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Lex Journal : Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan
Published by Universitas Dr. Soetomo Surabaya
ISSN : 25812033     EISSN : 25809113     DOI : https://doi.org/10.25139/lex.v6i2
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Lex Journal is a scientific journal published by the Faculty of Law, Dr. Soetomo University which will be published regularly every six months. In July and December containing articles in the form of articles, studies, and research results. This journal is published as a forum to provide space for law and justice observers in their contribution to the development of law. Editors accept independent writings which can be in the form of articles, studies, and research results related to the field of law and justice, in Indonesian and English according to the writing style.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 225 Documents
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Reconstruction of the Principle of Legality in the National Criminal Code: Harmonization of Living Law and Legal Certainty in Indonesian Criminal Law Reform Fitrahtun Nahariah; Siti Adinda Nafirah; Kresna Bayu; Andik Mannulusi
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12645

Abstract

The renewal of criminal law through Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code introduces a paradigm shift in the principle of legality by recognizing the living law as a basis for criminal liability. This shift reconciles substantive justice and Indonesia's legal plurality with legal certainty, which demands clear and predictable criminal norms. This research aims to analyze the reconstruction of the principle of legality within the National Criminal Code and formulate a framework to harmonize the living law with the principle of legal certainty. This study employs a normative legal method, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The results indicate a shift from formal legality to integrative legality, which positions formal legality as an entry point, the living law as a conditional material source, constitutional legality as a constitutional filter, objective parameters as a verification mechanism, and judicial control as a corrective mechanism. The novelty of this research lies in the concept of Living Law-Based Integrative Legality, which entails five cumulative prerequisites: the norm must be living and clear; possess defined territorial and subjective applicability; align with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, human rights, and general legal principles; and be judicially tested without the application of analogy.
The Ne Bis In Idem Principle in Civil Disputes in Indonesia: A Critique of Procedural Loopholes and Potential for Abuse in Judicial Practice Maulana Syekh Yusuf; Hilman Prayuda
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12650

Abstract

The ne bis in idem principle in Indonesian civil procedural law derives from Article 1917 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and helps ensure legal certainty by preventing the relitigation of cases that have been substantially decided and have obtained final and binding legal force. This study employs normative legal research, using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches to critically examine how this normatively ideal principle inadvertently leaves procedural loopholes in judicial practice. These loopholes are susceptible to abuse by parties dissatisfied with final and binding decisions. By analyzing Supreme Court jurisprudence, prior court judgments, and land dispute data, this research identifies three primary sources of these loopholes: the relaxation of subject identity requirements, the utilization of resistance claims (gugatan perlawanan) as a substitutive legal remedy that de facto annuls final decisions, and the inconsistent interpretation of case identity across different judicial levels. This study argues that the fundamental issue lies not within the ne bis in idem principle itself, but rather in the loose operational definition of case identity elements and the absence of an integrated, inter-court case information system. As a contribution, this research proposes four reform measures: updating the Supreme Court's technical guidelines, restricting the function of resistance claims, digitizing the database of court decisions, and synchronizing cross-institutional land data.
Dilema Pemajakan Jasa Medis: Tinjauan Kepastian Hukum Pajak Pertambahan Nilai pada Rumah Sakit Risky Ayu Suprapti; Sri Astutik; Vallencia Nandya Paramitha; Subekti
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12657

