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Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/jbat
Core Subject : Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbaurkan is a scientific journal which is focusing on the research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physicochemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Teknik Kimia (Lain-Lain)
Articles 15 Documents
 1   2 
Characterization of Sago Starch-Based Biofoam with Corn Husk Fiber Filler Rozanna Dewi; Novi Sylvia; Zulnazri; Retnowulan, Sri Rahayu; Muarif, Agam; Fikri, Ahmad; Medyan Riza
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.2209

Abstract

The use of biofoam is one of the ways to reduce plastic waste that pollutes the environment. In this research, we want to develop biofoam from sago starch as a basic ingredient with the addition of corn husk fiber filler and the addition of magnesium stearate which aims to improve mechanical characteristics, thermal, morphological, water absorption and biodegradabillity. Variations of corn husk fiber used were 45 g, 50 g, 55 g and 60 g, with variations in the concentration of NaOH solvent used for cellulose extraction were 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The mechanical characteristics (tensile strength) of the resulting biofoam range from 1.37 – 2.45 MPa. The chemical bonding of biofoam was seen through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and showed that biofoam is hydrophilic which binds to water so that it is easily degraded by soil. Thermal characteristics were tested through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and showed a melting point of 410.68oC at 45 g of fiber and 5% NaOH and a melting point of 410.86oC at 55 g fiber and 5% NaOH. Thermal stability was analyzed through Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA) and the most thermally stable biofoam was biofoam with 45 g of corn husk fiber and 5% NaOH. The surface morphology test using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the morphological structure of the corn husk fiber biofoam was uneven and there were bubbles on the surface of the biofoam. The water absorption test shows results between 5.72 – 14.43%. The lowest density test for biofoam is using 55 g fiber weight and 3% NaOH concentration, while the highest density is 60 g fiber weight and 9% NaOH concentration. The results of the biodegradability test showed that the biofoam decomposes completely within 40-45 days, the soil moisture factor greatly affects the rate of biodegradability.
Valorization of Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunch Fiber as Hydrophobic Cement Board Halim, Abdul; Frizky Septian Pramasta; Wulandari Kusuma Dewi; Janis Wardila Ningsih; Ferian Erlangga; Roni Maryana; Eka Lutfi Septiani
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.5264

Abstract

The penetration of property business and technology has increased significantly increased due to economic improvement. One of the materials in high demand is cement board. Cement board compost of agricultural waste limits its application due to its easily absorbing water. Herein, we used the empty palm oil fruit bunch as a filler in cement board and coated it with polystyrene from styrofoam waste. The board shows good mechanical strength and fulfill the minimum requirement for cement board standard of Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The board also shows hydrophobic properties, and no water droplets permeate the surface even after 4 h. These findings open a new application for cement board not only for the interior but also for the exterior.
The Effect of Carbonization Time on The Quality Coconut Shell and Melinjo Shell Briquettes Alfiana Adhitasari; Rintis Manfaati; Yusmardhany Yusuf; Heni Anggorowati
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): June 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i1.5460

Abstract

This study explores the impact of different durations of carbonization on the production of briquettes. Briquettes are produced through carbonization process conducted at different time intervals, including 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, with a ratio composition of coconut shells and melinjo shells is 90:10. Various carbonization durations were examined to determine their influence on briquette properties, consisting of calorific value, water content, ash content, volatile matter, and density. The conclusion of this study reveals that a longer duration of carbonization results in higher values of calorific and ash content compared to shorter durations. Moreover, longer carbonization periods are associated with reductions in water content, volatile matter, and density of the briquettes. Through experimental analysis, the research indicates that the most effective duration of carbonization is 150 minutes. The briquettes produced with a 150-minute carbonization period possess a calorific value 6,004 cal/g, water content 4.65 %, ash content 4.78 %, volatile matter 6.17 %, and density 0.86 gr/cm3.
Surface Treatment of Wood Polymer Composites from Straw Fiber Using Argon Plasma Jet Injection: Enhancing Adhesion Properties Harianingsih, Harianingsih; Astuti, Widi; Widyastuti, Catur Rini; Wulandari, Retno; Puzi, Asmarani Ahmad
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.5572

