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Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/jbat
Core Subject : Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbaurkan is a scientific journal which is focusing on the research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physicochemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Teknik Kimia (Lain-Lain)
Articles 20 Documents
 1   2 
Impact of Bagasse Carbonization Temperature on Activated Carbon Properties for Chromium Hexavalent Adsorption and an Environmental Analysis A.S. Dwi Saptati Nur Hidayati; Maulida Zumrotul Azizah; Nur Rochmah Septia Amanda; Dian Rahmawati
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): June 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i1.23601

Abstract

The electroplating industry releases a high concentration of Chromium Hexavalent [Cr(VI)] up to 48.7 mg/L, significantly surpassing the quality standard of 0.1 mg/L. The activated carbon adsorption process is a cost-effective and straightforward approch to reducing the concentration of Cr(VI). Activated carbon can be produced from bagasse which is rich in cellulose. Due to limited information on the effect of carbonization temperature on the properties of activated carbon from bagasse, this study aims to identify the effect of carbonization temperature range from 450°C to 600°C and how it affects the performance of adsorbing Cr(VI). In addition, this study analyses the environmental impact of activated carbon production from bagasse with different temperature operating conditions through life cycle assessment. The research has four stages: carbonization, activation, adsorption, and environmental impact analysis. The result indicates that higher temperatures enhance the performance of activated carbon to adsorb Cr(VI) and produce the best-activated carbon quality. However, the environmental impact of performing at the highest temperature (600°C) is also the highest while having the lowest yield. Therefore, a temperature of 550°C is suggested to achieve fair product quality with good adsorbing performance, high yield, and less harming the environment. The hotspots of the production process lie in the freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, acidification, and human toxicity due to using of H2SO4 and electricity.
Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Green Mussel Shells Using Micro-wave Method Through Ultrasonic Mixing Process and Magnetic Stirrer Stirring Agus Prasetyo; Risky Ismail; A. P. Bayuseno; Samsudin Anis; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Muhammad Afrizal; Januar Parlaungan Siregar
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): June 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i1.25497

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a biomaterial containing calcium phosphate with the chemical formula which is similar to the structure of human bone, so it is good for the purpose of healing human bones and teeth. HAp synthesis has several methods that can affect the results of HAp synthesis, such as the method of mixing CaO with phosphate, namely mixing with ultrasonic machines and magnetic stirrers. However, the discussion about the difference of HAp results with the mixing method of ultrasonic machine and magnetic stirrer is still rarely done. Therefore, it is important to examine and compare the characteristics of HAp synthesized by ultrasonic and magnetic stirrer mixing. The result of XRD test shows that HA1 has a purity of weight percentage (wt.%) of HAp crystal of 99.8%, while HA2 has a weight percentage (wt.%) of HAp crystal of 97.7%. For the FTIR test results of both specimens detected the presence of phosphate groups, and hydoxide, where both are the basic form of hydroxyapatite. Carbonate groups were also detected in the test, but it cannot be said to be bad because carbonate is a natural substitute for phosphate. 
The Effect of KNO3 Addition on the Properties of Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes Achmad Erlangga Bintang Samodra; Fitriyana, Deni Fajar; samsudin anis; janviter manalu; Al Ichlas Imran; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Tezara Cionita
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): June 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i1.26289

Abstract

This research investigates the effects of incorporating potassium nitrate (KNO₃) into coconut shell charcoal briquettes, emphasizing their physical and chemical characteristics. Briquettes were manufactured utilizing coconut shell charcoal powder, tapioca flour as a binder, and different concentrations of KNO₃ (0% and 10%) as an additive. The aim was to assess the impact of KNO₃ incorporation on the water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, and density of the briquettes. The findings indicated that incorporating KNO₃ resulted in elevated water and ash content, adversely affecting combustion efficiency. Briquettes with increased water content demonstrated reduced mechanical strength and inferior combustion performance. The addition of KNO₃ led to an increased volatile matter content, facilitating ignition of the briquettes while simultaneously resulting in higher smoke emissions. The addition of KNO₃ resulted in a decrease in fixed carbon content, which subsequently lowered the calorific value of the briquettes. The formulation without KNO₃ produced the densest briquette, suggesting that including KNO₃ reduced the briquette density. The inclusion of KNO₃ enhances ignition characteristics; however, it concurrently diminishes the briquettes' overall quality regarding combustion efficiency and calorific value. The Briquette B_1 exhibited the highest results in this investigation, with water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon content, calorific value, and density values of 4.97%, 1.87%, 17.25%, 80.88%, 7014 Cal/g, and 0.90 g/cm³, respectively.
Utilization of Biochar from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Mixed Biomass Waste for Bio Briquette Production Selvia, Dewi; Prasetiawan, Haniif; Bahlawan, Zuhriyan Ash Siddieqy; Muhammad Waskito; Christina May Putri Cahyaningrum
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.26354

