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Academia Open
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27147444     DOI : 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.12985
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English.
Arjuna Subject : Profesi Kesehatan - Profesi Kesehatan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 2,389 Documents
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Fungal Contamination and Aflatoxin Production in Storage Insects and Stored Food: Kontaminasi Jamur dan Produksi Aflatoksin pada Serangga Penyimpan dan Makanan yang Disimpan Athmar K. Khazal; Amel S. Abdulredha; Dhia K. Kareem
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10786

Abstract

Background: Stored food products are highly susceptible to fungal contamination, posing significant risks to food safety and public health. Insects that infest stored food act as carriers of mycotoxigenic fungi, further exacerbating contamination. Knowledge Gap: While fungal contamination in stored food is well-documented, the role of storage insects in fungal transmission and aflatoxin production remains underexplored. Aims: This study aimed to isolate and identify fungi associated with storage insects and assess their potential for aflatoxin production. Methods: A total of 750 fungal isolates were obtained from four insect species collected from stored food across Basra Governorate. Fungal identification was conducted based on morphological and chemical characteristics, and aflatoxin production was analyzed using ELISA. Results: The dominant fungal genera included Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Yeast spp., with Aspergillus niger being the most prevalent (44.66%). All tested Aspergillus species, Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. exhibited aflatoxin production, with the highest concentration (0.075 ppb) observed in Penicillium sp. Novelty: This study highlights the significant role of storage insects in fungal transmission and aflatoxin contamination, emphasizing A. niger's adaptation to storage conditions. Implications: These findings underscore the need for improved storage management and mycotoxin control strategies to mitigate health risks associated with contaminated food. Highlights: Storage insects contribute to fungal contamination and aflatoxin production. Aspergillus niger dominates; multiple fungi produce aflatoxins in stored food. Strengthen storage management to reduce mycotoxin-related health risks. Keywords: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium Storage insects, Aflatoxin, ELISA.
Tunable Charge Transfer and Photoluminescence in Quantum Dot–Graphene Hybrids: Transfer Muatan yang Dapat Disetel dan Fotoluminesensi dalam Hibrida Quantum Dot-Graphene Qusay Fadhil Yaseen Alaati; Hasabalrasoul Gesmallah Ismail Hamza; Mubarak Dirar Abdullah Yaagoup; Fadel H. Fadel H.K
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10789

Abstract

General Background: Quantum dots (QDs) and graphene have emerged as promising nanomaterials for optoelectronic and quantum applications. Specific Background: Their hybridization offers synergistic properties, yet understanding the mechanisms governing their electronic interactions remains limited. Knowledge Gap: The influence of screening effects, energy band alignment, and interfacial charge transfer dynamics in QD-graphene systems is not fully elucidated. Aims: This study aims to investigate the electronic, optical, and mechanical behaviors of QD-graphene hybrids through a combination of experimental characterization and computational modeling. Results: Using TEM, SEM, Raman, PL spectroscopy, and DFT-MD simulations, we demonstrate efficient charge transfer mechanisms—including Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and direct charge injection—significantly modulate photoluminescence, electronic band structure, and charge carrier mobility. Screening length and temperature were shown to affect energy levels, occupation numbers, and density of states. Novelty: The study highlights the pivotal role of band alignment tuning and encapsulation strategies in enhancing the stability and functionality of QD-graphene interfaces. Implications: These findings provide a comprehensive framework for designing next-generation photodetectors, biosensors, and quantum computing devices, positioning QD-graphene hybrids as key materials for advanced nanoelectronics and photonics. Highlights: Problem: Limited understanding of charge transfer and screening effects Approach: Experimental and computational analysis of electronic and optical properties Impact: Enables advanced photonic, sensing, and quantum nanoelectronic applications Keyword: Quantum dots, Graphene, Charge transfer, Photoluminescence, Band alignment
Structural Racism and Institutional Inequality: A Historical and Discourse Analysis: Rasisme Struktural dan Ketidaksetaraan Institusional: Sebuah Analisis Sejarah dan Wacana Ahmed Dakhil Abed Alabbas
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10790

