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Ahmad Akromul Huda
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Protech Biosystems Journal
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram
ISSN : 28094425     EISSN : 28094425     DOI : ttps://doi.org/10.31764
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture, Engineering,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Energy Engineering
Protech Biosystems Journal is a peer-refereed open-access journal which has been established for the dissemination of state-of-the-art knowledge in the field of Agricultural Enginering (Agricultural Mechanization, waters and land resources Engineering, Energy, Bioprocess and Postharvest Technology) and related subjects in this field.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 66 Documents
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The Effect of Variations in Absorbents from Coconut Shell (Cocos Nucifera), Candlenut Shell (Aleurites Moluccanus), and Bidara Wood (Ziziphus Mauritiana) on the Characteristics of Mercury-Contaminated Wastewater Munawir, Arif; Amrullah, Shafwan
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2025): Protech Biosystem Journal
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i1.30016

Abstract

Illegal Gold Mining in several areas of West Nusa Tenggara, particularly in Sumbawa, has had negative impacts on the environment, such as natural damage and environmental pollution, including water contamination with mercury. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in absorbents from coconut shell, candlenut shell, and bidara wood on the physical and chemical characteristics of mining wastewater. The method used in this research is experimental, involving testing with filtration equipment. This study employs three treatments (absorbent variations) and three repetitions for each treatment. The results indicate that the use of activated carbon from coconut shell, candlenut shell, and bidara wood can affect the color, TDS, pH, and mercury content in mining wastewater. Among the three variations of activated carbon, the treatment with bidara wood activated carbon proved to be the most effective in clarifying water color with a score of 1.4 (very clear), reducing TDS by 3570 ppm, improving pH to 7.63, and decreasing mercury content in the water to 1.39 µg/L.
Box Cooler Design on Duku Fruit Alcohol Distillation Machine with refrigerator cooling system Huda, Ahmad Akromul; Karyanik, Karyanik; Muanah, Muanah; Dewi, Earlyna Sinthia
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2025): Protech Biosystem Journal
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i1.33091

Abstract

This research aims to design and build an alcohol distillation machine made from duku fruit using a refrigerator cooling system and a box cooler as a condenser. The distillation machine utilizes a heating furnace to produce ethanol vapor from fermentation, which is then condensed in a cooled box cooler. Tests were conducted with variations in furnace temperature (110°C, 125°C, 140°C, and 155°C). The results show that the higher the heating temperature, the volume of distillate produced increases, from ±132 ml to ±330 ml. However, the ethanol content remained relatively low (10-20%) due to the low initial ethanol content of the fermentation and only one-stage distillation. These results show that the design of the device can function well on a laboratory scale, although further distillation is needed to increase the ethanol content. This research is expected to be the first step in developing a small-scale ethanol distillation device that is efficient and easy to implement.  
Growth and Yield Response of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) to NPK and Eco-Enzyme Application Wirman, Edi Wirman; Islami, Syaifuddin Islami; Indah, Indah Permata Sari
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2025): Protech Biosystem Journal
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i1.32788

Abstract

The study aimed to obtain the interaction of NPK and ecoenzymes on the growth and yield of soybean plants, thus reducing the use of NPK.  The experiment was conducted on dry land in Kuranji-Padang, at an altitude of 10 m above sea level, from May to August 2023.  The study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) (4 x 3) with 3 replications.  The first factor was ecoenzyme consisting of 3 levels; 0, 5, 10, and 15 ml/l water.  The second factor is NPK which consists of 3 levels, namely; 100, 200, and 250 kg/ha.  Parameters observed; plant height, number of primary branches, number of leaves, number of effective root nodules, number of pods per plant, number of empty pods, pod length, 100 seed weight, and dry weight of seeds/plot.  Data were investigated for variance, if the effect was significant, it was followed by the 5% level of Honest Real Difference (BNJ) test.  Data were analyzed using Statistix software ver. 8. The results showed a significant interaction between NPK 200 kg/ha with 0 ml/l ecoenzyme on the growth of soybean plant height. NPK at 200 kg/ha significantly affected the number of primary branches, the number of pods, and the dry weight of seeds/plot. Ecoenzyme was not significant on the number of primary branches, number of leaves, number of root nodules, or pod length of soybean plants.  Optimization of ecoenzymes needs to be done by reducing the rate of NPK fertilizer given.
Analysis of Briquette Characteristics with Variations in Raw Materials of Kapok Fruit Husk (Ceiba Pentandra) and Jatropha Fruit (Ceiba Pentandra) with Starch Adhesive Husdiana, Rani; Tanggasari, Devi; Nealma, Samuyus
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2025): Protech Biosystem Journal
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i1.30014