Abstract

The increasing depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the need for sustainable energy alternatives have accelerated research on biomass-based briquettes. This study investigates the effect of different catalyst types (6% zeolite, 6% activated carbon, and no catalyst) and binder concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) on the physicochemical properties of bio briquettes derived from a mixture of sugarcane bagasse, palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS), and rice husk. Key performance parameters analyzed include moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. The lowest moisture content (2.1%) was obtained using 6% zeolite with 15% binder, while the lowest ash content (5%) was recorded using 6% activated carbon with 5% binder. In terms of energy potential, the highest calorific value (4431.42 cal/g) was achieved with 6% zeolite and 5% binder. However, none of the samples met the SNI 01-6235-2000 calorific value standard (>5000 cal/g), though all met the ESDM minimum threshold (>3500 cal/g), indicating their potential for domestic use. Statistical analysis revealed a quadratic relationship between binder concentration and both moisture and calorific value, highlighting the importance of formulation optimization. The results demonstrate that catalyst type and binder concentration play a critical role in determining the quality of bio briquettes, and a balance between low moisture, minimal ash, and high calorific value must be achieved for practical application. This study supports the development of eco-friendly and renewable solid fuels as a viable substitute for fossil fuels in household energy needs.
Process Simulation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Pyrolysis using Open-Source DWSIM: Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Product Yields Utomo, Dani Puji; Andri Cahyo Kumoro; Muhammad Haqqiyuddin Robbani
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): June 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i1.28723

Abstract

This study investigates the pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) using the open-source process simulation software DWSIM to evaluate the impact of temperature on product distribution, particularly bio-oil, biochar, and pyrolysis gas. OPEFB, an abundant lignocellulosic waste from Indonesia’s palm oil industry, holds significant potential as a renewable biomass feedstock. The simulation model was developed based on thermochemical conversion principles and was validated against selected experimental data from the literature. Results show that pyrolysis temperature significantly influences the yield and composition of the products. The gas yield increased with temperature up to 460°C, dominated by CO, CO₂, and H₂ due to the decomposition of volatile organic matter. However, gas yield declined beyond 460°C, likely due to secondary reactions converting gas precursors into liquid products. The optimal temperature was found to be around 510°C, offering a balanced yield of bio-oil and gas with minimal biochar formation. The chemical composition of bio-oil included furfural, phenols, alcohols, and acetic acid—compounds derived from the breakdown of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Biochar yield decreased with temperature, but its quality improved in terms of carbon content and fixed carbon fraction. This study highlights the utility of DWSIM as an accessible and transparent tool for simulating biomass pyrolysis. Future work should focus on refining the kinetic parameters, experimental validation of simulation results, and integrating downstream processing for fuel and chemical recovery.
Conversion of Palm Cooking Oil to Bio-Plasticizer by Sulfuric Acid Catalyzed Hendriyana, Hendriyana; Andini Hizbiyati
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): December 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i2.24533

Abstract

The increasing environmental and health concerns associated with conventional phthalate-based plasticizers have driven research toward sustainable alternatives. This study investigates the epoxidation of palm cooking oil (PCO) using sulfuric acid as a catalyst to produce epoxidized palm cooking oil (EPCO) as a bio-based plasticizer. The epoxidation process was conducted at various temperatures and catalyst concentrations to evaluate their effects on iodine value, double bond conversion, and viscosity. Optimal epoxidation was achieved at 50 °C and 1 wt% sulfuric acid, resulting in an iodine value of 1.86 g I₂/100 g and a C=C conversion rate of 65.53%. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of oxirane rings, as evidenced by the appearance of C–O–C stretching peaks. The epoxidized product exhibited increased viscosity and density, indicating successful structural modification. Furthermore, blending tests with PVC showed good miscibility and plasticizing performance, supporting EPCO’s potential application as a renewable, non-toxic plasticizer in polymer processing.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bio-Oil From Pyrolysis of Moringa Oleifera Seeds Using Microwave Technology Abram Puspa Pramudita; samsudin anis; Wahyudi; Fitriyana, Deni Fajar; Halim, Sonika Maulana; Sukarni
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): December 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i2.29284

Abstract

This research aims to assess the potential of bio-oil from Moringa oleifera seeds through the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics resulting from the pyrolysis process. Raw materials in the form of Moringa oleifera seed powder were pyrolyzed at 400°C using a microwave reactor. To create oxygen free pyrolysis conditions, nitrogen gas was constantly flowed into the system at a rate of 0.15 NL/min. The process temperature was monitored using a K-type thermocouple, and the reaction was stopped when condensed vapor output was no longer observed. The pyrolysis products in the form of bio-oil and bio-char were then collected and weighed to determine the product fraction. Furthermore, the bio-oil was analyzed to determine its physical and chemical properties, including density, pH, and an indication of its constituent compound components. The results showed that pyrolysis under these conditions produced a dominant amount of bio-char (54.3%) and bio-oil of 24.7% of the total weight. The bio-oil obtained had a high density, in the range of 0.97-1.00 g/cm³, with a relatively acidic pH of 4.5-5.5. Although the bio-oil yield is not high, its complex chemical properties, particularly the content of phenolic compounds, nitriles, and amides, show great potential to be developed as a valuable bio-chemical base material such as antioxidants, biophenols, resins, and bioplastic raw materials. These findings strengthen the prospect of Moringa oleifera seeds as a strategic local biomass for sustainable bioindustry.
EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-CHAR DERIVED FROM THE PYROLYSIS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS Muhammad Ziddun Ni’am; Wahyudi; Fitriyana, Deni Fajar; Sonika Maulana; Sukarni; Samsudin Anis
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): December 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i2.29285

