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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
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Search results for , issue "vol. 26 no. 8 (2025)" : 50 Documents clear
Applications of environmental DNA for marine biodiversity monitoring in Sumberkima Village, Bali, Indonesia I NYOMAN DODIK PRASETIA; JASMINE MASYITHA AMELIA; GRESSTY SARI BR SITEPU; MADE DWIPA KUSUMA MAHARANI; DEWI WULANDARI; EGHBERT ELVAN AMPOU; MUHAMMAD DANIE AL MALIK; NINING NURSALIM; NENIK KHOLILAH; NI KADEK DITA CAHYANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260824

Abstract

Abstract. Prasetia IND, Amelia JM, Sitepu GSB, Maharani MDK, Wulandari D, Ampou EE, Malik MDA, Nursalim N, Kholilah N, Cahyani NKD. 2025. Applications of environmental DNA for marine biodiversity monitoring in Sumberkima Village, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3939-3951. Sumberkima Village in North Bali, Indonesia, is known for its high marine diversity, yet it increasingly faces ecological stress from fishing and tourism activities. This study aims to assess the biodiversity of coral reef ecosystems in Sumberkima using a combination of visual census and environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. A Line Transect Method was conducted through SCUBA for a visual census to detect coral diversity and coral cover. Then, eDNA samples were collected from three stations (i) coral reef ecosystems, (ii) the transitional zone between seagrass and coral reef ecosystems, and (iii) coral reef ecosystems near the bay close to the mainland and analyzed using the COI locus to detect invertebrates and vertebrates. Seawater was taken for 1 L per station. A total of 200,709 reads and 662 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) of Eukaryotes, enabling the detection of cryptic and hard-to-observe species. Meanwhile, visual census using the Line Transect Method assessed coral diversity and cover, identifying 39 genera with conditions ranging from poor to medium. The integration of eDNA with traditional visual census techniques provides a more comprehensive biodiversity assessment, particularly in ecologically rich yet threatened marine environments such as Sumberkima, North Bali, Indonesia.
Insect vectors of banana blood disease in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia MAYAVIRA V. HAHULY; I WAYAN MUDITA; AGNES V. SIMAMORA; PETRONELLA S. NENOTEK; SRI WIDINUGRAHENI; VIKTORIANUS JEHAUT; FADLAN PRAMATANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260812

Abstract

Abstract. Hahuly MV, Mudita IW, Simamora AV, Nenotek PS, Widinugraheni S, Jehaut V, Pramatana F. 2025. Insect vectors of banana blood disease in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3791-3802. Banana Blood Disease (BBD) poses a significant threat to banana cultivation in Indonesia. Following severe outbreaks on Sumba Island, the disease spread to the neighboring Flores Island in mid-2022, with a particularly pronounced impact on the predominant cultivar, Musa sp. ABB ‘Kepok plantain.’ Despite prior outbreaks, awareness and understanding of the disease and its insect vectors remain limited among agricultural officers, village leaders, and farmers on Flores Island. The pathogen, Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis (Rsc), is known to be transmitted by insect vectors; however, no prior data existed regarding vectors on Flores Island. This knowledge gap has impeded effective disease management and allowed the disease to spread unnoticed. This study aimed to assess the spread and incidence of BBD and investigate potential insect vectors involved in its transmission. A survey conducted across five districts in western Flores confirmed the presence of BBD in all surveyed areas, with varying incidence rates among banana cultivars. The highest incidence (65.88%) was recorded in Musa sp. ABB ‘Kepok plantain,’ followed by Musa sp. AAB ‘Raja Sereh banana,’ Musa sp. AAA ‘Barangan banana,’ Musa sp. AAA ‘Cavendish banana,’ and Musa sp. BB ‘Klutuk plantain.’ Insect surveys identified eight species visiting male banana inflorescences. Among them, Oscinella sp. (Diptera: Chloropidae) and Bactrocera sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) were the most widespread and abundant. These species have previously been reported as BBD vectors in other regions. They were likely key contributors to the spread of Rsc on Flores Island.
Home-made and commercial eco-enzymes alter plankton communities and water chemistry in Rawa Pening Lake, Central Java, Indonesia SUSANTI PUDJI HASTUTI; SUCAHYO SUCAHYO; DESTI CHRISTIAN CAHYANINGRUM; RULLY ADI NUGROHO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260816