Abstract

General Background: Racism is a deeply entrenched social phenomenon shaped by historical, cultural, economic, and political structures. Its manifestations are complex, extending from colonial expansion and the transatlantic slave trade to contemporary institutional discrimination. Specific Background: Existing literature predominantly focuses on racism as a historical consequence or a socio-political issue, yet there remains a need for comprehensive analyses that integrate its structural, ideological, and systemic dimensions. Knowledge Gap: Limited research has explored how economic systems, political structures, and cultural institutions perpetuate racial inequalities, particularly within healthcare, education, and professional environments during crises like COVID-19. Aims: This study employs qualitative and analytical methodologies, including content analysis and critical discourse analysis, to examine the historical foundations and modern implications of racism. Results: Findings reveal persistent ideological structures that reinforce racism, with economic and institutional frameworks sustaining social inequalities. Critical discourse analysis highlights how racist ideologies are embedded within policies and institutional narratives. Novelty: Unlike previous studies, this research integrates historical texts, contemporary sociological data, and intersectional analyses to provide a multi-dimensional perspective on racism’s structural perpetuation. Implications: The study contributes to academic discourse and anti-racism initiatives by offering a deeper understanding of racism’s systemic nature, fostering policy recommendations, and supporting equitable institutional reforms. Highlights: Racism is historically entrenched, influencing institutions and societal structures. Analyzing systemic racism through history, institutions, and discourse. Supports anti-racism policies and equitable institutional reforms. Keywords: Racism, discrimination, race, Origins of Racism, Impact of Racism, Paths to Resolution.
Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: Pembentukan Biofilm dan Resistensi Antibiotik pada Isolat Staphylococcus aureus Ahmed Ramadan Hadabi Al-Khamis; Jasim Mohammed Abed; Hamid Kadhim Sameer; Mohammed Ali Hassan
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10792

Abstract

General Background: Biofilm-associated infections represent a major clinical challenge due to their persistence and resistance to antibiotics. Specific Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen implicated in chronic and hospital-acquired infections, particularly due to its biofilm-forming capability. Knowledge Gap: Despite global reports on S. aureus resistance, limited data exist regarding its biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility in clinical isolates from Mashhad Hospital. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus isolated from hospitalized patients. Results: A total of 150 clinical samples (blood, urine, wounds, and secretions) were collected from 95 male and 55 female patients, yielding 70 S. aureus isolates. All isolates were biofilm-positive. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 100% resistance to ampicillin, 80.3% to azithromycin, and 70.7% to cefoxitin, while all isolates remained sensitive to vancomycin and clarithromycin. Statistical analysis showed significant associations (p < 0.05) between patient sex and both biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance patterns. Novelty: This study provides updated, localized resistance data and highlights the universal biofilm-forming potential of S. aureus in this region. Implications: The findings underscore the need for enhanced infection control strategies and the prudent use of antibiotics to mitigate biofilm-related resistance in hospital settings. Highlights: S. aureus causes resistant, biofilm-related hospital infections. 70 isolates: all biofilm-positive, high resistance to common antibiotics. Requires improved antibiotic stewardship and infection control measures. Keywords: S. aureus, Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm, Clinical samples
Genotyping Staphylococcus aureus in Endocarditis Using Multilocus Sequence Typing: Genotipe Staphylococcus aureus pada Endokarditis Menggunakan Pengetikan Sekuens Multilokus Fatima Rashid Mohan
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10793

Abstract

Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but life-threatening infection that can occur post-cardiac valve surgery, with Staphylococcus aureus (SAB) being the leading causative pathogen due to its virulence and resistance traits. Specific Background: Molecular typing methods like multilocus sequence typing (MLST) offer improved resolution in understanding SAB epidemiology compared to conventional culture-based techniques. Knowledge Gap: However, the clonal diversity and genetic lineages of SAB isolates associated with IE in regional healthcare settings remain underexplored, particularly in populations with low culture positivity. Aims: This study aimed to genotype SAB isolates from IE patients using MLST to investigate their strain-level diversity, clonal relationships, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Results: Among 281 blood samples, only 43 (15.3%) yielded bacterial growth, with 11 (25.6%) confirmed as SAB. MLST revealed genetic heterogeneity, identifying ST-1 (biofilm-associated), ST-21 (community-acquired), ST-215 (healthcare-related), and emerging regional clones ST-59 and ST-531. Novelty: This study presents the first molecular characterization of SAB in IE patients in this region, linking sequence types to clinical contexts. Implications: Findings underscore the utility of MLST in identifying transmission patterns, informing infection control strategies, and highlighting the need for ongoing molecular surveillance of multidrug-resistant SAB strains. Highlights: Staphylococcus aureus causes infective endocarditis post-heart valve replacement surgery. Used MLST to genotype SAB; found ST-1, ST-21, ST-215. MLST reveals SAB diversity; aids targeted control of resistant regional strains. Keywords: Infective endocarditis (IE), S.aureus, genotyping, multilocus sequence typing, biomarkers
Synthesis , characterization , a Cytotoxicity study of a New [(6S)-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-2-thioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carbonitrile]: Sintesis, karakterisasi, studi Sitotoksisitas dari [(6S) -6-(2-hidroksifenil) -5-metoksi-2-tioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahidropirimidin-4-karbonitril] Baru Muntaha Yaseen Hayal
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10794