Abstract

Penelitian ini berjudul “Kepastian Hukum Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atas Jasa Pelayanan Kesehatan Medis pada Rumah Sakit”. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perubahan pengaturan jasa pelayanan kesehatan medis setelah berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan, yang menempatkan jasa pelayanan kesehatan medis sebagai Jasa Kena Pajak tertentu yang memperoleh fasilitas dibebaskan dari pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai. Permasalahan yang dikaji adalah kriteria objektif dan subjektif dalam penentuan klasifikasi objek dan subjek Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atas jasa pelayanan kesehatan medis pada rumah sakit, termasuk pelayanan yang ditanggung Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, penyerahan obat, dan jasa penunjang medis lainnya, serta kepastian hukum kewajiban administrasi Pajak Pertambahan Nilai bagi rumah sakit yang melakukan penyerahan multi-komponen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyerahan obat, bahan medis habis pakai, alat kesehatan, dan jasa penunjang medis tidak dapat digeneralisasi sebagai objek Pajak Pertambahan Nilai yang berdiri sendiri, melainkan harus dinilai berdasarkan hubungan fungsionalnya dengan jasa pelayanan kesehatan medis. Kepastian hukum juga diperlukan dalam kewajiban faktur pajak, pelaporan, penentuan Dasar Pengenaan Pajak, dan pengkreditan pajak masukan.
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 324/Pid.B/2024/PN Mnd Sigid Nugroho; Ernu Widodo; Yoyok Ucuk Suyono; Subekti
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12658

Abstract

Pelanggaran hukum yang marak terjadi di Indonesia pada akhir-akhir ini adalah pembunuhan, saat ini banyak terjadi pembunuhan di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Hal ini selain dipengaruhi motif atau latar belakang dari sang pelaku, juga merupakan gambaran merosotnya moral bangsa ini. kemerosotan moral, himpitan ekonomi, ketidaksabaran dan kebencian adalah beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pembunuhan. Begitu mudahnya seseorang menghilangkan nyawa orang lain ini patut diteliti penyebabnya. Kerasnya kehidupan dan rapuhnya Pendidikan agama mungkin juga menjadi faktor begitu mudahnya seseorang menghilangkan nyawa orang lain. Mengenai kejahatan terhadap nyawa ini diatur dalam KUHP Buku II Bab XIX Pasal 338-350 KUHP. Khusus mengenai tindak pidana pembunuhan biasa, diatur dalam pasal 338 KUHP. Pokok permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah pertanggungjawaban pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana pembunuhan berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 324/Pid.B/2024/PN Mnd dan analisis putusan Nomor 324/Pid.B/2024/PN Mnd terhadap pelaku tindak pidana pembunuhan? Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kasus (Case Approach) bertujuan untuk mempelajari penerapan norma-norma atau kaidah hukum yang dilakukan dalam peraktik hukum. peraturan Perundang-undangan (Statute Approach), di lakukan dengan menelaah semua undang-undang dan regulasi yang bersangkut paut dengan isu hukum yang sedang ditangani. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelaku tindak pidana pembunuhan berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 324/Pid.B/2024/PN Mnd Terdakwa Andika I. Musa Alias Dika harus mempertanggungjawabkan atas perbuatanya, Dilihat dari sudut terjadinya tindakan dan kemampuan bertanggung jawab, seseorang akan dipertanggungjawabkan atas tindakan dan perbuatannya serta tidak adanya alasan pembenar/pemaaf atau peniadaan sifat melawan hukum untuk pidana yang dilakukannya. Terdakwa dapat mempertanggungjawabkan atas perbuatan yang dilakukan bahwa pada saat melakukan perbuatannya, terdakwa sadar akan akibat yang ditimbulkan. Terdakwa dalam melakukan perbuatannya berada pada kondisi yang sehat dan cakap untuk mempertimbangkan perbuatannya. Maka dari itu Terdakwa Andika I. Musa Alias Dika telah terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tindak pidana “Pembunuhan”, sebagaimana diatur dan diancam pidana dalam Pasal 338 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP).
Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Pelaku Penelantaran Anak oleh Ayah Kandung dalam Putusan Nomor 159/Pid.Sus/2024/PN Mnd Mika Sau’allo Sambira; Vieta Imelda Cornelis; Noenik Soekorini; Sri Astutik
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12659

