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Dalihan Na Tolu : Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Published by SEAN INSTITUTE
ISSN : -     EISSN : 29639700     DOI : https://doi.org/10.58471
Core Subject : Education, Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Other
Dalihan Na Tolu adalah jurnal dibidang ilmu Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi. Kata Dalihan Na Tolu merupakan suatu Filosofi Kebudayaan Batak yang mempunyai makna “tungku berkaki tiga” yang berarti tidak boleh kehilangan salah satu kaki sehingga menyebabkan ketimpangan karena tidak ada penopang. Jurnal Dalihan Na Tolu memiliki ruang lingkup: HUKUM, POLITIK,KOMUNIKASI,Dalihan Na Tolu terbit 2 kali dalam setahun, setiap bulan Juni dan Desember yang diterbitkan oleh SEAN Institute. Redaksi mengundang para akademisi, peneliti, aktivis dan mahasiswa untuk mengirimkan naskahnya sesuai dengan scope Jurnal Dalihan Na Tolu.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 34 Documents
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Reformulating Product Liability for Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Analysis of Causation Theories in Indonesian and Kuwaiti Civil Law Zein Samsia Ibrahim
Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Publisher : SEAN Institute

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Abstract

The development of autonomous vehicles as a disruptive technological product presents serious challenges to civil law, particularly in determining manufacturer liability when accidents occur. The causation theory that underpins civil liability in Indonesia and Kuwait has not yet explicitly accommodated the complexity of artificial intelligence decisions, which are non-linear and multi-factorial. This research employs a normative legal method with a comparative law approach between the Indonesian Civil Code and the Kuwaiti Civil Code (Law No. 67 of 1980). The analysis reveals that Indonesian law, which alternately applies the conditio sine qua non theory and the proximate cause theory, fails to provide certainty and justice due to its binary approach. By contrast, Kuwaiti law adopts a gradation of causality through the distinction between al-sabab al-mubasyir (direct cause) and al-sabab al-mutasabib (indirect cause), and imposes strict liability for dangerous objects under Article 229. Based on this comparison, this study formulates a manufacturer liability reform through three pillars: tiered liability based on SAE automation levels, reversal of the burden of proving causality at high automation levels, and the establishment of mandatory insurance and a no-fault compensation fund. This reform requires amendments to the Indonesian Civil Code or the enactment of a special law on artificial intelligence and autonomous vehicles. In conclusion, Indonesia should adopt Kuwait's tiered approach to make manufacturer liability fairer, more adaptive, and legally certain in the era of technological disruption.
Critical Examination of the Circumstantial Evidence Threshold in Competition Law: Obstacle or Legal Certainty? Fatma Astiti Harun
Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Publisher : SEAN Institute

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Abstract

The use of circumstantial evidence is indispensable in competition law enforcement, as direct evidence of anticompetitive agreements is rarely available. However, the appropriate threshold for such evidence remains deeply contested, raising a fundamental tension between effective deterrence and legal certainty. This normative legal research, employing comparative and teleological analysis of Indonesian, European Union, and United States jurisprudence, critically examines whether the circumstantial evidence threshold operates as an obstacle to enforcement or as a safeguard for predictability. The findings reveal that an excessively high threshold requiring exclusion of all plausible alternative explanations creates a safe harbor for sophisticated cartels, particularly disadvantaging agencies with limited investigative powers such as Indonesia's KPPU. Conversely, an overly low and unstructured threshold risks false positives, condemning legitimate parallel conduct in oligopolistic markets and chilling pro-competitive behavior. Neither extreme is defensible. The study concludes that the optimal framework lies in a balanced, structured approach: competition authorities must present a consistent and objective body of circumstantial facts establishing a plausible inference of collusion, after which defendants may articulate non-collusive alternatives, with the ultimate burden remaining on the authority. This balanced threshold harmonizes enforcement efficacy with legal certainty, ensuring that competition law protects consumer welfare without sacrificing due process.
Reconstructing the Sentencing Paradigm: From Normative Dimensions to Human Rights‑Based Implementation in Indonesia's New Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code Diwan Jagad Raya Mohamad
Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Publisher : SEAN Institute

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Abstract

The enactment of Indonesia's new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023) marks a historic normative shift from the colonial‑era retributive paradigm toward a pluralistic sentencing framework that explicitly integrates rehabilitation, restorative justice, and human rights protection. However, this legislative achievement remains incomplete and largely aspirational unless accompanied by effective implementation. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to critically examine the gaps between the new Code's human rights‑based provisions and the entrenched realities of judicial practice. The analysis identifies three fundamental barriers: a deeply rooted punitive judicial culture that defaults to imprisonment even when alternative sanctions are legally available; severe institutional capacity deficits, including understaffed probation services and the absence of national databases for community‑based programs; and the lack of meaningful appellate accountability for proportionality and human rights compliance. Without comprehensive strategies judicial training on human rights‑based sentencing, the establishment of a Sentencing Commission to develop empirical guidelines, procedural reforms to strengthen the draft Criminal Procedure Code, and sustained investment in alternative sanctions the new KUHP risks becoming a dead letter. The conclusion affirms that normative reform alone is insufficient; genuine reconstruction requires operational machinery, cultural transformation, and unwavering political commitment to place human dignity at the center of every sentence imposed.
Weaknesses of E-Commerce Regulations in Protecting Couriers from Consumer Default Risk in COD Transactions Diwan Jagad Raya Mohamad; Dolot Alhasni Bakung; Fitran Amrain
Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Dalihan Na Tolu: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Publisher : SEAN Institute

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Abstract

The rapid growth of e-commerce and cash-on-delivery (COD) transactions in Indonesia has exposed a critical regulatory gap: delivery couriers remain legally unprotected against consumer default, despite bearing substantial operational and financial risks. This study examines the weaknesses of Indonesian e-commerce regulations in protecting couriers from consumer default in COD transactions. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by empirical data from semi-structured interviews with couriers and documentation of dispute cases, this study reveals two fundamental regulatory failures. First, the current legal framework, particularly Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, remains trapped in an outdated bipartite paradigm that recognizes only consumers and business actors, rendering couriers legally invisible and devoid of clear legal standing. Second, existing protections are exclusively repressive, responding to harm only after disputes or violence occur, while no preventive mechanisms such as mandatory compensation schemes, buyer verification systems, or accessible dispute resolution exist to deter consumer default or mitigate couriers' economic losses. Consequently, couriers bear the entire risk of default despite having no control over product quality or consumer conduct. This study concludes that legislative reform is urgently needed to recognize couriers as distinct legal subjects and to establish preventive-protective regulations ensuring justice for essential workers in Indonesia's digital economy.

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