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Kalpataru
Published by Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional
ISSN : 01263099     EISSN : 25500449     DOI : https://doi.org/10.55981/kpt.
Core Subject : Humanities, Science, Art, Social,
Arts Humanities Environmental Science Physics Social Sciences
Kalpataru is an open access and peer reviewed scientific publication on the prehistory of Southeast Asia and its surrounding areas with the scope of materials such as culture, humans, and environment during the prehistoric and proto historic periods. The perspectives from cross disciplines other than archaeology, both hard sciences and soft sciences, are welcome.
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Arkeologi
Articles 143 Documents
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DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FERROUS METAL MELTING FURNACE ANCIENT TIMES IN INDONESIA Harry Octavianus Sofian
KALPATARU Vol. 30 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

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Abstract

Technological knowledge of the use of metals is inseparable from human knowledge in the processing pyrotechnics of fire as a power in high temperature processes for producing objects. The fire is used for smelting and casting in melting furnaces. Metal smelting furnace is a heat production device, which is used to purify the metal, in this case iron. This paper aims to determine the development of ferrous metal smelting furnace technology in Indonesia with the library research method from the results of previous studies. Based on the results of the analysis, there are four technologies for smelting iron, namely pit kiln, bloomery furnace, blast furnace, and induction furnace. Of the four technologies, three are in use in Indonesia, namely bloomery furnace, blast furnace, and induction furnace. Pengetahuan teknologi penggunaan logam tidak terlepas dari pengetahuan manusia dalam memproses pyrotechnology api sebagai tenaga dalam proses suhu tinggi untuk produksi benda. Api digunakan dalam proses peleburan dan pengecoran logam dalam tungku peleburan. Tungku peleburan logam adalah alat untuk memproduksi panas yang digunakan untuk memurnikan logam, dalam hal ini besi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan teknologi tungku lebur logam besi di Indonesia dengan metode library research dari hasil-hasil penelitian terdahulu. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, terdapat empat teknologi tungku lebur besi, yaitu pit kiln, bloomery furnace blast furnace serta induction furnace. Dari keempat teknologi tersebut, tiga teknologi tungku lebur digunakan di Indonesia, yaitu bloomery furnace, blast furnace serta induction furnace.
STUDI ARKEOLOGI EKSPERIMENTAL TEKNIK PENGEBORAN GELANG BATU DARI PURBALINGGA Priyatno Hadi Sulistyarto; Lilin Kumala Pratiwi; Aldhi Wahyu Pratama; Salma Fitri Kusumastuti; Indah Asikin Nurani; Sofwan Noerwidi; Tedy Setyadi; Andreyas Eko Atmojo; Slamet Widodo; Ghusnul Assa Fuadillah
KALPATARU Vol. 30 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

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Abstract

he stone bracelet is a neolithic artifact crafted by drilling techniques. Traces of stone bracelet workshop activities in Central Java were found in Purbalingga, which is spread across the North Serayu Mountains between Kali Tungtunggunung and Kali Laban. This study is based on the previous research hypothesis, which states that the manufacture of stone bracelets is carried out by drilling techniques using bamboo wulung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea). This study aims to prove this hypothesis. An experimental archaeological approach by conducting drilling experiments using several drill bits: iron drills, masonry/concrete iron drills, iron drills for natural stone, and bamboo drills. Meanwhile, the abrasive materials used are water, river sand, and quartz sand. The analysis was carried out by comparing the morphological and morphometric traces of the workings between artifacts and experimental results, based on microscopic observations with a magnification of 20x to 200x. Compared to the other drilling bits and abrasive materials, the experimental study revealed that bamboo drill bits, with quartz-sand and water as additional gritty material, showed the closest similarity. Gelang batu merupakan artefak neolitik yang dibuat dengan teknik pengeboran. Jejak aktivitas perbengkelan gelang batu di Jawa Tengah ditemukan di Purbalingga yang tersebar di Pegunungan Serayu Utara antara Kali Tungtunggunung dan Kali Laban. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada hipotesis penelitian sebelumnya yang menyatakan bahwa pembuatan gelang batu dilakukan dengan teknik pengeboran menggunakan bambu wulung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan hipotesis tersebut. Melalui pendekatan arkeologi eksperimental dengan melakukan percobaan pengeboran menggunakan beberapa macam mata bor yaitu bor besi, bor besi untuk beton, bor besi untuk batu alam, dan bor bambu. Sementara itu, bahan pengikis yang digunakan adalah air, pasir kali, dan pasir kuarsa. Analisis dilakukan dengan cara komparasi morfologi dan morfometri jejak pengerjaan antara artefak dengan hasil eksperimen, berdasarkan pengamatan mikroskopik perbesaran 20x hingga 200x. Hasil eksperimen dengan menggunakan mata bor bambu dan bahan pengikis air dan pasir kuarsa menunjukkan tingkat kemiripan paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan mata bor dan bahan pengikis lainnya.
Rekonstruksi Lingkungan Prasejarah Situs Gua Pawon, Jawa Barat Berdasarkan Kajian Identifikasi Gigi Hewan Adinda Tasya Namira; R. Cecep Eka Permana; Lutfi Yondri
KALPATARU Vol. 31 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2022.2886