Abstract

Abstract. Hastuti SP, Sucahyo, Cahyaningrum DC, Nugroho RA. 2025. Home-made and commercial eco-enzymes alter plankton communities and water chemistry in Rawa Pening Lake, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3843-3854. Eco-enzymes are increasingly used to improve water quality by reducing organic pollutants and balancing nutrient levels in rivers and other aquatic systems. However, their typically low pH and high concentrations of organic matter may increase Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and acidify the water, potentially altering freshwater plankton species composition and increasing the risk of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the effects of commercial and home-made eco-enzyme on freshwater plankton community structure and water quality parameters using a controlled aquaria design with four concentrations (2.5-20% v/v). Controls without eco-enzymes were included for comparison. Key parameters including nutrient levels, BOD, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, plankton diversity and abundance were monitored throughout the study. Plankton diversity across different eco-enzyme types and concentrations was compared by generating diversity profiles using Renyi’s entropy values. Results showed that both types of eco-enzymes significantly altered water chemistry. BOD declined rapidly at 5% commercial and 2.5% (v/v) home-made eco-enzyme, while pH increased from 7.4 to 8.6 over time. Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and TDS levels rose with both eco-enzyme concentration and duration. At higher concentrations, commercial eco-enzymes promoted the dominance of Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta, while home-made eco-enzymes favored Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Although eco-enzymes stimulated microbial activity and organic matter decomposition, they also supported the growth of pollution-tolerant plankton species, potentially reducing overall biodiversity. Renyi entropy profiles revealed decreased richness and evenness, especially at higher concentrations. These results highlight that while eco-enzymes can contribute to water quality improvement, their ecological impacts, particularly on plankton communities, must be carefully considered. Further research is necessary to ensure their sustainable and responsible use in aquatic ecosystems.
Spatial analysis of fish species composition in relation to fishing gear in the upper stream of Brantas River, Malang, East Java, Indonesia ARIEF SETYANTO; DADUK SETYOHADI; VIGA BALLACKA IRAWAN; SRI SUDARYANTI; NICO CAESAR; WAHYU ENDRA KUSUMA; AKHMAD TAUFIQ MUKTI; ANDIK ISDIANTO; WIRASTIKA ADIHAPSARI; EVELLINE DEWI LUSIANA; ANDRIA ANSRI UTAMA; ANDHIKA PRIMA PRASETYO; RANI EKAWATY; WINDRA NEKA; NORA AKBARSYAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260846

Abstract

Abstract. Setyanto A, Setyohadi D, Irawan VB, Sudaryanti S, Caesar N, Kusuma WE, Mukti AT, Isdianto A, Adihapsari W, Lusiana ED, Utama AA, Prasetyo AP, Ekawaty R, Neka W, Akbarsyah N. 2025. Spatial analysis of fish species composition in relation to fishing gear in the upper stream of Brantas River, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4193-4200. Inland water ecosystems in Indonesia, particularly in East Java with the Brantas River, hold significant potential for capture fisheries and aquaculture. Covering an area of 13.85 million hectares, this ecosystem includes rivers, natural lakes, and man-made reservoirs. The potential fish resources are projected to be substantial, with the capacity to enhance employment opportunities and boost regional income. However, the management and utilization of fisheries resources in inland waters remain underdeveloped, requiring optimization through appropriate policies and supportive infrastructure. The upper stream of the Brantas River not only provides water for industries and local water utilities but also functions as a critical habitat for various fish species, despite being predominantly managed by small-scale fishers. This study aims to evaluate the composition of fish catches based on fishing area and gear type in the Malang Raya Region of the Brantas River. A descriptive approach was employed for data collection, using random sampling from fishers at seven designated sampling stations. Data were collected within the rainy season through direct observation, interviews, and documentation. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Chi-Square methods, utilizing Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 27. The results indicate that variations in species composition of the catch were significantly influenced by the sampling stations and the types of fishing gear used.
Genetic characterization of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) with different flower colors and petal types using SRAP markers SUSANTI INDRIYA WATI; SAMANHUDI SAMANHUDI; ENDANG YUNIASTUTI; EDI PURWANTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260806

