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An Analysis of Compliment Strategies, Structural Patterns, and Pragmatic Functions in Gen Z Social Media Interactions Anindita, Maharani Laksmi; Ymaniyar, Nurul Apriani; Rahma, Nurul Na’imahtul
Rainbow : Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v14i2.35524

Due to exposure to social media and evolving spoken language, younger generations are highly likely to develop different structure of compliments. This study aims to analyze the compliments used by the younger generation, specifically Generation Z (Gen Z), in social media TikTok. This study focused on the compliments' strategy, structure, and function. This research is a qualitative study with descriptive-comparative analysis. Two different procedures were used to obtain the data on compliments, the first procedure is to observe the TikTok videos and comments under the “Gen-Z Compliments” trend and the second is through naturalistic observation of a wide range of TikTok videos during the last 3 months, from June to August 2025. Of the total of 43 compliments identified, compliments with indirect strategies are more favored by Generation Z. Syntactically, the most used patterns are patterns [I (like/love) you, (please) (neg [don’t + v + NP])] and [You ADJ, I’m VP [(Vcont + NP)/(PP)]]. The indirect compliments do not have a fixed syntactic pattern. However, two linguistic features are used: semantic shifts and hyperbole. The function of these compliments also focuses solely on expressing admiration and increasing solidarity.

Meranaw Language Vitality in Select Lanao Municipalities: A Preliminary Assessment Alican M. Pandapatan; Sittie Aina T. Pandapatan; Basmah S. Hussain; Aisah Jamayesah A. Hadji Jamel; Norjanah U. Hadji Socor; Sittie Zinab M. Abaton; Norhamidah H. Singer; Adiah A. Ali; Isnihaya M. Ampuan; Johara D. Alangca-Azis
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.29649

Language vitality is determined using various forms of language vitality measurements. One of these is the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) developed by Lewis and Simons (2010). Meranaw, coded as [mrw] in Ethnologue, is a language under the Danao Language group and is reported endangered. This is seconded by a dissertation declaring it as Level 6b (threatened). Motivated by this reported language status, the researchers, who are native speakers of the said language, conducted this study to assess its vitality. Informants were selected through purposive sampling in four major divisions of the Meranaw communities. Different generations were also considered as a criterion for informant selection. The study revealed that the Meranaw language is vitally safe and is used in different domains in the province. These findings are contrary to the reported status above. The challenges perceived in language maintenance are the weakening use of language at home, influence of education and language policy, shifting language attitudes among speakers, influence of media, technology, and younger generation, migration and language attrition, and vocabulary loss. On the other hand, the initiatives reported include the home-based language initiatives, role of schools and formal education, documentation and material development, institutional and government support, and social media content creation. This entails updates on language dynamism and stability in inner and outer communities should be defined well to ensure vitality status. The study recommends another investigation using another instrument to cross-check the status of the Meranaw language.

Night Entities in Orion and the Dark (2024) as Representation of Children’s Nyctophobia: A Semiotics Analysis Nurul Irmah Agustina; Ajeng Rahma Puspita; Mia Fitria Agustina; Ririn Kurnia Trisnawati
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.32501

Nyctophobia is a fear of the dark that is common among children, especially at night. Stereotypes of night as a quiet, lonely and mysterious time of day reinforce this fear. This study examines how the night entity characters in Orion and the Dark (2024) represent Orion's fear of darkness. While most previous studies have focused on main character or narrative structures, few have explored how supporting characters symbolically shape children’s emotional development. Addressing this gap, the present study interprets the night entities as semiotic representations that influence Orion’s perception of darkness during his childhood. Using a qualitative approach and Barthes' semiotic theory, the analysis shows that denotatively, the night entities are shown in a variety of colors that explicitly describe their behaviors and characters. Connotatively, these colors and behaviors form symbolic meanings related to emotions such as fear, tranquility, and anxiety. These meanings have developed into a myth that night is synonymous with scary things. However, Dark's character who is portrayed as protective becomes a turning point for Orion, showing that night through other entities can also bring serenity and beauty. Hence, through the analysis of signs and meanings based on Barthes’ semiotic framework, this study suggests that positive representations and supportive interactions contribute to reshaping children’s perceptions of darkness, thereby helping to overcome nyctophobia and improve their mental health and well-being.