Abstract

Excavations at the Pawon Cave Site in 2019 and 2021 from boxes T2U1, T2S1, T3U1, T3S1, and T4S1 led to the discovery of 976 specimens of animal teeth that could be used to reconstruct the past of the Pawon’s Cave Site environment. To determine the level of animal taxa to the location of the teeth, taxonomic and anatomical analyses were carried out, while environmental reconstruction was carried out through environmental analysis based on the distribution of faunal functional groups by Julien Louys (2012). The research method consists of six steps, namely formulation, implementation, data collection, data processing, analysis, and interpretation. As a result, 120 individual animals from 13 different families were found at the Pawon Cave site with the dominance of the Cercopithecidae family in each four units of analysis. However, it is also necessary to the contribution of protein produced, so that large animals (megafauna), such as the Families Suidae, Bovidae, and Cervidae, have more potential to become main game animals for consumption, while the Families Cercopithecidae and Hystricidae become a complement to a variety of foods consumed. In addition, jewelry from shark teeth and canine teeth of Carnivora, Cercopithecidae and Suidae were also found with traces of modification in the form of perforation of the roots of the teeth and sharpening of the dental crowns. Thus, the human inhabitants of Pawon Cave are hunters who can utilize all the potential of animals from terrestrial, arboreal and aquatic habitats around the Pawon’s Cave Site.
Radio Identification Methods for Archaeological Human Teeth Remains: A Scoping Review Fahmi Oscandar; Dia Adinda Surya; Lutfi Yondri
KALPATARU Vol. 31 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2022.2889

Abstract

Identification of archaeological human teeth findings using a non-destructive method such as a radiograph is limited. Various methods have been used for archaeological human teeth findings, including 2D and 3D radiographs. This study examines the extent to which it is used, its advantages, and its limitations using the scoping review method. The search for articles referred to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA-ScR) was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, published from 2012-2022. Articles were screened and assessed for eligibility. The initial search found 249 articles. After evaluating the eligibility criteria, 15 articles were selected. Studies addressing the criteria and other aspects were identified. Based on a study conducted on articles that met the criteria, it was concluded that the radio identification method has been utilized for various identification and that the most frequently used radio identification method is cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Enigmatic Perforated Stone Disk and Grooved Stones from Three Caves Sites in Sumatra Mohammad Ruly Fauzi; Truman Simanjuntak; Hubert Forestier
KALPATARU Vol. 32 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2023.3024

Abstract

Ground stone tools, especially perforated stone disks and grooved stones, are rarely discussed in Indonesian prehistory. In terms of its quantity and workmanship, these types of artifacts are fairly unique. They are often limited in quantity, which makes it difficult to compare with the other references. Moreover, their technological aspect still needs to be widely understood by academics. For the first time in Indonesia, this article will discuss perforated stone disks and grooved stones in the context of prehistoric cave sites in Sumatra. Through formal analysis of its attributes at medium to high magnification, we provide a reference for their technological aspects as well as the context of the artifact. Our study reveals that both types of artifacts appear to be closely related to the aquatic culture. The practical function of these artifacts is associated with a fishery tradition on the rivers inland. Our argument is corroborated by the remnants of aquatic fauna associated with these two types of artifacts. Apart from that, the perforated stone disks that were previously reported were found in the mainland of Southeast Asia and, in fact, also found in Sumatra. It further emphasizes the connection between the cultural entities of prehistoric populations that inhabited insular and mainland Southeast Asia.
Characteristic of Prehistoric Austronesian Pottery Around Lake Singkarak, Solok, West Sumatra Susilowati, Nenggih
KALPATARU Vol. 32 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2023.62