Abstract

Penelantaran merupakan suatu tindak pidana karena penelantaran tidak mencerminkan sisi humanism seseorang sebagai manusia. Penelantaran adalah tidak dilakukannya kewajiban dan tanggung jawab orang tua dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar anak, termasuk kasih sayang dan perhatian terhadap anak. Tetapi tidak semua anak beruntung dan mendapatkan hak-hak mereka, tidak sedikit fakta yang justru memperlihatkan bagaimana orang tua, khususnya ayah, mengabaikan kewajiban dalam merawat dan menafkahi anak. berbagai dalil yang dikemukakan orang tua untuk membenarkan atau setidaknya mengelak dari kewajiban menafkahi anak. Pokok permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah bentuk perlindungan hukum pidana terhadap anak yang menjadi korban tindak pidana penelantaran oleh ayah kandung dan penerapan sanksi pidana pelaku penelantaran anak oleh ayah kandung dalam putusan Nomor 159/Pid.Sus/2024/PN Mnd. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kasus (Case Approach) bertujuan untuk mempelajari penerapan norma-norma atau kaidah hukum yang dilakukan dalam peraktik hukum. peraturan Perundang-undangan (Statute Approach), di lakukan dengan menelaah semua undang-undang dan regulasi yang bersangkut paut dengan isu hukum yang sedang ditangani. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Ayah Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penelantaran Anak Berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 159/Pid.Sus/2024/PN Mnd perbuatan terdakwa telah terbukti memenuhi unsur Pasal 49 huruf a jo. Pasal 9 ayat (1) Undang-Undang R.I Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga.
Dampak Hukum Penggunaan Senjata Tajam dalam Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan (Studi Putusan Nomor 34/PID.B/2024/PN Mnd) Farels Kasenda; Subekti; Yoyok Ucuk Suyono; Ernu Widodo
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12660

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji penerapan pemidanaan kumulatif Pasal 338 KUHP dan Pasal 2 ayat (1) UU Darurat No. 12 Tahun 1951 dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Manado Nomor 34/Pid.B/2024/PN Mnd. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kumulatif sah karena masing-masing pasal memiliki unsur dan objek perlindungan hukum yang berbeda: Pasal 338 KUHP melindungi hak hidup, sedangkan UU Darurat melindungi keamanan umum dari penyalahgunaan senjata tajam. Majelis hakim menjatuhkan pidana 15 tahun penjara yang dinilai proporsional, sejalan dengan teori gabungan, asas proporsionalitas, dan preseden Mahkamah Agung. Kesimpulan penelitian menegaskan bahwa penerapan kumulasi tetap relevan untuk menekan peredaran senjata tajam ilegal dan mencegah kekerasan. Rekomendasi diarahkan pada sosialisasi hukum, pengawasan distribusi, dan pembaruan norma agar sesuai perkembangan zaman.
The Dangers of Hegemonic Coalition: Analyzing Legislative Capture and Judicial Independence in Emerging Democracies Riaji Kurniadin; Faizah Al Habsyi; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12665

Abstract

This study examines how hegemonic coalitions drive democratic backsliding in emerging democracies by capturing legislative assemblies and subverting judicial independence. Modern autocratic consolidation increasingly eschews overt military coups in favor of legal, institutional mechanisms executed through broad elite alliances. Utilizing a comparative constitutional and legal-institutional analytical framework, this paper investigates the mechanisms through which oversized ruling coalitions co-opt legislative assemblies and neutralize judicial oversight. The findings reveal that hegemonic coalitions execute legislative capture through party cartelization, selective patronage, procedural manipulation, and the suppression of deliberative lawmaking. Concurrently, judicial independence is eroded through autocratic legalism, abusive constitutional borrowing, court-packing, and executive control over prosecutorial and appointment mechanisms. This dual-capture strategy establishes an institutional framework where democratic facades are preserved while horizontal checks and balances are structurally dismantled. To counter these systemic threats, democratic systems must fortify substantive constitutional guarantees, enforce strict judicial recusal and ethics standards, and cultivate civil society counter-narratives to protect constitutional integrity.
Rethinking Administrative Discretion in the Age of Automated Decision-Making: Accountability and Transparency Gaps in E-Government Muhammad Soleh; Putri Rosmala Dewi; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12666