Abstract

General Background: The development of heterocyclic compounds, particularly dihydropyrimidine derivatives, has garnered considerable interest due to their broad pharmacological potential. Specific Background: Among these, thioxo-dihydropyrimidines have demonstrated significant bioactivity, including anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Knowledge Gap: However, efficient synthesis methods and biocompatibility assessments for novel thioxo-dihydropyrimidines remain limited. Aims: This study aims to synthesize and characterize a new compound, [(6S)-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-2-thioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carbonitrile], and evaluate its cytotoxic potential on human red blood cells. Results: The compound was synthesized via a one-pot multi-component reaction using 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, methyl cyanoacetate, and thiourea with ferric (III) chloride and HCl in ethanol, yielding 80% of a light golden solid (m.p. 222–224°C). Characterization was confirmed through FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and MS analysis. Cytotoxicity tests showed the compound to be non-toxic at tested concentrations (0.1–0.5 mg/mL), as evidenced by minimal hemolytic activity. Novelty: This study presents a novel synthetic route for a thioxo-dihydropyrimidine derivative with confirmed structural integrity and biocompatibility. Implications: These findings highlight the potential of this compound as a safe scaffold for future drug development, especially in therapeutic applications requiring low cytotoxic profiles. Highlights: Thioxo-dihydropyrimidines show promise in biomedical applications. Synthesized novel compound; confirmed structure; non-toxic to red blood cells. Potential safe scaffold for future drug development. Keywards: Dihydropyrimidine , Thiourea, Spectra, Cyanoacetate, 1H-NMR
Optimizing ZnO Thin Films for Light Absorption Using FDTD Simulation: Mengoptimalkan Film Tipis ZnO untuk Penyerapan Cahaya Menggunakan Simulasi FDTD Hadeel Abdalbari Hussein
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10795

Abstract

General Background: The development of efficient and cost-effective photovoltaic devices relies heavily on the optical performance of semiconductor materials. Specific Background: Zinc oxide (ZnO), a low-cost and abundant material, exhibits promising optical properties suitable for light absorption applications. Knowledge Gap: However, limited studies have simulated the impact of varying thickness and surface roughness on the optical behavior of ZnO membranes using advanced computational methods. Aims: This study aims to simulate and analyze the optical properties of three-dimensional ZnO thin films deposited on a glass substrate using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Results: The simulation, conducted across wavelengths ranging from 300–800 nm, demonstrates that increasing the ZnO membrane’s thickness and surface roughness enhances light absorption and reduces reflectivity. Optimal performance was observed at a membrane thickness of 5.2 µm. Novelty: This research applies FDTD-based modeling to examine both flat and rough-surfaced ZnO membranes, providing a comprehensive understanding of light interaction in nanostructured layers. Implications: The findings contribute to the design of high-performance, low-cost optical and photovoltaic devices by optimizing ZnO film characteristics for maximum efficiency. Highlights: Background: ZnO films have potential in low-cost photovoltaic applications. Method/Result: FDTD simulation shows thickness and roughness improve light absorption. Implication: Guides efficient ZnO-based optical device design. Keyword : Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Thin Films, FDTD Simulation, Optical Properties, Photovoltaic Devices
Adrenal Gland Dysfunction and Its Link to Endocrine Disorders: Disfungsi Kelenjar Adrenal dan Kaitannya dengan Gangguan Endokrin Duaa Hamad Hamza
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10797