Abstract

The karst environment with forests and lakes has the potential to be a source of water, food, and materials that are important to the human's ideal location for its inhabitants. Pottery shards found in surveys and excavations illustrate that the site became a place to settle with various human activities. This article aims to determine the characteristics of Austronesian pottery remains at the cave and open sites and determine the relationship with maritime culture around Lake Singkarak. The method used is qualitative, analyzing pottery fragments supported by laboratory analysis. The results of the analysis data note that the discovery of geometric patterns and red slips can illustrate the expertise of supporters in beautifying pottery and describe the cultural history and life of the makers.
Holocene Crab Consumption at Watinglo, Papua New Guinea Kaharudin, Hendri Asyhari Fajrian
KALPATARU Vol. 32 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2023.94

Abstract

Malacostraca are commonly found in coastal archaeological sites in the Indo-Pacific; both swimming and terrestrial crabs. This archaeological evidence as well as ethnographic studies indicate that they formed an important component of the human diet in the past as they still do in many regions today.  However, they often go unidentified and largely unanalysed in archaeological research due to the highly fragmentary state of the remains and the associated difficulties posed for identification and quantification. Here we discuss these issues and provide an example of crab remains recovered from a coastal archaeological site in Papua New Guinea, Watinglo shelter, with an occupation record spanning from the Terminal Pleistocene to historic times. We also briefly compare these finding to crab remains from archaeological sites of similar antiquity in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Predicting The Locations of Caves and Rock Shelters in Western Part of Aceh Karst Using Geographic Information System Setiawan, Taufiqurrahman; Nasution, Azhari Fitra
KALPATARU Vol. 32 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2023.115

Abstract

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a method used in archaeological research to provide information on landscapes and resources on the earth's surface and, combined with phenomena, predict the location of sites. This paper revealed some results of using this method in the case of karst in the western part of Aceh to find the locations of caves and inlets with GIS data sources. Satellite imagery, DEM, Topographic Maps, and Geological Maps, which overlayed with the geological structures, and the lithology of the location of the caves and inlets. The analysis results obtained that there were 26 areas grouped into five clusters of possible locations for caves and rock shelters.
Indonesian Archaeobotanic Research Development Amara, Yasmin Lana; Hidayah, Ati Rati; Alifah; Zahro, Fathimatuz; Ariyanto, Adana Presti
KALPATARU Vol. 32 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2023.275

Abstract

The application of archaeobotany has been increasing for the last ten years in Indonesia, especially for studying the prehistoric human occupation. Indonesia has incredible biodiversity in flora, and the application of archaeobotanical methods and techniques is essential for understanding people-plant relationships in the past. It is also able to support and complement archaeological results and interpretations developed from analyses of other types of material culture. This paper examines archaeobotanical research in Indonesia through available published literature. The result demonstrates archaeobotanical analyses strengthen and enhance the interpretations of archaeological data and highlight the biases in the application towards prehistoric sites. Our research suggests that more recent archaeological sites have great potential for the application of archaeobotany. This approach needs to be introduced in the early stages of all project planning and research so that suitable recovery methods can be utilized, and adequate time and finances for analyses are factored in. The availability of facilities, infrastructure, and human resources to analyze archaeobotanical data will bring more opportunities for analyses in this field.
Predictive Modeling of Cave Settlements In Karst Area of Kapuas Basin, West Kalimantan Hafsari, Ni Luh Gde Dyah Mega; Kusmartono, Vida Pervaya Rusianti; Wibisono, M. Wishnu
KALPATARU Vol. 32 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2023.278

Abstract

Starting in the 1970s, the captivating archaeological potency in the tropical rainforest area of West Kalimantan started to be revealed. Since then, several expeditions and research had been conducted by The National Research Center for Archaeology and Archaeology Office in South Kalimantan. One of them was an exploration and excavation led by Vida P.R. Kusmartono from 2013-2019. Previous studies have shown that the area of Upper Kapuas Basin possesses numerous archaeological resources, however, many of the areas remain uncovered. This condition is caused by the extensiveness and difficulty of this area to be reached. For that reason, in 2020, we created a predictive model to give an overview of the probability of archaeological caves in this area. This predictive model uses environmental variables and is based on the hypothesis of the environmental resources variables in choosing cave settlements in the prehistory era. The variables used are the elevation of the valley, the proximity distance from the water source, the steepness of the slope, the direction of the slope, and the lineament density. Analysis of the variable elevation of the valley, proximity distance from the water source, and the steepness of the slope produced a map of accessibility. This map was then integrated with the lineament density variable and considered the direction of the slope to produce a map of potential areas for cave settlements.

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