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Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 14114283     EISSN : 26855062     DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia is a collection of publication journals, covering all aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences, including Technology of Formulations, Excipients Optimization, Extract and Herbal Standardizations, Pharmacological activity determination on natural sources, Drug Synthesize and Development, Molecular Biology, Antibiotic Screening, Metabolite Profiling and Quantification, Clinical Pharmacy, Health and Environmental issues, published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. We look forward to working with pharmaceutical community of researchers as we are intended to serve as a major resource for pharmaceutical information
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 19 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Volume 22, No 2 (2025)" : 19 Documents clear
Physical Characteristics of Clove Essential Oil Microemulsions: Comparison of PIC and Spontaneous Techniques with High Energy and Low Energy Methods Nugroho, Nazih Basuki; Sugihartini, Nining; Setianto, Arif Budi
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13286

Abstract

Clove flower essential oil (CFEO), which is useful as an anti-inflammatory, has characteristics that make it easily oxidised and sensitive to heat, so it is formulated in the form of a microemulsion preparation. This study aims to compare the effects of the Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) technique and spontaneous emulsification on the physical characteristics of microemulsions made using high and low-energy methods. The research began with the formulation of clove flower essential oil using the PIC technique and spontaneous emulsification based on the optimal composition from previous studies. The microemulsion was prepared at a stirring speed of 3600 rpm for high-energy and 360 rpm for low-energy. The parameters analysed included globule size, polydispersity index, viscosity, and physical stability against phase separation using centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 30 minutes. The results showed that in the high-energy method, the globule size and viscosity between the two techniques were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but the polydispersity index value in the PIC technique was lower than in spontaneous emulsification (p < 0.05), indicating a more uniform droplet distribution. In the low-energy method, the PIC technique significantly produced smaller droplet size, lower polydispersity index, and higher viscosity (p < 0.05), indicating better kinetic stability. Physical stability testing showed that all formulations remained homogeneous without phase separation. Overall, the PIC technique demonstrated superiority and consistency in producing more homogeneous and stable microemulsions. The low-energy method remains an economical and efficient alternative with proper surfactant composition optimisation.
Antibiotic Adjuvants from Natural Resources against Multi-Drug Resistance Bacteria Febrimarsa, Febrimarsa; Hatini, Lutfiah; Herabare, Regita Aulia; Sofia, Revina Gina
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13399

Abstract

The rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria signals the end of the antibiotic era, a global threat confirmed by the World Health Organization. Bacteria have evolved sophisticated resistance mechanisms, such as target modification, enzymatic drug inactivation, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation, which render many first-line antibiotics ineffective. In response, combination therapy has emerged as a critical strategy, historically proven effective in treating infections caused by pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori. This paper explores the use of natural compounds as antibiotic adjuvants to enhance or restore the efficacy of existing antibiotics. The success of Clavulanic Acid, a natural product combined with amoxicillin, serves as a prime example of this approach. Investigating the vast biodiversity of natural resources, such as those found in Indonesia, offers a promising avenue for discovering novel adjuvants. While numerous in vitro studies have identified promising combinations, translating these findings into successful animal models and clinical therapies remains a significant challenge.
In Silico Analysis of Momordica charantia L. as Antidiabetic Agents of GSK-3β Receptors and It's Antioxidant Activity Pramesthi, Asri Dwi Endah Dewi; Khairunnisa, Khairunnisa; Zuliet, Aurelia Nabilla; Putri, Melani Pebriana; Kustiawan, Paula Mariana
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13447

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is included in the group of degenerative diseases with the highest incidence rate globally. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds contained in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) as antidiabetic and antioxidant agents using an in silico approach. The methods used include molecular docking simulations, pharmacokinetic and toxicological  analyses were carried out using Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicology parameters as well as drug suitability tests based on the Lipinski rule of five. The test results showed that bitter melon juice obtained an IC50 of 63.18 μg/ml while vitamin C as a comparison obtained an IC50 of 7.60 μg/ml. The docking results show that the Kaemferol compound has the highest binding affinity (-6.64 Kcal/mol), Quercetin (-6.28 Kcal/mol) and Charantoside I (6.07 Kcal/mol) have stable binding energy, the interaction of charantin, quercetin, kaemferol and charantoside I residues is similar to native ligands such as Valine 135, Cysteine 199, Valine 70 and Lysine 85. Based on the ADMET profile results, the quercetin and kaemferol compounds have high absorption, Caco-2 permeability which supports oral bioavailability, and do not show the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which indicates safety for the central nervous system, as well as low AMES toxicity and hepatotoxicity. As the conclusion, kaempferol and quercetin compounds have  the potential as GSK-3β inhibitors. Antioxidant activity of bitter melon juice and vitamin C are categorized as strong. Further  research regarding the mechanism of action of Momordica charantia L. as an alternative therapeutic agent in the management of type  2 diabetes is needed. 
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content, and Total Flavonoid Content of Methanol Extract of Vernonia elaeagnifolia Leaves Using ABTS and DPPH Assays Sari, Asti Arum; Wulandari, Febri; Adiningsih, Minda Ustavia
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13498