Abstract

Natural resources in Indonesia are abundant, but some are not utilized properly, resulting in environmental pollution waste, such as kapok fruit husk and jatropha fruit. This waste can be innovatively processed into briquettes. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of briquettes made from kapok fruit husk and jatropha fruit using starch adhesive. An experimental method was used with variations in raw material composition: P1=(KK 45:BJ 45:PR 10), P2=(KK 60:BJ 30:PR 10), and P3=(KK 90:PR 10). The research design applied a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to analyze significant data at a 0.05% level. The results showed that the lowest average moisture content was at P2 with a value of 1.69%, the lowest ash content was at P2 with a value of 9.10%, the lowest volatile matter content was at P3 with a value of 84.46%, the highest fixed carbon content was at P2 with a value of 4.80%, and the highest calorific value was at P3 with a value of 9,478%. The characteristics that meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI No.1683-2021) are only moisture content and calorific value, with the standard requiring moisture content <8-10% and calorific value >6,000. These results indicate that briquettes can serve as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel with potential for further development.
Infiltration rate in several land covers in the educational forest of Muhammadiyah University of Mataram Suhairin, Suhairin; Ihwanul, Aditya; Wiryono, Budy; Muliatiningsih, Muliatiningsih; Indrianti, Merita Ayu; Erlianingsih, Handriany
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2025): Protech Biosytem Journal (Desember)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i2.37708

Abstract

Infiltration rates across land cover vary depending on the type of land use. Several factors influencing soil physical properties include soil texture, organic matter, bulk density, porosity, aggregate stability, and water content. Low infiltration capacity impacts high runoff rates. Runoff has the potential to carry soil particles dislodged by rainwater to lower areas; this phenomenon is exacerbated if the land lacks shading vegetation. If continued, it will erode the topsoil, thinning the soil solum. The analysis results indicate that land covered by bananas, mixed gardens, heterogeneous forests, and shrubs has a very high infiltration rate. PCA results demonstrate a consistent relationship with basic soil science principles, particularly the relationship between soil structure, organic matter content, and infiltration rate. The positive correlation between porosity and infiltration rate reflects the role of the soil pore system in controlling water movement. The negative relationship between organic carbon and variables on the F1 axis indicates that increasing soil organic matter tends to be associated with changes in soil structure, leading to more stable and aggregative soil structures
THE EFFECT OF COCOPEAT AND HYDROTON GROWING MEDIA ON TOMATO PLANT GROWTH Julkarnain, Julkarnain; Muanah, Muanah; Suhairin, Suhairin; Marianah, Marianah; Wahyuni, Ida; Dewi, Earlyna Shintia
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2025): Protech Biosytem Journal (Desember)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i2.32157

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of cocopeat and hydroton growing media on the growth of tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) in polybag cultivation systems. The research used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), comprising six treatments and four replications. Observed parameters included plant height, leaf number, root length, and fresh and dry plant weights. The results showed that treatment P5 (50% soil + 50% hydroton) yielded the best outcomes across most parameters, such as plant height (47.75 cm), leaf number (12.50), root length (24.75 cm), and fresh stem weight (24.75 g). Conversely, treatment P2 (100% cocopeat) showed the lowest growth results. The study concludes that a combination of soil and hydroton is the most effective growing medium for supporting tomato plant growth. Further research is recommended through the generative phase to evaluate yield effects.
EFFECT OF GLYCEROL CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EDIBLE FILM MADE FROM KEPOK BANANA (Musa Paradisiaca) PEEL Safika, Nur Nik; Tanggasari, Devi
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2025): Protech Biosytem Journal (Desember)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i2.35389

