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International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy
ISSN : 22524940     EISSN : 27164519     DOI : https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.xxx.xxx
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering
The International Journal of Renewable Energy Development - (Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.; p-ISSN: 2252-4940; e-ISSN:2716-4519) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal co-published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE) that aims to promote renewable energy researches and developments, and it provides a link between scientists, engineers, economist, societies and other practitioners. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development is currently being indexed in Scopus database and has a listing and ranking in the SJR (SCImago Journal and Country Rank), ESCI (Clarivate Analytics), CNKI Scholar as well as accredited in SINTA 1 (First grade category journal) by The Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, The Republic of Indonesia under a decree No 200/M/KPT/2020. The scope of journal encompasses: Photovoltaic technology, Solar thermal applications, Biomass and Bioenergy, Wind energy technology, Material science and technology, Low energy architecture, Geothermal energy, Wave and tidal energy, Hydro power, Hydrogen production technology, Energy policy, Socio-economic on energy, Energy efficiency, planning and management, Life cycle assessment. The journal also welcomes papers on other related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of developments of renewable energy.
Arjuna Subject : Energi (semua kategori) - Energi Terbarukan, Keberlanjutan dan Lingkungan
Articles 709 Documents
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Hydrogen-rich syngas production of solid waste supercritical water gasification multi-objective process optimization Saputro, Bayu Aji; Surjosatyo, Adi; Sari, Wanda Rulita; Dafiqurrohman, Hafif; Qossam, Izzuddin Al; Lestari, Puspa
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60848

Abstract

The increasing population and changing lifestyles have led to significant solid waste accumulation, necessitating efficient waste management to prevent environmental and health issues. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is an effective method for converting high-moisture biomass into hydrogen-rich syngas, operating at temperatures above 374°C and pressures above 490MPa. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an integrated modeling and multi-objective optimization framework, combining Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) to maximize hydrogen-rich syngas production from municipal solid waste through SCWG. The research models and predicts the effects of feed concentration, residence time, and reaction temperature on hydrogen yield, lower heating value (LHV), and gas yield. The integrated RSM and ANN models demonstrated high predictive accuracy with R² values exceeding 0.95. Optimization results from MOGA identified optimal parameters: a feed concentration of 2%, a reaction temperature between 490-495°C, and a residence time of 80 minutes. These conditions achieved H2 selectivity of 84.73%, an LHV of 6.95 MJ/Nm³, and a gas yield of 29.7%. The findings highlight the dominant influence of reaction temperature and residence time on hydrogen production, while feed concentration requires careful balance for optimal syngas quality. This study demonstrates that the combined use of RSM, ANN, and MOGA provides an effective framework for optimizing SCWG processes, offering practical insights for industrial-scale applications. Future research should explore additional variables such as biomass composition, pressure, and catalysts to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of hydrogen production from solid waste, supporting SCWG as a viable technology for sustainable energy production and effective waste management.
Numerical modelling and experimental assessment of cap magnet motion in a small windbelt generator Le, Thi Tuyet Nhung; Vu, Dinh Quy; Dinh, Cong Truong; Nguyen, Duc Trung; Plourde, Frederic
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 3 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61102

Abstract

Wind energy shows great potential as a power source for low-energy electronics. A promising innovation in this field is a compact generator based on electromagnetic induction and oscillation, designed with simplicity and efficiency in mind. Small wind-driven generators utilize membrane oscillations and electromagnetic induction to produce voltages of a few volts, offering a potential future alternative to batteries due to their portability and easy power supply. This study focuses on evaluating the parameters that affect the voltage and power output of a small belt-type generator with a maximum wire length of 350 mm, operating at low wind speeds ranging from 2.5 to 6 m/s. The influence of wire length is examined to assess power and voltage output using the shortest practical wire length. Additionally, the effects of membrane oscillation amplitude and the number of coils turns in the electromagnetic setup are also investigated. Two methods were employed in this study: two-way FSI simulations method and experimental tests measuring membrane oscillation, voltage, and power output. Key findings include a 9% error between experimental and simulated oscillation amplitude and a 12% difference between theoretical and experimental voltage results. The oscillation amplitude gradually decreased as the wire length was reduced from 350 mm to 198 mm, with corresponding slight decreases in voltage and power. For the 350 mm wire, the maximum no-load voltage reached 8V and 0.8V under a 1kΩ load; for the shortest wire of 198 mm, the no-load voltage reached 7.5V, but the power output under load was minimal.
Optimization of ultrasonication time on the production of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite as photocatalytic material Qomariyah, Lailatul; Faizah, Nurul; Karisma, Achmad Dwitama; Rabbani, Sulthan; Kalloka, Sultan Hendra Mahardi; Putra, Nicky Rahmana
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61248