Abstract

Vernonia elaeagnifolia, also known as Vernonia elliptica, is a member of the Asteraceae family and is known to contain phenol and flavonoid compounds. The study examining the activity of these active compounds in this plant is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of V. elaeagnifolia leaves. Phytochemical screening was conducted using tube tests, while TPC and TFC were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS and DPPH assays. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols in the methanolic extract. Quantitative analysis showed that TPC and TFC values were 81.26 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g and 54.02 ± 0.70 mg QE/g, respectively. The extract showed moderate antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 139.81 ± 0.62 µg/mL (ABTS) and 166.62 ± 3.72 µg/mL (DPPH), which were significantly different. These findings suggest that the ABTS assay is more effective in evaluating the antioxidant activity of V. elaeagnifolia leaf extract compared to the DPPH assay, and V. elaeagnifolia leaves have potential as a source of natural antioxidants. Further isolation and characterization of active compounds are recommended
Genomics and Network Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella flexneri from Raw Vegetables in Bangladesh for Risk Assessment and Targeted Therapeutic Intervention Islam, K M Tanjida; Shahin Mahmud
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13565

Abstract

Shigella flexneri increasingly poses a threat to public health in developing nations through the dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains via contaminated raw vegetables in urban agriculture systems. Despite extensive characterization of clinical isolates, the mechanistic insights and therapeutic vulnerabilities of food-borne S. flexneri strains from Bangladesh remain underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize MDR S. flexneri from Bangladeshi raw vegetables retrieved from the NCBI genome database and identify core and essential antibiotic-resistant genes as prioritized therapeutic targets. Whole-genome sequences of four S. flexneri strains isolated from tomatoes and green chilies across Gazipur and Dhaka were retrieved from NCBI GenBank and analyzed through comparative genomics to identify core genes and resistance determinants. Networks were constructed using the STRING database, followed by centrality-based topology analysis to identify hub genes that cross-referenced with the KEGG database and the Database of Essential Genes. Comparative analysis revealed 4273 core genes and 44 antibiotic resistance genes across all strains. Network topology analysis identified eight hub genes (tolC, acrA, emrK, yegO, yjcP, emrB, yjcR, evgS) based on degree, closeness, and betweenness centrality metrics. Five hub genes (tolC, acrA, emrK, emrB, evgS) were classified as essential for bacterial survival, representing critical nodes in efflux-mediated resistance and two-component regulatory systems. These essential hub genes constitute high-priority therapeutic targets whose disruption could compromise multidrug resistance mechanisms and bacterial viability in food-borne S. flexneri. Additionally, to mitigate their dissemination, raising public awareness on MDR pathogens from raw vegetables is recommended. 
Drug Repurposing In Modern Drug Discovery: Role of In Silico Study Islam, K.M. Tanjida
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13698

Abstract

Despite substantial pharmaceutical investments of approximately $50 billion annually, modern drug discovery yields only 20-25 new approvals, with traditional development requiring 12-15 years and success rates below 10%. Contemporary challenges, including high clinical failure rates, prolonged timelines, and limited preclinical predictive capacity, represent the current therapeutic debacle of de novo drug development. To address this critical scenario, drug repurposing is an appealing strategy for identifying novel therapeutic applications from existing approved drugs. However, traditional repurposing relies on serendipitous observations or resource-intensive screenings. In contrast, in silico drug repurposing is an emerging, hypothesis-driven approach leveraging big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, multi-omics analysis, and network pharmacology to predict drug-target interactions and therapeutic efficacy cost-effectively. Additionally, repurposing approaches, including in silico techniques, reduce development timelines to 3-12 years with enhanced success rates of approximately 25%, with 30% of FDA-approved drugs originating from repurposing initiatives. Therefore, computational drug repurposing substantially improves therapeutic development efficiency while requiring rigorous experimental validation for clinical translation. Here, we will review in silico methodologies exploited for drug repurposing across oncology, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders, and pandemic threats, alongside computational pharmacology assessment tools to address how the implementation of current in silico options can accelerate the robust drug repurposing opportunities.
Chemical profile of Leaves of Magana and NASE3 Varieties of Manihot esculentum Crantz Harvested from Bukedea District, Eastern Uganda Kayendeke, Joweria; Ssenku, Jamilu Edrisa; Kibedi, Cabral Bilal; Walusansa, Abdul; Wikantyasning, Erindyah Retno; Sari, Morita
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13791