Abstract

Abstract. Wati SI, Samanhudi S, Yuniastuti E, Purwanto E. 2025. Genetic characterization of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) with different flower colors and petal types using SRAP markers. Biodiversitas 26: 3722-3730. The butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is an essential medicinal and ornamental plant in Indonesia, known for its diverse petal colors and forms. This study aimed to assess genetic diversity among eight C. ternatea accessions with varying flower colors and petal types using 10 SRAP primer combinations. The 114 DNA bands were amplified, and the average degree of polymorphism across all primer combinations was 87.12%. Two primer combinations (Me3Em3 and Me4Em4) displayed 100% polymorphism. The markers showed an average Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of 0.31, while the mean Resolving Power (RP) and Marker Index (MI) were 5.50 and 3.24, respectively. The genetic relationships using UPGMA and PCoA revealed two main groups: Cluster 1, which included 1U (purple flower, single petal), 1Pn (pink flower, single petal), 2U (purple flower, double petal), and 2Pn (pink flower, double petal), and Cluster 2, which included 1B (blue flower, single petal), 1Pt (white flower, single petal), 2B (blue flower, double petal), and 2Pt (white flower, double petal). STRUCTURE analysis revealed a more precise genetic separation, with accessions 1U, 1B, 1Pn, and 1Pt clustered in Cluster 1, and 2U, 2B, 2Pn, and 2Pt clustered in Cluster 2. These findings are not only important for breeding programs, but also for conservation strategies. They provide valuable insights that can guide efforts to preserve the genetic diversity of C. ternatea, highlighting the crucial role of this research in the broader context of plant conservation.
Modelling habitat suitability of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) in Andongrejo Resort, Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia AGUS HIKMAT; ERVIZAL A. M. ZUHUD; EDHI SANDRA; PRIMADHIKA AL MANAR; FRISCHA DHELA WANNA PUTRI; HEKMATYAR AULIA AYUBA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260837

Abstract

Abstract. Hikmat A, Zuhud EAM, Sandra E, Al Manar P, Putri FDW, Ayuba HA. 2025. Modelling habitat suitability of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) in Andongrejo Resort, Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4077-4089. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) is a species of the Arecaceae family with considerable economic, social, and ecological importance. This study aimed to model the habitat suitability of sugar palm and generate a suitability map based on the relationship between known presence points and key environmental variables. Using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modelling, habitat suitability was predicted and classified based on the relationship between known occurrences and environmental variables. Seven environmental variables were found to contribute to the habitat suitability model. Among them, temperature (49.5%), altitude (29%), and distance from the river (7.7%) were identified as the most influential. The model achieved a high level of accuracy, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.942, indicating excellent predictive performance. Habitat suitability in the Andongrejo Resort, Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia, was categorized into five classes: not suitable (11.17 ha), less suitable (4,882.56 ha), quite suitable (144.28 ha), suitable (42.96 ha), and very suitable (33.64 ha). The findings show that highly suitable habitats occupy a much smaller area compared to less suitable ones, which could threaten the long-term survival of sugar palm populations in the region. Notably, areas with high habitat suitability were mainly found within the forest zone, covering approximately 29.24 ha. These findings provide spatial guidance for habitat management, including restoration and conservation planning, particularly in the forest zones where suitable habitats are concentrated.
Environmental drivers of ranging behavior in the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) ALINA SIMOKAR; ELHAM SUMARGA; RAHAYU OKTAVIANI; YOGI PRASETIO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260821