Abstract

Nanocomposite ZnO-SiO2 is widely known for its efficacy as a semiconductor photocatalyst. Current nanocomposite production methods face challenges like particle agglomeration and inconsistent particle size control. To overcome this problem, the ultrasonication method was used to prevent agglomeration and produce composites in nanoscale, where this study synthesized ZnO-SiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of dye color. To prepare this nanocomposite, the ultrasonication time was varied from 0 to 45 minutes to understand the particle properties and the effectivity on the photocatalytic activity. Silica was prepared from water glass via sol-gel method to produce colloidal SiO2 nanoparticles and then mixed with ZnO with the ratio of 3% wt and subjected to ultrasonication method. Under various ultrasonication time, the FTIR analysis shows the Si-O peak at 895 cm-1 indicates the presence of SiO2 particles. The XRD validate the formation of ZnO-SiO2 nanoparticles, supporting the FTIR analysis. The best nanoparticle properties were achieved with 45 minutes of ultrasonication. The SEM analysis confirms the present of SiO2 and ZnO. From BET analysis, ZnO-SiO2 has a high surface area (117.64 m2/g), moderate pore volume (0.46 cm3/g), and small particle pore size (11.59 nm). The photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SiO₂ nanocomposites was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under sunlight and the best performance reached by the nanocomposite prepared under 45 minutes ultrasonication. The results show that the ultrasonication technique efficiently reduces agglomeration, as indicated by a reduction in particle diameter from 35.04 nm (pure ZnO) to 11.59 nm (ZnO-SiO₂), and significantly enhances photocatalytic activity, achieving 97% degradation of MB under sunlight after 180 minutes. The aforementioned technique demonstrates significant potential for industrial use, providing higher efficiency and expandability in manufacturing superior photocatalytic substances.
Economic-environmental analysis of solar-wind-biomass hybrid renewable energy system for hydrogen production: A case study in Vietnam Nguyen, Huu Hieu; Bui, Van Ga; Le, Khac Binh; Nguyen, Van Trieu; Hoang, Anh Tuan
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 3 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61233

Abstract

Combining biomass with solar and wind energy to produce electricity and hydrogen, referred to as the Solar-Wind-Biomass Hybrid Renewable Energy System (SWB-HRES), provides optimal economic and environmental efficiency. This paper presents research findings from a case study of SWB-HRES implemented in Hoa Bac commune, Danang City, Vietnam, utilizing HOMER software for system modeling and optimization. The study aims to identify the optimal configuration for SWB-HRES with hydrogen production and assess its compatibility with grid-connected SWB-HRES without hydrogen production. A detailed analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions corresponding to different system configurations is also provided. The results indicate that the optimal SWB-HRES configuration for Hoa Bac includes a 15-kW solar panel, a 9-kW wind turbine, an 8.3 kW syngas generator, a 20-kW electrolyzer, a 24-kW converter, and a hydrogen storage tank with a capacity of 1 kg. This setup supports an annual electricity load of 7,300 kWh and produces 1,183 kilograms of hydrogen per year. For grid-connected HRES with hydrogen production, the solar-biomass system demonstrates superior economic and environmental efficiency compared to the wind-biomass configuration. The economic efficiency of SWB-HRES with hydrogen production matches that of SWB-HRES selling electricity to the grid when the hydrogen cost is $4.5/kg for discontinuous syngas generator operation and $5/kg for continuous operation. Furthermore, integrating biomass energy into HRES proves to be an effective strategy for GHG emission reduction. For the same electricity output of 62,863 kWh/year, the solar-wind HRES without hydrogen production achieves a GHG emission reduction of 33 tons of CO2-eq, while the solar-wind-biomass HRES with hydrogen production achieves a reduction of 217 tons of CO2-eq. Given that the performance of HRES depends on geographic location, equipment availability, and energy pricing, practical implementations should validate simulation results with experimental data collected on-site.
Comparative life cycle assessment of pelletized biomass fuels from corncobs and rubberwood sawdust Phrommarat, Bhanupong; Arromdee, Porametr
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61011

