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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,315 Documents
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The last stand of a watershed forest in Southern Philippines: a case study of land cover and biodiversity JOHN ARIES G. TABORA; RICO C. ANCOG; PATRICIA ANN J. SANCHEZ; MARK DONDI M. ARBOLEDA; IRENEO L. LIT; CRISTINO L. TIBURAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240313

Abstract

Abstract. Tabora JAG, Ancog RC, Sanchez PAJ, Arboleda MDM, Lit IL Jr, Tiburan CL Jr. 2023. The last stand of a watershed forest in Southern Philippines: a case study of land cover and biodiversity. Biodiversitas 24: 1438-1449. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) maps using remote sensing technology became popular due to their contribution to spatial information useful for threat determination, biodiversity conservation, and landscape management. Our area of interest in this paper is a watershed in the southern Philippines with no published land cover maps and low biodiversity records. The watershed was a resettlement area originally covered by forest but slowly converted to an agricultural landscape. It was declared a watershed and forest reserve to conserve the primary forest. This paper shows the first spatiotemporal display of Land Use Land Cover change of the watershed to describe the potential threats to the landscape. The land cover change shows a 58% reduction in primary forest cover from 1973 to 2021. In contrast, the croplands have increased by 117% in the same time frame. The Land Use Dynamics Index hints at the landscape's socioeconomic and political situation in the past. In addition, the biodiversity surveys show multiple threatened organisms in the remaining forest. The biodiversity data distinguish between ecosystem types, while the threatened species mapping suggests potential wildlife refuges. The spatially explicit land cover and the location of the threatened species map suggest potential areas for conservation and management.
Vegetation composition, diversity, stand structure and carbon stock of a dry evergreen montane forest of Lendikinya forest reserve in Tanzania MPONIE LEISON MWALUSEKE; EZEKIEL EDWARD MWAKALUKWA; SALIM MOHAMMED SALIM MALIONDO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240164

Abstract

Abstract. Mwaluseke ML, Mwakalukwa EE, Maliondo SMS. 2023. Vegetation composition, diversity, stand structure and carbon stock of a dry evergreen montane forest of Lendikinya forest reserve in Tanzania. Biodiversitas 24: 551-562. There is limited information on woody plant diversity and vegetation patterns in African dry forests, particularly in East Africa, and hence increasing the interests in understanding species composition, diversity, and structural attributes of catchment forest reserves found in Tanzania. Moreover, tree species composition, species richness, and carbon stock are not well documented in most montane forests in the region, apart from Ethiopia. Their potential in terms of carbon storage is also important for understanding their productivity and the extent to which they can be used in mitigating the effects of climate change. This study assessed vegetation composition and diversity, stand structure and potential carbon stocks of Lendikinya Forest Reserve, a dry evergreen montane forest located in Monduli District in Tanzania. A total of 56 concentric circular plots with subplots of 2 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m and 20 m radii were used to collect woody species data on standing trees and stumps across the entire forest of 3,689 ha. A total of 79 species belonging to 36 families were identified. Drypetes natalensis (9.2%), Diospyros abyssinica (7.1%) and Dombeya rotundifolia (6.5%) were the most important species as per the Importance Value Index (IVI). The diversity indices have indicated the forest reserve to have a high diversity of woody species. Stand structure comprises 1,398 ± 679 stems ha-1, basal area of 11.42 ± 5.41 m2ha-1and standing volume of 54.47 ± 24.1 m3ha-1 while the mean carbon stocks were 16.04 ± 7.7 t C ha-1. The alarming disturbances stress the urgent need for increased conservation efforts in order to protect the existing biodiversity and increase carbon storage and enhance water conservation in the reserve.
Nutritional values of Avicennia marina leaves and its application as fodder for Kacang goat (Capra aegagrus) MOHAMMAD BASYUNI; MUHAMMAD RISKY RIZALDI; RIZKA AMELIA; YUNTHA BIMANTARA; NURDIN SULISTIYONO; BEJO SLAMET; SHOFIYAH SABILAH AL MUSTANIROH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240245