Abstract

This study aims to assess the potential of bio-char derived from Moringa oleifera seeds through an evaluation of its physical and chemical properties. Moringa oleifera seeds were processed into fine powder, dried, and then subjected to pyrolysis at 400°C using a microwave reactor. Nitrogen gas was introduced before and during the pyrolysis process to create a low-oxygen environment. The pyrolysis continued until no more condensable vapors were detected, indicating that the thermal decomposition process had reached completion. The resulting bio-char was collected and analyzed to determine its physical and chemical characteristics, including proximate analysis (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), calorific value, and density. The results showed that the bio-char from Moringa oleifera seed powder had a very high fixed carbon content of 79.13% and low volatile matter. The calorific value reached 25.04 MJ/kg, which is comparable to that of low-rank coal. Additionally, the bio-char had a density of 0.905 g/cm³, which is relatively high compared to most biomass-derived bio-chars. These characteristics indicate that bio-char from Moringa oleifera seeds holds significant potential for use as a solid fuel in the form of briquettes or pellets, as a biomass energy source, and as a long-term carbon storage medium for climate change mitigation.
Thermodynamic Modelling of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Bio-Oil Derived from Multi-Feedstock Biomass Pyrolysis Syauqi, Alifyan; Fardhyanti, Dewi Selvia; Prasetiawan, Haniif
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): December 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i2.40030

Abstract

Biomass exhibits substantial potential as a renewable energy source in the form of bio-oil; however, further upgrading is required, including the separation of phenolic compounds through liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). Previous studies on LLE modelling of bio-oil have explored variations in feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, extraction temperature, solvent selection, and thermodynamic models. This study focuses on thermodynamic modelling of phenol extraction from bio-oil derived from the pyrolysis of mixed biomass using the NRTL, UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC models. The objectives are to evaluate the influence of extraction temperature and to identify the most suitable thermodynamic model for phenol extraction from bio-oil produced by mixed biomass waste pyrolyzed at 500 °C. The results demonstrate that extraction temperature significantly influences the LLE behaviour of phenol extraction from mixed biomass waste bio-oil across all evaluated models. Correlation analysis and root mean square deviation (RMSD) values indicate that the NRTL model provides the best predictive performance, particularly at an extraction temperature of 40 °C. Furthermore, the NRTL model is identified as the most appropriate thermodynamic model for predicting phenol extraction from bio-oil produced by the pyrolysis of mixed biomass waste at 500 °C. This superior performance is attributed to the NRTL model’s capability to accurately represent liquid–liquid equilibrium in both binary and multicomponent systems, especially under dilute conditions, outperforming the UNIQUAC and UNIFAC models.
Analysis on The Effect of Bio-addictive Mixtures Eugenol in Pertamax Green 95 Fuel on Engine Performance Nursiam, Kuat; Sonika Maulana; Sumbodo, Wirawan; Naryanto, Rizqi Fitri; Fitriyana, Deni Fajar
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): December 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i2.40034

Abstract

Improving energy efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions from motor vehicles have become a primary focus in the transition towards green energy in the transportation sector. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding eugenol, the main compound in clove oil, to Pertamax Green fuel on engine performance, fuel consumption efficiency, and exhaust emissions in a 2018 Honda Vario 125 motorcycle. The research method is an experimental approach with variations in the fuel mixture of pure Pertamax Green (P0), Pertamax Green + 0.2% eugenol (P1), 0.5% eugenol (P2), and 1% eugenol (P3). Testing was conducted using a dynamometer to measure torque and power, a static method for fuel consumption, and a gas analyzer to analyze CO and HC emission levels. The results showed that adding eugenol generally improved engine torque and power. The P2 mixture (0.5% eugenol) produced the highest torque of 8.48 N.m at 5000 rpm and maximum power of 7.2 HP at 8000 rpm, an increase of 38% and 18%, respectively, compared to pure Pertamax Green. Fuel consumption efficiency also increased by 4.1% with the P2 mixture, while excessive eugenol (1%) decreased efficiency due to slower combustion. In terms of emissions, CO levels decreased by up to 16.7%, and HC levels reduced by up to 22.54% as the concentration of eugenol increased.

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