Abstract

This study investigates and compares the environmental impacts of pelletized biomass fuel production from corn cobs and rubberwood sawdust using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology across the entire cradle-to-grave process. The assessment encompasses raw material acquisition, production, industrial use, and transportation. Data were collected on resource usage, energy consumption, water usage, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with the functional unit set as 1 ton of steam generated by a steam generator. Environmental impacts were evaluated using the CML (baseline) 2015 method in openLCA software, with data drawn from the Ecoinvent 3.4 database. Comparisons with other biomass types were also included. The findings indicate that corn cobs are a preferable raw material for pelletized biomass production compared to rubberwood sawdust, as they require less electricity and fewer resources across the lifecycle due to a simpler production process. The study reveals that the highest environmental impacts occur during biomass pellet production, particularly in rubberwood processing, which is energy intensive. Climate change impacts are most significant in the steam production stage, attributed to GHG emissions from biomass pellet combustion. Furthermore, fossil fuels used in other processes and transportation contribute to the overall environmental footprint. Mitigating these impacts would benefit from enhancing energy efficiency, reducing GHG emissions, and expanding the use of renewable energy in production processes. These measures could substantially lessen the environmental effects associated with pelletized biomass fuel production. The impact of data uncertainties in steam production from biomass pellets was assessed through sensitivity analysis. Four key parameters were identified as having significant variability, including transportation of pellets from production plants to steam plants, corn kernel selling price, natural rubber selling price, and allocation method. The transportation distance and agricultural product prices (corn kernel and natural rubber) introduce minimal uncertainty into the LCA results within the tested range (±10%).
Morphological and thermal stability analysis of Sn/C electrodes synthesized through impregnation and precipitation methods for CO2 electroreduction Eviani, Mitra; Prakoso, Tirto; Kusdiana, Dadan; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Devianto, Hary
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61280

Abstract

This study investigates tin (Sn) based electrodes supported by graphite for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ECO2R) to formic acid, comparing precipitation and impregnation synthesis methods. Electrodes were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The precipitation method yielded higher Sn content (91.22%) and superior thermal stability (3% mass loss at 1000°C vs. 45% for impregnation). Morphological analysis through SEM revealed precipitation-synthesized electrodes exhibited more uniform Sn particle distribution across the graphite surface, while impregnation resulted in larger Sn agglomerates with less homogeneous coverage, significantly influencing electroactive surface area and catalytic performance. The electrochemical performance of electrodes was tested using H-cell. CV showed decreased cathodic current for Sn/C electrodes compared to pure graphite in CO2-saturated electrolyte, while chronoamperometry indicated slightly better sustained performance for precipitation-synthesized electrodes with stabilized current densities after 3 hours of operation. EIS analysis suggested the precipitation method yields a marginally lower ohmic resistance (28.8 Ω vs. 29.8 Ω), resulting in a more favorable electrode structure for overall catalytic activity. Both methods showed lower ohmic resistance than that of pure graphite (38.1 Ω), the precipitation-synthesized Sn/C electrode emerged as the preferred selection for ECO2R to formic acid, balancing high Sn content, thermal stability, superior durability, and better Faradaic efficiency. The observed performance differences were attributed to distinct metal-support interactions formed during synthesis, with precipitation creating stronger metal-carbon bonds that enhance stability but potentially limit certain active sites necessary for optimal CO2 reduction kinetics. This comprehensive characterization revealed that the precipitation-synthesized electrode offers the most promising foundation for further development, potentially through process optimization, hybrid synthesis approaches, or targeted doping strategies to enhance catalytic activity while maintaining the advantageous stability characteristics.
Advanced one-dimensional heterogeneous model for high temperature water gas shift membrane reactors El Bazi, Wail; El-Abidi, Abderrahim; Yadir, Said; Messnaoui, Brahim
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61222

Abstract

To predict the behavior of small-scale WGS membrane reactors, a new model based on the 1D heterogeneous approach was developed. Unlike most studies, which rely on 1D pseudo-homogeneous models—typically limited to reactors filled with small catalyst particles which are prone to misestimating catalytic effectiveness when larger catalyst grains are used in which mass transfer resistance is usually considered only within the dense membrane layer which a valid assumption only when this layer is thick, the proposed model adapts to a wide range of catalyst sizes and geometries and also accounts for resistance in the porous stainless steel support of the membrane. This makes it suitable when the dense layer is thin.Comparison with experimental data under various conditions validated the model’s ability to predict the behavior of reactors packed with large catalyst particles (Vgrain ≈ 169 mm³). Therefore, the developed 1D heterogeneous model accurately predicts membrane reactor behavior without resorting to more complex 2D models. Simulations highlighted the significant influence of particle geometry on the catalyst effectiveness factor throughout the reactor, while its impact on carbon monoxide conversion, hydrogen partial pressure, and the temperature profile is especially pronounced near the reactor inlet. Additionally, results showed that sweep gas use accelerates the reaction and aids hydrogen permeation. Finally, CO conversion in the membrane reactor reached 1.3 times that of a conventional fixed-bed reactor.
From waste to energy: A systematic review of sewage sludge conversion to solid fuels via thermochemical methods Roslan, Siti Zaharah; Idris, Juferi; Musa, Mohibah; Md Zaini, Mohd Saufi; Anuar, Nur Faradila; Iskandar Shah, Darween Rozehan Shah; Mohd Tahir, Muhamad Iqbal Hakim
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61185