Abstract

Abstract. Basyuni M, Rizaldi MR, Amelia R, Bimantara Y, Sulistiyono N, Slamet B, Al Mustaniroh SS. 2023. Nutritional values of Avicennia marina leaves and its application as fodder for Kacang goat (Capra aegagrus). Biodiversitas 24: 1039-1048. Mangrove forests provide a variety of ecosystem services including provisioning and cultural services in which coastal communities traditionally utilize mangrove plants to support their daily life. There are several practices on the uses of mangrove foliage for animal feed by coastal communities, although it is not clear the nutritional value of such feed source and its effect on livestock growth. This study aimed to determine the potential use of Avicennia marina leaves as fodder for Kacang goat (Capra aegagrus) by investigating the nutritional values in terms of proximate contents and macro- and micro-elements of A. marina leaves and the effects of the feeding A. marina leaves on the dimensional growth of Kacang goat in term of chest circumference, body length and body weight. We employed two treatments (i.e. fodder of A. marina leaves and field grass for the comparison) with three replicates for each treatment. The results showed that the leaves of A. marina had a higher content of crude fat, carbohydrates, EWN (extract without nitrogen) and vitamin C, and lower content of water, ash, crude protein, and crude fiber compared to field grass. In terms of macro and microelements, A. marina leaves had a higher level of Ca and Na, but lower in terms of P, K, S, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. Nonetheless, feeding Kacang goat with A. marina leaves resulted in a significantly lower daily body weight gain (16.08 g/goat/day) compared to feeding with field grass (74.46 g/goat/day). During the observation period of 92 days, feeding with field grass increased body weight by 6.85 kg, higher than feeding with A. marina leaves, which caused a weight gain of 2.22 kg. Furthermore, the average feed conversion for field grass treatment was 5.24 (g consumption/g daily body weight gain/DWG) while feed of A. marina leaves was 4.42 (g consumption/g DWG), indicating inefficient use of feed. The dry weight content of FG feed (149.39%) was slightly higher than that of A. marina leaves (149.24%). This study provides evidence of the possibility of the application of A. marina leaves as the fodder for Kacang goat.
Physicochemical, thermal properties, and in vitro rumen fermentation of four different underutilized fruit by-products RUSLI FIDRIYANTO; GUNAWAN PRIADI; RONI RIDWAN; NAHROWI NAHROWI; ANURAGA JAYANEGARA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 4 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240457

Abstract

Abstract. Fidriyanto R, Priadi G, Ridwan R, Nahrowi N, Jayanegara A. 2023. Physicochemical, thermal properties, and in vitro rumen fermentation of four different underutilized fruit by-products. Biodiversitas 24: 2416-2425. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential use of selected agricultural wastes consisting of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel (MGP), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel (PGP), kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) Peel (KLP), and Melastoma candidum D.Don Fruit (MCF) as ruminant feeds and enteric methane mitigation. The samples were analyzed for proximate, phytochemical, enzyme inhibition activity, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and in vitro rumen fermentation. The study found that MCF had the highest protein content (105.69 g/kg DM), while KLP had the lowest crude fiber (115.89 g/kg DM). MCF extract had the highest total phenol and flavonoid, and PGP extract had the highest enzyme inhibition activity. XRD analysis showed that KLP had the highest crystallinity (18.23%), followed by MCF (17.95%). KLP had the highest potential gas production (147.78 mL), followed by PGP (62.20 mL), MCF (27.86 mL), and MGP (4.46 mL). In addition, rumen digestibility, post-rumen digestibility, and VFA followed a similar pattern. The lowest methane production was observed in MGP and MCF. In conclusion, kaffir lime peel is potentially used as ruminant feed due to its higher digestibility and VFA production. Although MCF has lower digestibility, it is potentially used as a source of phenolic compounds to reduce methane production due to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content.
Genetic variation of Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 (Diptera: Muscidae), associated with an altitudinal gradient in Pedro Moncayo Canton, Pichincha, Ecuador KAREN ESTEFANIA VALENCIA AGUILAR; ANA YOLEIDA SOTO VIVAS; CAMILA ACOSTA LÓPEZ
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240132