Vibranium and Technological Hybridity: Neo-Colonial Anxiety in Black Panther Anggy Rahayu Larasati; E. Ngestirosa Endang Woro Kasih
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.34603

This study aims to analyze the film Black Panther (2018) through Homi K. Bhabha’s postcolonial concepts of hybridity, ambivalence, and the Third Space to explore the negotiation of identity, technology, and power within an African context. Using a qualitative-descriptive method, this research examines selected dialogues and narrative scenes to reveal how the film constructs ideological tensions between T’Challa and Killmonger as two responses to colonial trauma reform and radical resistance. Vibranium functions not only as a source of technological advancement but also as a symbolic site of neo-colonial anxiety. Furthermore, Wakanda emerges as a hybrid state that embodies both cultural heritage and modern progress, while exposing the vulnerabilities of postcolonial nations to global exploitation. The findings suggest that Black Panther transcends the conventional boundaries of the superhero genre, offering a critical reflection on technological hybridity, racial identity, and postcolonial futures in the era of globalization.

Enacting Spousal Dominance through Language: An SFL Analysis of Mr. Kirsha in Midaq Alley Ali Mohammed Saleh Al-Hamzi
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.37050

This paper investigates the linguistic construction of spousal dominance, especially in the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Kirsha, in the novel Midaq Alley by Naguib Mahfouz. The approach to this study is underpinned by Systemic Functional Linguistics, focusing on the linguistic construction of patriarchy in the Egyptian culture during the1940s. Compared with various analytical frameworks on one case, the major framework adopted in this analytical study is Systemic Functional Linguistics, illustrating the interplay of the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions to construct spousal dominance. The results of the dialogic event analysis, which included commands, threats, and moral or religious justifications, following the ethnographic approach developed by Spradley, support the hypothesis that Mr. Kirsha wields his spousal dominance with directive control, moral justification, and authorization, while Mrs. Kirsha resists it with challenges, moral condemnation, and confrontational talk, thus articulating the sociocultural realities of the Egyptian gender discourses.

Indigenous Onomastics in Zakes Mda’s The Heart of Redness: Anthroponymic and Toponymic Practices in a Postcolonial Context Pule Seabi; Edward Montle; Mphoto Mogoboya
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.40492

The continuous usage of colonial languages in Africa during and after colonisation creates an identity crisis in onomastics. African indigenous names have been polluted and replaced with colonial names due to the influence of colonial languages. Colonialism impacted the names of places and people in the African space, language played a major role, and black people started to adopt the colonial language and named themselves with this foriegn language. Thus, this paper analyses Zakes Mda` s novel titled The Heart of Redness (2000) to investigate African identity-crisis through the onomastics of people (anthroponyms) and places (toponyms) of the indegenous (south) African people. The paper uses a qualitative research methodology to probe the colonial undertones within the names of people and places in the present day (South) Africa through prism of Mda` s selected literary text.

Media Framing of Disaster Governance in Indonesia: A Pan and Kosicki Analysis of Tempo’s “High Prestige of Emergency Disaster” Alif Alqausar
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.40637

This study examines how Tempo magazine framed the 2025 Sumatra flood disaster by applying the framing analysis model proposed by Pan and Kosicki. Using a qualitative approach, the research analyzes ten news articles published in Tempo’s cover story package “High Prestige of Emergency Disaster” (December 8, 2025 edition), encompassing editorial, political, environmental, and human-interest sections. The findings show that Tempo consistently constructed the disaster not as a purely natural event, but as a governance-driven crisis shaped by ignored early warnings, delayed political decision-making, and long-term environmental degradation. Through evaluative headlines, causal narrative structures, thematic coherence, and rhetorical strategies emphasizing moral responsibility, the magazine foregrounded state accountability and challenged official narratives that normalized the disaster as unavoidable. This framing positioned anticipatory failure, rather than emergency response alone, as the central problem in disaster management. The study contributes to framing theory by demonstrating the continued relevance of Pan and Kosicki’s model for analyzing complex disaster coverage and enriches scholarship on media, risk governance, and environmental communication in Indonesia. The findings highlight the role of critical journalism in shaping public understanding of disasters and underscore the importance of anticipatory governance and transparent risk communication in disaster-prone societies.