Abstract

The increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials has driven research into biodegradable composites. Straw fiber, an abundant agricultural byproduct, remains underutilized as a filler material in Wood Polymer Composites (WPC). To enhance its application potential, this study investigates the surface treatment of straw fiber/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix composites using a plasma jet with argon injection. The use of cold plasma as a treatment method is expected to improve the interfacial bonding between the straw fiber and the PVA matrix, thereby enhancing composite properties. The research employs several analytical methods, including morphological analysis of straw fibers before and after plasma jet treatment using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and emission intensity analysis via Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). The results reveal significant morphological changes in the straw fiber surface after plasma jet treatment, characterized by increased roughness and improved adhesion with the PVA matrix. The emission intensity analysis identifies peak reactive argon species at λ = 698.223 nm to λ = 778.398 nm, N₂⁺ at λ = 386.685 nm to λ = 445.289 nm, N₂ at λ = 324.768 nm to λ = 377.983 nm, and atomic oxygen spectral triplets at λ = 780.341 nm to λ = 830.867 nm. Moreover, the decrease in the contact angle from 90° to 57° over 60 minutes demonstrates a transition in the composite's surface properties from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. These findings highlight the effectiveness of plasma jet treatment in modifying straw fiber surfaces for improved composite performance, paving the way for broader applications of biodegradable WPC materials.
Effect of Heating Time Variation on The Activation of Modified Palm Oil Fly Ash as β-Carotene Adsorbent on Crude Palm Oil Ginting, Simparmin Boru; Erlangga, Sona; Rustamaji, Heri; Darmansyah; Wijaya, Muhammad Niki; Wardono, Herry
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.9742

Abstract

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains β-carotene as source of pro-vitamin A. Alternative adsorbent that can be used to adsorb β-carotene is Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA). This study aims to determine the ability of POFA activated with H3PO4 and Cu/Zn impregnation to adsorb β-carotene from CPO to obtain characteristics data of modified POFA and its ability to adsorb β-carotene. The main materials used were CPO and POFA. The parameters observed were the characterization and performance test of 9% H3PO4-activated POFA produced at various heating times for 90, 150, and 210 minutes with Cu/Zn impregnation. BET analysis showed the POFA with heating time of 90 minutes had the largest surface area of 19.4785 m2/g, XRD showed the presence of CuO, ZnO, quartz, and SiO2 diffraction patterns, FTIR showed that the POFA contained O-H groups, O-H, Si-H, Al-O, asymetric Si-O, and Si-O-Si bending vibrations, and SEM-EDX results showed that POFA has hollow pores and a rough spherical surface. Based on the results of UV-Vis Spectrophotometry analysis, the most optimal result was obtained in the β-carotene adsorption process with POFA-modified 2 variations of activation heating time for 150 minutes, which succeeded in adsorbing 86% of ꞵ-carotene.
Adsorption of Rhodamine B From Industrial Wastewater Using Bottom Ash Adsorbent from Palm Oil Mill Boiler Combustion: A Fixed-Bed Column Study Rianda, Rizki; Maulana, Muhammad Zikri; Kurniawan, Meutia; Panjaitan, Muhammad Ishak Idrus; Salim, Muhammad Yahdi; Sylvia, Novi; Zulmiardi; Meriatna
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.10702

Abstract

Increased textile industry production increases water pollution, especially rhodamine B dyes that are difficult to degrade. Global efforts to reduce water pollution through the adsorption process have been carried out with various adsorbents, the utilization of bottom ash from palm oil mill boiler combustion waste is still very minimal. This study examines the effect of contact time and bottom ash adsorbent mass on the adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency of rhodamine B using a fixed bed column adsorption process. The results showed that the longer the adsorption time, the higher the absorption efficiency. In the rhodamine B adsorption process, the best absorption efficiency was 98.308% at 10 cm bed height for 120 minutes and the best absorption capacity was 0.474 mg/g at 12 cm bed height for 150 minutes. The R2 price of Langmuir isotherm was 0.9999. FTIR analysis showed the presence of -OH, C-H, C=C and C-O functional groups that play a role in the adsorption process. The surface area of bottom ash from SAA test was 94.517 m2 /g. The SEM-EDX test analysis results had dominant elements of C, O and Si which showed good adsorption activity. From the results of the study that bottom ash from the combustion of oil palm mill boilers can be used as an effective adsorbent in reducing rhodamine B.
The Influence of The Weight of N,N’-Methylene-bis-Acrylamide as Crosslinker on The Ability of Chitosan-Graft-Poly (Acrylic Acid) Superabsorbent to Water Retention in Sandy Soil Amin Yulianto; Jayanudin; Heri Heriyanto; Dimas Prasetyo
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.11245

Abstract

Enhancing the agricultural productivity of sandy soil can be achieved by incorporating a superabsorbent material that serves dual purposes: improving water retention and gradually releasing fertilizer nutrients. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of the weight of N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker in chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent on water holding and water retention in sandy soil. The superabsorbent was prepared by mixing a chitosan solution with ammonium persulfate as a catalyst and acrylic acid, which had been neutralized with KOH. Subsequently, the mixture was cross-linked using MBA. The resulting superabsorbent indicated that an increase in the weight of MBA decreased the swelling ratio and increased water retention due to a denser network structure. The water holding capacity for superabsorbent prepared with all MBA weights was nearly the same. The highest swelling ratio and water retention were 167.552 g/g and contained 7.6% water on day 7 for the superabsorbent crosslinked with 0.015 g of MBA.
Enhanced Biogas Production from Tapioca Wastewater Through the Microbial Electrolysis Cell-Assisted Anaerobic Digestion Process at Various Urea Additions Khomariah, Nur; Syaichurrozi, Iqbal; Kurniawan, Teguh
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.12860

