<![CDATA[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pidana atas tindak kekerasan yang kerap terjadi saat aksi demonstrasi di Indonesia. Demonstrasi ialah hak konstitusional warga negara sebagaimana dijabarkan pada “Pasal 28 UUD 1945 dan Undang-Undang No. 9 Tahun 1998 tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum (UU No. 9 Tahun 1998).” Tetapi, pada implementasinya, demonstrasi kerap berkembang menjadi tindakan anarkis yang berujung pada perusakan fasilitas umum maupun kekerasan fisik, sehingga menimbulkan persoalan hukum. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, serta analisis yuridis. Sumber hukum utama mencakup KUHP dan UUD 1945, beserta regulasi relevan lainnya. Adapun sumber hukum tambahan diperoleh dari referensi ilmiah, publikasi akademik, putusan pengadilan, dan hasil kajian terdahulu. Temuan studi ini mengindikasikan: pertama, individu yang melakukan kekerasan dalam kegiatan unjuk rasa dapat dimintai tanggung jawab pidana berdasarkan Pasal 170 dan Pasal 406 KUHP. Kedua, aparat penegak hukum yang bertindak menggunakan kekerasan secara tidak proporsional terhadap peserta aksi juga berpotensi dikenai sanksi pidana seperti yang termuat pada “Pasal 351 KUHP serta UU No. 2 Tahun 2002 mengenai Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia.” Ketiga, terhadap kedua belah pihak, baik demonstran maupun petugas, asas perlindungan human rights harus dijadikan landasan dalam proses penegakan hukum. Dengan demikian, hukum pidana tidak hanya berperan secara represif, tetapi juga menjadi sarana menjaga harmoni antara kebebasan berekspresi dan stabilitas sosial. Maka, penerapan pertanggungjawaban pidana dalam konteks aksi protes publik wajib ditegakkan secara seimbang serta mencerminkan rasa keadilan. Kata Kunci: Pertanggungjawaban pidana; Tindak kekerasan; Demonstrasi; Aparat; Hak Asasi Manusia ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze criminal liability for acts of violence that frequently occur during demonstrations in Indonesia. Demonstrations are a constitutional right of citizens as outlined in "Article 28 of the 1945 Constitution and Law No. 9 of 1998 concerning Freedom of Expression in Public." However, in practice, demonstrations often escalate into anarchic acts that culminate in the destruction of public facilities and physical violence, thus giving rise to legal issues. This study applies a normative legal approach with statutory, conceptual, and juridical analysis methods. The primary legal sources include the 1945 Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP dan UUD) and other relevant regulations. Additional legal sources are obtained from scientific references, academic publications, court decisions, and previous studies. The findings of this study indicate: first, individuals who commit violence during demonstrations can be held criminally responsible under Articles 170 and 406 of the Indonesian Criminal Code. Second, law enforcement officers who use disproportionate violence against demonstrators are also potentially subject to criminal sanctions as stipulated in “Article 351 of the Criminal Code and Law No. 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police.” Third, for both parties, both demonstrators and officers, the principle of human rights protection must be the basis for the law enforcement process. Thus, criminal law does not only play a repressive role, but also serves as a means of maintaining harmony between freedom of expression and social stability. Therefore, the application of criminal liability in the context of public protests must be enforced in a balanced manner and reflect a sense of justice. Keywords: Criminal liability; Violent acts; Demonstration; Law enforcement officers; Human rights ]]>