Abstract

Sewage sludge, a byproduct of wastewater treatment, poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems due to its high levels of harmful pollutants, including heavy metals, viruses, and non-biodegradable materials. To mitigate these hazards, thermochemical conversion has emerged as a sustainable strategy for recovering energy and nutrients while reducing the toxicity of sewage sludge. A comprehensive literature search across Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science yielded 46 peer-reviewed papers from an initial 2,715 publications. This paper presents a systematic review of the thermochemical conversion processes used to transform sewage sludge into solid fuels, focusing on pyrolysis, torrefaction, and hydrothermal carbonization. The study highlights the significance of optimizing operational parameters and investigates the physicochemical properties of the biochar produced. The results indicate that reaction temperature, time, and heating rate significantly influence the quality and yield of the resulting biochar. Higher temperatures (300–1000°C) enhance the energy content while reducing solid yield. The environmental impacts associated with thermochemical methods, including emissions and potential pollutants, are discussed along with the challenges in treating and transforming sewage sludge into solid fuels. These findings indicate that hydrothermal carbonization is a promising method for waste management and energy production, supporting global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. However, challenges remain in scaling up these technologies for commercial implementation due to high capital and operational costs This review contributes to the understanding of thermochemical processes and their potential applications in sustainable waste-management practices. Future research should focus on pilot and industrial-scale validation, cost-effective pretreatment strategies, and standardized analytical methods. Supportive policy frameworks and investment in demonstration projects are crucial for promoting thermochemical conversion as a viable waste-to-energy solution, contributing to sustainable development and climate change mitigation.
Energy potential of biochar from slow pyrolysis of mixed tree leaves in a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor Ibitoye, Segun E.; Alam, Meraj; Olayemi, Olalekan A.; Akinlabi, Esther T.; Sarkar, Ishita; Mahamood, Rasheedat M.; Jen, Tien-Chien; Loha, Chanchal
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61253

Abstract

Thermochemical conversion processes, such as pyrolysis, offered significant potential for harnessing energy from biomass as a substitute for conventional fuels. This study investigated energy generation from mixed tree leaves through pyrolysis. The pyrolysis was conducted at 3 temperatures: 400, 500, and 600 °C. Characterization of the feedstock and pyrolysis products was carried out following international standards. The results showed that bio-oil yields (26.13–39.95%) and syngas yields (30.33–39.38%) increased with temperature, while the char yield decreased from 43.66-29.67%. The FC VM, AC, and MC of the biochars varied from 61.26-67.71, 4.58-12.75, 21.32-25.32, and 2.39-4.67%, respectively. After pyrolysis, the highest C (67.71%) was obtained at 600 °C, while the highest H (3.98%) was recorded at 400 °C. The study revealed that FC, AC, and C increased with temperature, whereas MC, VM, H, and O decreased. The produced biochars, particularly Char600, demonstrated HHV values (up to 23.32 MJ/kg), improved FC, and enhanced BET surface areas. While slightly lower than the HHV of traditional metallurgical coke, the biochars showed strong potential for partial substitution or co-injection in high-temperature metallurgical processes. The enhanced porosity and C contribute to their suitability as renewable solid fuels, supporting carbon footprint reduction in heavy industries.
Supercapacitive performance and CO2 capture capacities of different porous corn stover-derived activated carbons Gbenebor, Oluwashina Philips; Popoola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60980

Abstract

This work focuses on synthesizing activated carbon (AC) from corn wastes from the same plantation – husk (ACH), stalk (ACS), and cob (ACCo). A two-stage pyrolysis (600 oC) with KOH chemical activation was employed. Structural and morphological results from Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) show that the temperature, concentration, and ratio of biochar-to-KOH solution employed are effective as relevant functional groups and porous structures are formed. The best porous texture is possessed by ACH as N2 adsorption isotherms result informs that its surface area, pore volume, and size are 904.76 m2/g, 1.00 cm3/g, and 2.09 nm respectively. At 273 K, ACH displays the highest CO2 adsorption capacity of 4.63 mmolg-1 at 0.95 bar while ACS and ACCo possess CO2 capture capacities of 3.5 and 3.19 mmolg-1 respectively.  Each synthesized AC electrode displays capacitive performance with pseudo capacitance contributions. Dunn and Trasatti analyses show that the capacity of each electrode is more influenced by diffusive contribution. The best porous structure exhibited by ACH is responsible for its superlative electrochemical performance. At current density of 0.5 A/g, its specific capacitance is 430 F/g; this is followed by ACS (257.5 F/g) and the least specific capacitance of 85 F/g is achieved by ACCo. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Bode plots affirm that with ACH, the fastest diffusion of electrolyte ions into its surface is maintained.

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