Abstract

In Indonesia, tapioca wastewater is one of the most abundant organic wastewater. It has a great deal of potential for use as a substrate for biogas, but it contains a high ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (N). For this reason, adding nitrogen sources, such as urea, is crucial. Meanwhile, microbial electrolysis cell-assisted anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) is a novel technology that can be applied to enhance biogas production. Thus, the purpose of this study was to ascertain how adding urea affected the biogas yield from tapioca wastewater through the MEC-AD process. There were six digesters, namely A (MEC-AD urea 0.25 g), B (MEC-AD urea 0.5 g), C (MEC-AD urea 1 g), D (MEC-AD urea 1.5 g), E (MEC-AD without urea), F (AD without urea). The MEC-AD process was carried out at room temperature using a batch system. The results revealed that the MEC-AD (without urea) generated a biogas yield 2.3-fold higher than AD alone (without urea). Then, an increase in urea addition in the MEC-AD process from 0 to 1.5 g enhanced biogas yield from 106.4 to 268.8 mL/g-COD. It means that in MEC-AD, the urea addition of 1.5 g generated 2.5 times more biogas yield than without urea addition. The MEC-AD with urea addition of 1.5 g had the most stable substrate pH and the highest volatile fatty acids during the process. The MEC-AD (without urea) gave a higher COD removal efficiency (21%) than AD alone (without urea), namely 14%. Then, an increase in urea addition from 0 to 1.5 g in MEC-AD increased COD removal from 21% to 38%. Therefore, the best variable was MEC-AD with a urea addition of 1.5 g. This innovation is expected to reduce environmental pollution and provide biogas as alternative energy to substitute the use of fossil fuels.    
Sustainable Magnetic Biocomposites Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch/Sago Dregs-Based with High Active Amine as Green Materials Naufal, Allam; Irawan, Chairul; Juwita, Rinna; Nata, Iryanti
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024): December 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i2.14951

Abstract

Palm oil empty fruit bunches (POEFB) and sago dregs (SD) are agricultural wastes that contain cellulose fibers. The one of utilization is used as raw materials for magnetic biocomposites. The objectives of this research are to determine the optimal composition of POEFB-SD fibers for the formation of amine magnetic biocomposite. The resulting biocomposite is characterized based on morphological, amine content, elemental content, crystalline structure, and functional groups. First, POEFB and SD)fibers were dried and ground to approximately 60 mesh. These fibers then underwent delignification at 80 °C for 2 h using a 1% w/v NaOH solution. A one-step solvothermal process followed, wherein different ratios of delignified POEFB and SD fibers (1:0; 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3) were added to a mixture containing ethylene glycol, FeCl3·6H2O, and 1.6-hexanediamine, and heated to 200 °C for 6 h. The resulting magnetic biocomposites contain Fe and amine at about 98.26% and 3.83 mmol.g, respectively. The magnetite was confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) through characteristic peaks at 36°, 43°, and 57°. Furthermore, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed N–H bending vibrations and Fe-O bonds in the biocomposites at 1620 cm−1 and 585 cm−1, respectively. The arrangement of the matrix, iron, and amine groups on the biocomposites' is promising candidates as good adsorbents for advanced biocomposites and green materials.
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Bio-Reductant from Wuluh Star Fruit (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Extract and Their Activity as Sunscreen Hindryawati, Noor; Muhammad Marion Akbar; Eva Marliana; Ratna Kusuma
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): June 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v14i1.16552

Abstract

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been carried out using AgNO3 solution as precursor with wuluh star fruit extract as bioreductant and reacted under the sunlight. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were tested for its sunscreen activity. The synthesized has been done with optimation of AgNO3 precursor and bioreductant. Based on absorbances value using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, it is shown that silver nanoparticles from 1,5 mM AgNO3 and 25% (v/v) extract are more stable than the other variation for 4 days. The characterization of silver nanoparticles using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) instrument result shows the morphology of rounded silver nanoparticles with diverse sizes at range 6,9 – 27,7 nm, and with average particle size of 14,8 nm. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) instrument shows the distribution of silver nanoparticles at range under 100 nm. Sunscreen activity of silver nanoparticles shows the SPF value of 44,14 with ultra protection type and on high level. The SPF value obtained indicates that silver nanoparticles can be applied as sunscreen.  

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