Abstract

Abstract. Aguilar KEV, Vivas AYS, Acosta-López C. 2023. Genetic variation of Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 (Diptera: Muscidae), associated with an altitudinal gradient in Pedro Moncayo Canton, Pichincha, Ecuador. Biodiversitas 24: 269-275. Analyzing heterogeneity in insect populations is relevant to understanding its biology. Thus, we analyzed the genetic variability of two populations of “hunter-flies”, Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 associated with an altitudinal gradient in the Tocachi and Jerusalem localities, in the Pedro Moncayo Canton, Ecuador, using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase I gene. Thirty alleles were detected from analysis with five restriction enzymes; the percentage of polymorphic loci was higher in Tocachi (96.67%) than in Jerusalem (80%). Haplotypes were generated with the corresponding alleles, resulting in a different haplotype for each analyzed individual. Several estimators were used to characterize the population structure. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) evidenced the existence of higher intra-population variability (94%) than inter-population (6%), showing similar information to that found through haplotype analysis. The Fst fixation index indicated that there is no genetic difference between populations (0.056, P<0.05). Nei's genetic distance and Nei's similarity index indicated that L. marginata populations did not show differences between populations. From the results we deduce that the evolutionary force that may be modelling the existent genetic variability may be gene flow, thus establishing a low inter-population genetic structure. The mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome oxidase I gene was an advantageous molecular marker to obtain results that established intra and inter population variability. The characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA were useful to successfully apply the PCR-RFLP technique. Our findings highlight the existence of ecosystem connectivity between L. marginata populations despite altitudinal and habitat differences.
Animals ethnozoology as traditional medicine in the Dayak Tamambaloh Tribe, Labian Ira'ang Village, Kapuas Hulu District, Indonesia MARKUS IYUS SUPIANDI; DIDIN SYAFRUDDIN; ADRIANA GANDASARI; SUSRIYATI MAHANAL; SITI ZUBAIDAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240104

Abstract

Abstract. Supiandi MI, Syafruddin D, Gandasari A, Mahanal S, Zubaidah S. 2023. Animals ethnozoology as traditional medicine in the Dayak Tamambaloh Tribe, Labian Ira'ang Village, Kapuas Hulu District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 26-33. The Dayak Tamambaloh community in Labian Ira'ang Village, Kapuas Hulu District, Indonesia, is a community that has traditional knowledge of the use of fauna. However, at this time this knowledge has been reduced or relegated by the times and the use of animals and has never had a written document. This study aimed to obtain the types of animals used by the Dayak Tamambaloh people for treatment. The method used was a survey. Data was collected through literature studies, semi-structured interviews, and field observations. Data on using animals as traditional medicine was obtained from main informants, key informants, and recommendation informants. Data analysis was descriptive and qualitative, including data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results obtained 13 types of animals in 13 families that are used as traditional medicine by the Tamambaloh Dayak people. The types of animals used in traditional medicine were wanyi (Apis cerana), asu (Canis lupus familiaris), kandalak (Channa striata), panang (Clarias sp.), bunsok (Gekko gecko), dingkawat (Hipposideros larvatus), lati loman (Lumbricus terrestris), tangkiling (Manis javanica), takiung (Sulcospira testudinaria), manuk (Gallus gallus domesticus), ular sawa (Malayopython reticulatus), lundung (Monopterus albus), and beruang (Ursus thibetanus). Animal families used as traditional medicine were Apidae (1 spesies), Canidae (1 spesies), Channidae (1 spesies), Clariidae (1 spesies), Gekkonidae (1 spesies), Hipposideridae (1 spesies), Lumbricidae (1 spesies), Manidae (1 spesies), Pachychilidae (1 spesies), Phasianidae (1 spesies), Pythonidae (1 spesies), Synbranchidae (1 spesies), and Ursidae (1 spesies). The Dayak Tamambaloh people use meat, bile, scales, shells, egg whites, wax, and all parts of animals for traditional medicine.
Cultivation of underutilized fruit trees by indigenous people in Urug Village, West Java, Indonesia ANISA ANGGRAENI; RATNA YUNIATI; MARINA SILALAHI; RETNO LESTARI; JUMARI JUMARI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240152