Abstract

This research analyzes the structural transformation of administrative discretion resulting from the integration of automated decision-making (ADM) systems and artificial intelligence (AI) in e-government and digital public administration. While e-government initiatives promise enhanced operational efficiency, standardized public service delivery, and reduced administrative overhead, the automated execution of executive authority introduces critical legal gaps in institutional accountability and algorithmic transparency. Employing a normative-juridical research design coupled with theory-guided qualitative analysis, this article evaluates how automated administrative decisions challenge foundational administrative law doctrines, specifically the legal duty to provide reasoned decisions, procedural due process, and judicial reviewability. The findings demonstrate that administrative discretion is no longer exercised primarily by frontline human bureaucrats in direct contact with citizens; instead, discretion is systematically codified upward into software architectures, data processing rules, and predictive models designed by system analysts and private software vendors. Furthermore, existing legal and regulatory frameworks struggle to hold public authorities accountable due to algorithmic opacity and distributed supply-chain liability across public and private domains. To safeguard administrative legality, democratic legitimacy, and public trust, this paper advocates for the institutionalization of technological due process, mandatory pre-deployment algorithmic impact assessments, statutory rights to meaningful explanation, and enforceable human-in-the-loop oversight mechanisms within digital government frameworks.
Global Standards vs. Local Realities: Enforcing Carbon Pricing and Emissions Trading Schemes in Developing Jurisdictions Pertamaputra Djohan; Amos Apui; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12667

Abstract

As the global urgency to combat climate change escalates, carbon pricing mechanisms—specifically Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS)—have emerged as premier market-based policy instruments designed to internalize environmental externalities. However, the international transferability of standardized carbon pricing frameworks from developed economies to developing jurisdictions reveals significant structural, institutional, and socio-economic friction. This research examines the critical divergence between global decarbonization standards and local operational realities in developing nations. Emphasizing the legal architectures and economic dynamics across jurisdictions such as Indonesia, South Africa, Malaysia, and Mexico, this paper investigates the enforcement challenges associated with Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) systems, regulatory capture, industrial resistance, and socio-economic regressivity. The findings demonstrate that top-down implementation of high carbon price floors without localized policy adaptation risks inducing domestic economic shocks, exacerbating poverty, and creating market distortions. To resolve these tensions, the paper outlines equity-oriented hybrid carbon pricing structures, digitalized governance frameworks, and strategic revenue recycling mechanisms capable of harmonizing climate mitigation with national development goals.
The Architecture of Constitutional Resilience: Redesigning Emergency Powers Against Democratic Backsliding Nang Engki Anom Suseno; Akbar Arfansyah; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S1 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS1.12671

Abstract

Modern democratic backsliding rarely occurs through sudden military coups or violent overthrows. Instead, democratically elected leaders increasingly weaponize formal legal mechanisms to erode democratic institutions from within. A primary vector for this subtle authoritarian consolidation is the deliberate misuse of emergency powers and executive decrees. Under the guise of managing economic instability, national security threats, or public health crises, executive actors exploit open-ended constitutional provisions to bypass parliamentary oversight, dilute judicial review, and restrict civil liberties. This research evaluates how emergency powers function as instruments of autocratic legalism and abusive constitutionalism, and formulates institutional design mechanisms to build constitutional resilience. Utilizing a normative legal research methodology combined with comparative constitutional theory, this study examines executive decree practices, judicial deference patterns, and emergency governance frameworks. The analysis demonstrates that existing emergency constitutional models are dangerously vulnerable to executive aggrandizement due to subjective standards of compelling urgency, weak temporal boundaries, and deferred judicial scrutiny. To counteract this vulnerability, this paper articulates a resilient constitutional framework anchored in four structural pillars: rigid substantive definitions of state necessity, non-derogable democratic baselines, mandatory supermajority legislative ratification with automatic sunset provisions, and expedited, non-deferential judicial review.

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