Abstract

General Background: The adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are vital endocrine organs located above each kidney. Specific Background: Comprising the cortex and medulla, these glands produce a variety of hormones essential for metabolic regulation, immune response, stress adaptation, and cardiovascular function. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive research on adrenal hormone synthesis, a comprehensive understanding of how structural and functional alterations in these glands contribute to various endocrine disorders remains limited. Aims: This study aims to elucidate the correlation between adrenal gland composition, hormone secretion, and the manifestation of adrenal-related diseases. Results: Findings demonstrate that the adrenal cortex synthesizes steroid hormones—mineralocorticoids, adrenal androgens, and glucocorticoids—while the medulla produces catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Dysregulation in hormonal output is linked to disorders including Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, primary aldosteronism, and adrenal cancers. Novelty: This study provides an integrated perspective on the structural-functional relationship of the adrenal gland and its role in disease etiology. Implications: Understanding these mechanisms enhances diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing endocrine disorders associated with adrenal dysfunction. Highlights: Adrenal glands regulate vital hormones for body homeostasis. Dysfunction causes Addison’s, Cushing’s, and adrenal-related diseases. Insights aid diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders. Key words: Adrenal gland structure , Corticosteroids, Catecholamines, Adrenal gland disorder
Expressionistic Reality and Existential Quest in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie Najlaa Atshan Khalaf Al-musawi
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10798

Abstract

General Background: Modern literary studies frequently examine dramatic works as reflections of human existence, identity formation, and subjective perceptions of reality. Specific Background: Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie has commonly been interpreted through psychological and familial perspectives, particularly focusing on its portrayal of a dysfunctional family and emotional tensions. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive discussion of these themes, limited attention has been devoted to analyzing the play through the combined perspectives of expressionism and existential philosophy, particularly the existential framework of Jean-Paul Sartre. Aims: This study aims to examine how the play constructs existential dilemmas and subjective realities through expressionistic dramatic techniques and the characters’ struggle for identity and meaning. Results: The analysis shows that the characters experience profound existential anxiety, manifested through repressed identities, fragmented perceptions of reality, and the tension between illusion and truth. Williams employs memory, symbolic imagery, lighting, and expressionistic stage devices to depict emotionally disordered realities and to highlight the characters’ attempts to negotiate freedom, responsibility, and self-definition within an indifferent social environment. Novelty: The study offers an integrated interpretation that links Sartrean existential concepts—such as freedom, authenticity, and “bad faith”—with Williams’ expressionistic theatrical strategies in representing subjective identity and existential crisis. Implications: These findings contribute to literary scholarship by demonstrating how dramatic form and philosophical inquiry intersect in The Glass Menagerie, providing deeper insight into the representation of modern human alienation, self-constructed reality, and the search for authentic existence within twentieth-century American drama. Highlights:• Expressionistic Dramatic Devices Portray Fragmented Perception and Inner Psychological Tension.• Characters Confront Freedom, Responsibility, and Identity Within Sartrean Existential Philosophy.• Memory and Illusion Construct Subjective Reality in Modern American Dramatic Narrative. KeywordsExistentialism, Expressionism, Jean-Paul Sartre, Tennessee Williams, Subjective Identity.      
Politeness Markers in English with Reference to Kurdish and Arabic: Penanda Kesopanan dalam Bahasa Inggris dengan Referensi Bahasa Kurdi dan Arab Nada Asim Ismail Ilyas
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10799

Abstract

General Background: Politeness plays a crucial role in communication, shaped by interpersonal, social, and cultural factors. Specific Background: Linguistic markers serve as key tools for expressing politeness across languages. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive research on politeness strategies, there is limited comparative work on systematically classifying politeness markers across multiple languages. Aims: This paper proposes a tripartite classification of politeness markers—lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical—and examines their applicability in English, Arabic, and Kurdish. Results: The classification was successfully applied to the three languages, revealing a high degree of similarity in rhetorical markers, moderate similarity in lexical markers, and the least similarity in grammatical markers. Arabic and Kurdish demonstrated closer alignment, likely due to cultural and social proximity. Novelty: The study introduces a comprehensive, cross-linguistic classification framework for politeness markers, which may be generalizable to other languages pending further research. Implications: These findings highlight the need for deeper inquiry into the interplay of politeness with cultural norms, gender, age, and formality, thereby offering a foundation for future linguistic, sociolinguistic, and intercultural communication studies. Highlights: Politeness varies across languages through lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical forms. Proposes three-way classification; applied to English, Arabic, Kurdish. Highlights cultural impact, suggests broader cross-linguistic applicability. Keyword: Politeness, Linguistic Markers, Cross-linguistic, Rhetorical Strategies, Language Comparison

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