Abstract

The increasing accumulation of synthetic plastic waste has become a major environmental concern, necessitating the development of environmentally friendly packaging alternatives, such as edible films. This approach contributes to the advancement of sustainable food packaging while simultaneously enhancing the value of agro-industrial waste. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different glycerol concentrations on the characteristics of edible films produced from kepok banana peels and agar. The parameters evaluated included moisture content, thickness, yield, and color. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three glycerol concentration treatments (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%), each performed in triplicate. The results showed that glycerol addition significantly affected the moisture content, yield, and color of the Edible films, but had no significant effect on thickness. A glycerol concentration of 1% produced the best results, characterized by optimal moisture content and flexibility, high yield, and brighter color. This study demonstrates that the utilization of kepok banana peel waste in Edible film production has strong potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastic packaging.
EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF MULCH TYPES WITH DRIP IRRIGATION AUTOMATION ON CELERY GROWTH PARAMETERS (Apium graveolens L.) Dewi, Endang Purnama; Sumarsono, Joko; Megawati, Megawati
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2025): Protech Biosytem Journal (Desember)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i2.36776

Abstract

Celery is a leafy vegetable that has many benefits. Celery growth is greatly influenced by climatic factors because this plant requires a sufficiently cool temperature to grow well. Extreme temperatures that are too hot or too cold can reduce celery production. This study evaluated the significance of various types of mulch (plastic, straw, and no mulch) combined with an automatic drip irrigation system on the growth of celery plants (Apium graveolens L.). The main objective was to determine the effectiveness of the treatments and analyze their impact on soil microclimate conditions (temperature and humidity). The method used was a field experiment conducted 30 days after planting (DAP). A total of 60 plants were planted in each bed with three mulch treatments, all of which used drip irrigation. Observations were made every three days at 08.00 WITA, covering growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, and number of branches) and soil microclimate parameters (temperature and humidity). The results showed that the type of mulch played an important role in modifying the microclimate and affecting celery growth. Although fertilization tended to increase plant height (although not statistically significant), straw mulch produced the highest results (approximately 10 cm). Meanwhile, the best vegetative growth (41 leaves and 2.87 branches) was achieved in the treatment without mulch that was fertilized. In terms of microclimate, plastic mulch recorded the highest soil temperature (28.29°C), while the highest soil moisture (23.66%) was observed in the combination of straw mulch without fertilizer. The results of the study show that the type of mulch effectively influences the microclimate conditions of the soil, which in turn supports celery growth. These results emphasize the importance of selecting the right mulch to create optimal conditions for celery cultivation with automatic drip irrigation.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTS OF CANDLENUT (Aleurites moluccanus) DRIED AT VARIOUS OVEN TEMPERATURES Afriana, Yusnia; Tanggasari, Devi
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2025): Protech Biosytem Journal (Desember)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i2.35434

Abstract

: The characteristics of dried candlenut are largely determined by temperature variations during drying. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in drying temperature on the fat content, protein content, and weight loss of candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus) seeds. Drying was carried out using an oven with three temperature variations, namely 40°C, 55°C, and 70°C. The parameters analyzed in this study included weight loss, water content, fat content, and protein content as indicators of quality and drying efficiency. The experimental design in this study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that increasing the drying temperature significantly affected the fat content and weight loss. A temperature of 70°C produced the highest fat content of 67.64%, while a temperature of 40°C showed the lowest content of 60.96%. In addition, the higher the drying temperature, the greater the level of weight loss that occurs due to faster and more effective water evaporation. Protein content also experienced changes, although not significant, but tended to be stable at medium to high drying temperatures. Based on these results, it can be concluded that a drying temperature of 70°C is the optimal temperature for increasing the fat content and drying efficiency of candlenuts without significantly reducing the protein content.
THE EFFECT OF TRADITIONAL TAPE YEAST (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) PERCENTAGE ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) Arini, Devina; Tanggasari, Devi
Protech Biosystems Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2025): Protech Biosytem Journal (Desember)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/protech.v5i2.35342

Abstract

Coconut is a highly promising crop due to the wide variety of products that can be derived from it. One important form of coconut utilization is its processing into Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). VCO can be produced through a fermentation method using yeast. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different percentages of traditional ragi tape (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the physical and chemical quality of VCO. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with a single factor consisting of four treatments: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% ragi tape starter, each with three replications. Physical quality parameters included aroma, taste, and color, while chemical quality parameters comprised moisture content, free fatty acid (FFA) content, and peroxide value. The results showed that the percentage of ragi tape had no significant effect on the physical quality of VCO but significantly affected yield and chemical quality. The highest yield (23.3%) was obtained at the 15% treatment; however, the moisture content at 10% and 15% did not meet the SNI 7381:2022 standard. FFA levels in all treatments complied with the standard, whereas peroxide values in all treatments exceeded the SNI limit. Considering the balance between yield and chemical quality, the 5% ragi tape treatment was determined to be the best.

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