Abstract

Abstract. Simokar A, Sumarga E, Oktaviani R, Prasetio Y. 2025. Environmental drivers of ranging behavior in the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Biodiversitas 26: 3903-3915. Environmental factors and food availability shape the foraging strategies and ranging behavior of primates. The Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), endemic to Java Island, Indonesia, inhabits the remaining forest patches such as Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP). This study investigated the effects of environmental variables and food availability on Javan gibbon ranging in GHSNP, using behavioral and ecological data collected from January to December 2022. We observed three habituated gibbon groups through scan sampling and collected monthly plant phenology and daily temperature and rainfall data. The data were analyzed to: (i) calculate the activity budget; (ii) map and quantify ranging patterns, using QGIS; (iii) determine the Food Abundance Index (FAI); (vi) calculate mean monthly temperature and rainfall; (v) analyze the effects of environmental conditions and food availability on ranging behaviour/pattern using linear mixed models in RStudio. Results showed that Javan gibbon activities were dominated by resting, followed by feeding, locomotion, and social interaction. The mean home range size and daily path length were 38.68±7.17 ha and 3.25±0.30 km, respectively. Important food sources included Ficus spp., Cordia bantamensis, Sandoricum koetjape, and Knema cinerea with the highest FAI values for fruits, young leaves, and flowers occurred in September, July, and March, respectively. The average minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and monthly rainfall were 17.77±0.34?, 26.59±0.76?, and 418.23±179.68 mm, respectively. Ranging patterns were significantly affected by rainfall, temperature, and food availability (p-value<0.05), with observed differences among groups due to food resources distribution, foraging strategies, and environmental responses.
Floristic checklist and distribution of Trollius species (Ranunculaceae) in Kazakhstan DINA KARABALAYEVA; MERUYERT KURMANBAYEVA; ADIL KUSMANGAZINOV; BEKTEMIR OSMONALI; MOLDIR ZHUMAGUL
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260839

Abstract

Abstract. Karabalayeva D, Kurmanbayeva M, Kusmangazinov A, Osmonali B, Zhumagul M. 2025. Floristic checklist and distribution of Trollius species (Ranunculaceae) in Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 26: 4103-4123. The genus Trollius, belonging to the family Ranunculaceae and order Ranunculales, includes species known for their ornamental and medicinal value. However, the current state of Trollius species in Kazakhstan remains insufficiently studied. This study provides a comprehensive floristic update on five species: T. altaicus, T. asiaticus, T. dschungaricus, T. lilacinus, and T. komarovii, the latter formerly assigned to Hegemone and recently transferred to Trollius. We analyzed a total of 391 herbarium specimens (including 8 newly collected specimens in 2023): T. altaicus (177), T. dschungaricus (129), T. lilacinus (75), T. asiaticus (7), and T. komarovii (3), from field studies and 12 domestic and international herbarium collections. Additionally, we utilized online biodiversity databases such as GBIF and iNaturalist. During recent fieldwork, four new localities were confirmed for T. altaicus and T. dschungaricus, with precise georeferencing, notably in the Western Altai (Ivanov Ridge), Zailiyskiy Alatau (Talgar District), Zailiyskiy-Kungei Alatau (Maloe Almatinskoe Gorge), and the Ketpen Ridge (Uygur and Raiymbek Districts). Using QGIS 3.28 and Google Earth, we produced updated distribution maps based on materials dated from 1826 to 2024. The confirmed range of Trollius species includes Southern, Southeastern, and Eastern Kazakhstan, covering the Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzungarian Alatau, the northern and western Tian Shan, and Kyrgyz Alatau regions. This study refines the known distribution of Trollius in Kazakhstan and fills important floristic gaps, particularly in high-mountain and border areas. Our results highlight the need for further monitoring and conservation of these species, especially those with restricted distribution such as T. komarovii. This updated dataset lays the groundwork for future taxonomic, ecological, and conservation research on Central Asian flora.
Diversity and composition of anurans on Mount Gutom Protected Landscape, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines ANDRIE BON A. FLORES; EDDIE P. MONDEJAR; ELBERT B. CABALLERO; JUSTIN N. MACEDA; LILYBETH F. OLOWA; OLGA M. NUÑEZA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260810

