legal certainty (Rechtssicherheit) with utility (Zweckmassigkeit) and justice (Gerechtigkeit), as conceptualized by Gustav Radbruch. This study recommends harmonizing regional formation regulations with the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation and strengthening public participation in the process of determining regional boundaries.
The Conflict between the Principles of Lex Patriae and Lex Rei Sitae in the Ownership of Marital Property Without a Marital Agreement Suci Yani Puteri; Nurul Miqat; Ashar Ridwan
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12363

Abstract

This study discusses the protection of the rights of Indonesian citizen (WNI) wives over marital property in mixed marriages. The research problems addressed in this study are how the principles of Lex Patriae, Lex Rei Sitae, and Locus Regit Actum apply to marital property in mixed marriages, and what forms of legal protection are available for Indonesian wives regarding marital property in the event of a dispute. The research method employed is normative legal research, focusing on examining and analyzing secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, while utilizing literature reviews and document studies as data collection techniques. The results indicate that in a mixed marriage without a marital agreement separating property in Indonesia, the provisions regarding marital property stipulated in the Marriage Law shall apply. Furthermore, under Indonesian law, immovable property—in this case, land and buildings—is regulated by Indonesian legal regulations, specifically the Law on Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles (UUPA). Legal protection for the rights of Indonesian wives over marital property can be provided in two ways: legal protection through the formulation of a marital agreement before or during the marriage, and legal protection through court channels if a dispute arises after a divorce. Consequently, Indonesian wives can still obtain protection over marital property acquired during a mixed marriage, even in the absence of a prior marital agreement, through judicial processes under Indonesian law.
A Restorative Justice Model for Environmental Law Enforcement Against Home Industry Actors in East Lombok M. Zainuddin; Murah; Sulaiman
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12468

Abstract

Environmental pollution generated by the home-based tofu industry remains a major environmental governance challenge in East Lombok Regency. Although this sector contributes to local economic growth and employment, many enterprises still have limited capacity for waste management and compliance with environmental regulations. Conventional law enforcement, which primarily emphasizes sanctions, has not effectively promoted environmental restoration or long-term compliance. Therefore, a restorative justice approach is needed to develop a more adaptive, collaborative, and recovery-oriented environmental law enforcement model. This study examines the effects of environmental law enforcement, green industry practices, and socio-ecological conditions on restorative justice while developing an environmental law enforcement model for the tofu home industry in Masbagik District, East Lombok Regency. The research employed a mixed-method approach using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Primary data were collected through interviews with tofu home industry operators and relevant stakeholders, then analyzed using outer and inner model evaluations. The findings reveal that environmental law enforcement positively and significantly influences restorative justice (β = 0.335; p < 0.001), followed by green industry practices (β = 0.247; p = 0.001) and socio-ecological conditions (β = 0.425; p < 0.001). The proposed model demonstrates that effective law enforcement strengthens business commitment, promotes green industry implementation, improves socio-ecological conditions, reinforces restorative justice, and enhances public trust. This model provides a policy framework for local governments to strengthen sustainable, equitable, and environmentally responsible governance of home-based tofu industries.
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Pemblokiran Jalan dalam Aksi Unjuk Rasa di Indonesia M. Farhan; Erham; Gufran
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12477

Abstract

Hak menyampaikan pendapat di muka umum merupakan hak konstitusional yang dijamin oleh Pasal 28E ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 serta diatur lebih lanjut dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum. Namun dalam praktiknya, pelaksanaan demonstrasi sering disertai tindakan pemblokiran jalan yang berpotensi mengganggu ketertiban umum dan menimbulkan konsekuensi hukum pidana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pidana atas tindakan pemblokiran jalan dalam aksi unjuk rasa serta mengkaji keseimbangan antara perlindungan hak kebebasan berpendapat dan kepentingan ketertiban umum dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, sedangkan bahan hukum sekunder diperoleh dari buku, jurnal ilmiah, dan hasil penelitian terdahulu yang relevan. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif melalui penafsiran sistematis terhadap norma hukum yang mengatur hak asasi manusia, hukum pidana, serta hukum lalu lintas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebebasan berpendapat bukan merupakan hak yang bersifat absolut sehingga pelaksanaannya dapat dibatasi sepanjang memenuhi prinsip legalitas, proporsionalitas, dan perlindungan terhadap kepentingan umum sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 28J UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Tindakan pemblokiran jalan yang mengakibatkan terganggunya fungsi jalan dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana apabila memenuhi unsur-unsur tindak pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Oleh karena itu, penegakan hukum terhadap demonstrasi harus mengedepankan prinsip negara hukum, penghormatan terhadap hak asasi manusia, dan pendekatan yang proporsional agar tidak menimbulkan kriminalisasi terhadap kebebasan berekspresi.
Restructuring the Ministry of Law and Human Rights: Between Legal Certainty and the Good Governance Paradigm Fitriana Anas; Aminuddin Kasim; Imran
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12481

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal implications of the restructuring for good governance and formulates an ideal institutional model. It employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and institutional approaches. Legal materials are analyzed prescriptively based on legality, legal certainty, due care, proportionality, effectiveness, efficiency, accountability, and the public interest. Findings indicate that the restructuring has a legal basis within the President’s authority to organize state ministries. Substantively, however, it creates fragmented authority, overlapping functions, legal uncertainty during the transition, duplication of supporting structures, increased budgetary burdens, and longer coordination chains. It may also undermine the civil service merit system and public service quality if it is not accompanied by a clear allocation of authority, transitional regulations, and standard operating procedures. The formation of an excessively large cabinet without objectively demonstrated needs may be inconsistent with proportionality, effectiveness, and efficiency. Institutional reform should therefore be based on needs assessments, workload analysis, fiscal capacity, policy continuity, and a commitment to strengthening legal protection and public services. This study concludes that law and human rights affairs should be reintegrated into a single ministry, while immigration and corrections should remain under a separate ministry supported by binding, accountable coordination mechanisms to promote good governance.

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