Abstract

Abstract. Anggraeni A, Yuniati R, Silalahi M, Lestari R, Jumari. 2023. Cultivation of underutilized fruit trees by indigenous people in Urug Village, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 454-466. Underutilized Fruit Trees (UFTs) are a group of fruit trees with high potential but underutilized. Some fruit has been identified in Urug Village, but this village was hit by a natural disaster, i.e., a flood and landslide in early 2020 that damaged the location where UFTs grew, threatening the existence of UFTs genetic resources. Therefore, a systematic and integrated effort is needed to maintain UFTs biodiversity. This study aims to discover how to cultivate UFTs by the indigenous peoples in Urug Village, document the location where UFTs grow, and analyze index vegetation using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Using the combined method of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with 16 indigenous people, in-depth interviews with 19 indigenous people, and field observations, this study shows that there are 53 individuals of UFTs from 13 species found in several areas in Urug Village. Indigenous people have a unique way of cultivating UFT, starting from tree selection, preparation of planting sites, tree planting, and fruit tree care. However, more than 60% of UFT was found in the moderate vegetation index. The challenges of UFTs cultivation in Urug Village are changes in fruit consumption patterns, degradation of local knowledge, lack of information about the nutritional and vitamin content of UFTs, land use change, climate change, and the low involvement of both central and regional governments in cultivating UFTs. Thus, changes in consumer and government perceptions, and increased research on UFT are needed to address the challenges of cultivating UFT.
Molecular and morphological characterization of fungi isolated from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) in North Sulawesi, Indonesia FITRI ARIFAH; LUQMAN QURATA AINI; ANTON MUHIBUDDIN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240151

Abstract

Abstract. Arifah F, Aini LQ, Muhibuddin A. 2023. Molecular and morphological characterization of fungi isolated from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 441-453. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is one of the predominant commodities from Indonesia exported to the EU market. However, it is frequently rejected due to mycotoxin (especially aflatoxin) content exceeding the aflatoxin standard set by the EU. The high levels of aflatoxin were hypothesized to be produced by a toxigenic fungus infecting nutmeg during and after harvest. The study aims to determine and identify fungal contaminants in nutmeg kernels and provide information on the types of mycotoxins produced. Ten fungal morphotypes were isolated from nutmeg kernels collected from North Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and were grouped into four genera (Aspergillus, Lasiodiplodia, Rhizopus, and Penicillium) based on morphological characters. Ten fungal morphotypes were identified, i.e., Aspergillus flavus (Groups I and II), A. tamarii (Groups I and II), A. niger, A. aculeatus, A. ochraceus, Lasiodiplodia sp., Rhizopus delemar, and Penicillium sp. Isolates of A. flavus and A. tamarii were divided into two groups based on slight differences in their colony appearances. Molecular identification using homology of 18S rDNA sequences and ITS regions supports morphological identification except for isolates of A. flavus (Groups I and II), Lasiodiplodia sp., and Penicillium sp. These isolates were identified as A. nomiae and A. aflatoxiformans (A. autswikcii), L. theobromae, and P. citrinum. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree showed that isolates from the same species were grouped in the same clade. The L. theobromae was the most dominant type of fungus in the nutmeg kernels (55.61%), followed by A. niger (23.8%) and A. tamarii (10.53%). It is the first report of A. aflatoxiformans or A. autswikcii in nutmeg kernels, and no incidence of L. theobromae in nutmeg kernels from Indonesia previously.
Curcuma pulcherrima (Zingiberaceae), a new rare species of Curcuma subgen. Ecomata from eastern Thailand PIYAPORN SAENSOUK; THAWATPHONG BOONMA; SURAPON SAENSOUK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 12 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231262