Abstract

Abstract. Flores ABA, Mondejar EP, Caballero EB, Maceda JN, Olowa LF, Nuñeza OM. 2025. Diversity and composition of anurans on Mount Gutom Protected Landscape, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 3769-3780. Mount (Mt.) Gutom Protected Landscape is among the last remaining natural forests and serves as one of the most critical watersheds in Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. Despite its ecological importance, no comprehensive studies on anuran species have been conducted in the area, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the area’s amphibian biodiversity and its conservation needs. This study investigates the species composition, abundance, and conservation status of anurans in the Mt. Gutom Protected Landscape. An opportunistic sampling method was employed at four sites: Sikitan, Malikas, Lower Gutom, and Upper Gutom. A total of 269 individuals representing 19 species from six families were recorded, with the highest species richness observed in Sikitan and Malikas. Notably, 12 species (63.16%) are endemic to the Mindanao Faunal Region, while three (15.79%) species are Philippine endemics, and the remaining are native (21.05%) to the country but more widely distributed. The Near Threatened species Limnonectes magnus was recorded as the most abundant and dominant species. According to the Bray-Curtis similarity analysis, two distinct site clusters (Sikitan-Malikas and Lower-Upper Gutom) indicate habitat differences that influence species distribution. SIMPER analysis confirmed that L. magnus contributed significantly to observed dissimilarities. Diversity indices revealed substantial variation: Malikas had the highest Shannon diversity index (H?: 2.328) and the lowest dominance index (D: 0.1208), reflecting a balanced and less disturbed habitat. Sikitan followed closely (H?: 2.205, D: 0.1431). In contrast, Lower Gutom (H?: 1.819, D: 0.2535) and Upper Gutom (H?: 1.489, D: 0.3399) exhibited higher dominance and lower diversity, suggesting anthropogenic pressures. These results highlight the ecological importance and site-specific vulnerabilities of Mt. Gutom’s anuran communities, emphasizing the need for urgent conservation interventions, including habitat protection, continued monitoring, and community-based stewardship programs to safeguard these endemic and threatened amphibians.
Mapping above-ground carbon of mangroves using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery in the east coast of North Sumatra Province, Indonesia ACHMAD SIDDIK THOHA; PURWANTO PURWANTO; PIPIT WIJAYANTI; RITA NOVIANI; RAVINESH ROHIT PRASAD; SHOFIA PUTRI NASIBAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260822

Abstract

Abstract. Thoha AS, Purwanto, Wijayanti PW, Noviani R, Prasad RR, Nasibah SP. 2025. Mapping above-ground carbon of mangroves using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery in the east coast of North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3916-3925. Accurate estimation of carbon stocks in mangrove ecosystems is essential for assessing blue carbon potential. Conventional methods using field surveys to estimate Above-Ground Carbon (AGC) require significant amount of time and costs. Mangrove carbon stock can be calculated quickly and cost-effectively by utilizing satellite technology and publicly available data. The purpose of this study is to determine the best model for estimating AGC in mangrove forests managed by community in east coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia, using Sentinel-2 Imagery. The study was conducted on two different mangrove conditions following community-led restoration efforts, i.e. mangrove forest planted with a single species of Rhizophora mucronata, and restored mangrove forest consisted of 6 tree species. Field-measured AGC was estimated using the allometric equation of tree Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and used as dependent variable. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was used to derive several vegetation indices using reflectance values, which were used as independent variables. Several carbon estimation models were developed and validated with the best model was those with the lowest error and the highest coefficient of determination (R²). It was discovered that the model that employed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Total Ratio Vegetation Index (TRVI) was the best for estimating AGC in monospecies mangroves, while the model that employed NDVI and Inverted Red Edge Chlorophyll Index (IRECI) was the most accurate when estimating AGC in multispecies mangroves. In monospecies mangrove forest, AGC estimate ranged 0-200 Mg/Ha, while in multispecies mangrove forest, the estimate ranged 0-400 Mg/Ha. The higher AGC estimates in multispecies forests indicate that a more diverse mangrove species has a higher carbon sequestration capacity than homogeneous forests. The findings of this study indicate that AGC mapping using Sentinel-2 Imagery also supports blue carbon initiatives, mangrove ecosystem service assessments, and conservation-based policy-making.

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