Functional and Pragmatic Approaches to Subtitling in Digital Media: Evidence from a Systematic Review Meutya Rizki Ramadhani; Nurul Widiatul Ihsan; Fatma Setya Ningrum; Destina Kasriyati
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.41936

In today’s digitally mediated communication landscape, subtitling has shifted from a peripheral linguistic transfer to a central practice of meaning-making that shapes comprehension, emotion, and engagement across online platforms. This study addresses the fragmentation of existing subtitling research by systematically reviewing recent scholarship on functional and pragmatic approaches to subtitling in digital media. Guided by the PRISMA protocol, the review identified, screened, and synthesized 10 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2020 and 2025, retrieved from the Scopus database. Each study was analysed using thematic coding to capture recurrent concepts related to functional orientation, pragmatic strategy, audience reception, and platform affordances. The results reveal a paradigmatic shift in audiovisual translation: subtitles are now designed less for linguistic equivalence and more for communicative efficiency, emotional resonance, and cognitive accessibility. Five key themes emerged: reconfiguration of subtitling ecology, platform-specific adaptation, audience reception, automation and pragmatic adequacy, and pedagogical expansion, illustrating how subtitles serve as multimodal discourse tools within interactive digital ecosystems. The discussion highlights the novelty of integrating functionalist and pragmatic paradigms to reconceptualise subtitling as an audience-oriented discourse practice rather than a technical by-product. This review contributes to a more holistic theoretical understanding of subtitling while offering implications for translation pedagogy, digital media design, and cross-cultural communication. Future research is encouraged to explore comparative platform studies and AI-mediated subtitling to enhance cognitive and pragmatic effectiveness in rapidly evolving digital contexts.

Framing the “Other”: Literary and Media Representations of Pastoral Conflict in Kenya and Uganda Johnson Ocan; Marus Eton; Joan-Ndamiira Kyarimpa; John Baptist Imokola
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.42528

Pastoral conflicts in East Africa are frequently narrated through discourses that construct pastoral communities as cultural “others,” shaping public perceptions and policy responses. Although scholarship has examined pastoral conflict from political, environmental, and socio-economic perspectives, less attention has been paid to how literary texts and media narratives together frame pastoral identities across national contexts. This study addresses this gap by comparatively examining representations of pastoral “others” in Kenya and Uganda through literary and journalistic narratives. The study draws on framing theory and the concept of othering to explain how narratives construct social identities by emphasizing difference, marginality, and cultural stereotypes. Methodologically, it adopts a comparative qualitative design that integrates literary analysis with media discourse analysis. The Kenyan case focuses on depictions of the Maasai in the works of Henry Ole Kulet, while the Ugandan case examines media portrayals of Balaalo herders in selected newspaper reports and digital news platforms. Texts were purposively sampled to capture dominant narratives of pastoral conflict and inter-community relations. The findings reveal that both literary and media narratives frame pastoral groups through discourses of cultural alterity, mobility, and contested land relations. However, important differences emerge: Kulet’s fiction tends to humanize the Maasai by foregrounding cultural identity, resilience, and historical marginalization, whereas Ugandan media coverage frequently constructs Balaalo herders through conflict-centered frames that emphasize land disputes, insecurity, and tensions with subsistence farming communities. By juxtaposing literary imagination with media representation, the study demonstrates how narrative forms shape public understandings of pastoral conflict in East Africa.

Corporate Storytelling and Sustainability in Skincare Brand Websites: A Multimodal Discourse Analysis Gisna Auliya; Sajidin; Lina Herlina
Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/rainbow.v15i1.42535

This study examines how corporate storytelling on skincare brand websites constructs sustainability and ethical values through multimodal discourse. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the research applies Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis grounded in Kress and van Leeuwen’s visual grammar framework. The data comprise visual and verbal texts from the official websites of two skincare brands from different countries: From This Island (Indonesia) and Innisfree (South Korea). The analysis focuses on representational, interactive, and compositional meanings to uncover how brand values are ideologically framed and naturalized through multimodal resources. The findings indicate that both brands strategically mobilize visual grammar to legitimize sustainability and ethical claims, positioning them as integral to brand identity. The interplay between visual and verbal modes functions to enhance audience engagement and credibility while simultaneously commodifying ethical narratives. This study concludes that corporate storytelling on skincare websites operates as a strategic multimodal discourse that shapes consumer perception and reinforces corporate ideologies.

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rainbow@mail.unnes.ac.id

Editorial Address
Sekaran, Kec. Gn. Pati, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50229

Location
Kota semarang,

Jawa tengah

INDONESIA

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name -

Contact Email rainbow@mail.unnes.ac.id

Phone -

Journal Mail Official rainbow@mail.unnes.ac.id

Editorial Address Sekaran, Kec. Gn. Pati, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50229

Location Kota semarang, Jawa tengah INDONESIA

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Contact Name
-

Contact Email
rainbow@mail.unnes.ac.id

Phone
-

Journal Mail Official
rainbow@mail.unnes.ac.id

Editorial Address
Sekaran, Kec. Gn. Pati, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50229

Location
Kota semarang,

Jawa tengah

INDONESIA