Abstract

Abstract. Saensouk P, Boonma T, Saensouk S. 2022. Curcuma pulcherrima (Zingiberaceae), a new rare species of Curcuma subgen. Ecomata from eastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 6635-6644. Curcuma pulcherrima Boonma, Saensouk & P. Saensouk sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae: Zingibereae, belonging to Curcuma subgenus Ecomata) distributed in Ubon Ratchathani Province, the eastern part of Thailand. The morphological characteristic of this species causes it to fall into Curcuma subgenus Ecomata due to the presence of epigynous glands, lack of coma bracts, bracts fused only at the base, and production of open-form flowers. Furthermore, this species is similar to Curcuma pierreana Gagnep., due to its similar color flowers with a pink tinge, but lighter (vs. C. pierreana maroon tip), and similar to Curcuma siamensis Saensouk & Boonma due to its characteristics of the anther and spurs. Nevertheless, after careful morphological examination and comparison of all allied species in the Curcuma genus, especially in subgenus Ecomata, it was found that this plant did not match any existing species. Therefore, we describe it here as a new species to science with the name of Curcuma pulcherrima, according to this species's very beautiful inflorescences and flowers. In contrast, its morphological characteristics description, illustrations, vernacular name, ecology, phenology, distribution, utilization, conservation status, map of distribution, and comparison table of the new species and its ally species, including a revised key to the species of Curcuma subgenus Ecomata are provided.
Species diversity of Entamoeba and gastrointestinal parasites as co-infection in pigs in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia ‪Dony Chrismanto‬; ‪Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti‬; ‪Lucia Tri Suwanti‬; Poedji Hastutiek; Endang Suprihati; Dyah Ayu Kurniawati; ‪Aji Winarso‬
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240128

Abstract

Abstract. Chrismanto D, Lastuti NDR, Suwanti LT, Hastutiek P, Suprihati E, Kurniawati DA, Winarso A. 2023. Species diversity of Entamoeba and gastrointestinal parasites as co infection in pigs in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 233-240. Protozoa Entamoeba spp. is the causative agent of amoebiasis that can infect humans and livestock. Several species that infect pigs are E. suis, E. polecki, E. histolytica, and E. coli. However, microscopic examination through morphological identification of parasites couldn't determine the genus and species level identity, leading to misdiagnosis. Therefore, molecular techniques are needed for accurate diagnosis with species-specific primers. In this study, 100 fecal samples were collected from pig farms in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. This study aims to identify, using molecular techniques, the presence of Entamoeba spp. with the SSUrRNA gene as a marker to determine the diversity of Entamoeba species in pigs and to detect co-infection with other gastrointestinal parasites in Kupang. The result was found: E. suis 98% (98/100), E. polecki 44% (44/100), E. polecki ST3 10% (10/100), and E. coli 20% (30/100) spread on pig farms in 8 villages in Kupang. Furthermore, E. polecki ST3 and E. coli finding show that pigs in several areas in Kupang are infected with potentially zoonotic species. In addition to finding various species of Entamoeba by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification, based on microscopic examination, other gastrointestinal parasites were also found as co-infections, namely: Eimeria sp. (34%), Cystoisospora suis (30%), Strongyloides sp. (34%), Oesophagostomum sp. (51%), Metastrongylus sp. (18%), and Trichuris suis (8%). That is the first report concerning mixed infections with E. suis, E. polecki ST3, E. coli, and other gastrointestinal parasites in pigs in Kupang, Indonesia.

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