Abstract

Cassava leaves are widely consumed worldwide, particularly in the Bukedea district of Uganda, for food, medicine, and fodder. The existing correlation between high cassava leaf consumption and organ toxicity and failure remains poorly established within the Bukedea district.  This investigation aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and toxicity profiles of cassava leaves consumed in the Bukedea District.  An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among 60 participants selected from three villages in Bukedea, using a pretested questionnaire and an interview guide.  The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical compositions of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of NASE3 and Magana varieties were determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).  Results were analyzed using R version 4.3.2 and presented as mean ± SD in tables, Graphical HPLC reports, and figures generated by GraphPad Prism @9.00.  An ethno-botanical survey revealed that NASE3 and Magana are the most commonly consumed varieties of cassava leaves, and highlighted their side effects.  Qualitatively, Magana had significantly more phytochemicals than NASE3, which mainly consisted of toxic compounds (p < 0.0001).  According to quantitative HPLC graphic reports, Magana had higher phytochemical concentrations than NASE3 (p < 0.0001).  No significant difference (p = 0.62-1.00, p > 0.0001) in the mean concentration of the same phytochemical ingredient between the two extracts of each cassava leaf variety was exhibited. In conclusion, communities in Bukedea District are vulnerable to toxic phytochemicals from consuming NASE3 and Magana cassava leaves.  Further studies on sub-acute and sub-chronic toxicity, the development of non-toxic cassava varieties, and chemical characterization are warranted.
Fruit and Vegetable Wastes: Review of Nutritional Composition, Antimicrobial Potential, and Sustainable Applications in Malaysia Poddar, Ruma; Kanathasan, Jayasree S; Ahmed, Idris Adewale
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13799

Abstract

Food waste, particularly from fruits and vegetables, represents a major environmental, economic, and social challenge worldwide. Fruit and vegetable peels, seeds, and trimmings are typically discarded, despite being rich in essential nutrients, dietary fibers, bioactive compounds, and minerals. Recent research highlights their potential as renewable resources for nutraceuticals, bioenergy, edible films, and antimicrobial agents. In Malaysia, the rapid expansion of the agro-industrial sector has increased fruit waste generation, especially from highly consumed products such as mango, watermelon, and rambutan. This paper reviews the proximate composition of common fruit and vegetable wastes and their potential applications in addressing food security, antimicrobial resistance, and sustainable waste management. The role of computational bioinformatics, molecular docking, and nanotechnology in enhancing the utilization of bioactive compounds from food waste is also discussed. The study underscores the importance of integrating proximate analysis with innovative biotechnological strategies to reduce municipal solid waste while contributing to public health and sustainable development goals.
Medication Adherence and Quality of Life in Patients With Depression at Psychiatric Hospital in Surakarta, Indonesia Yulianti, Tri; Adha, Dinda Caesaria
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13964

Abstract

Non-adherence to depression treatment may result in elevated risk of disease development, morbidity, and premature mortality, along with a deterioration in quality of life. This study is to investigate the correlation between medication adherence and quality of life among patients with depression receiving treatment in a psychiatric hospital in Surakarta, Indonesia. This cross-sectional quantitative study on depression was undertaken at the Psychiatric Hospital in Surakarta from March to June 2025. The instruments employed were the MARS-10 and WHOQoL-BREF questionnaires, both of which were translated into Indonesian. Spearman’s rho was used to assess the correlation between medication adherence and quality-of-life ratings. SPSS 29 was used to analyse, with a p-value < 0.05 deemed significant. Of the 110 patients who participated, the majority were aged 18-35 years (51.8%), female (51.8%), had 12 years of education or more (62.7%), and were unmarried (57.3%). A majority were employed (59.1%), received treatment for 6-12 months (46.4%), and exhibited no comorbidities (90.9%). The mean treatment adherence score among patients was 8.15 ± 2.02. Sixty-three patients (57.3%) demonstrated good adherence to their medication. The correlation test results between treatment adherence and the quality of life in patients with depression indicated a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001; r = 0.550). Increased adherence to medication correlates positively with improved quality of life in patients suffering from depression.

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