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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
 565   566   567   568   569 
Exploration and selection of native macrofungi with heavy metal tolerance for bioremediation in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia NOVERITA NOVERITA; NUNIEK INA RATNANINGTYAS; HERNAYANTI HERNAYANTI; NURAENI EKOWATI; SRI LESTARI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260443

Abstract

Abstract. Noverita, Ratnaningtyas INI, Hernayanti, Ekowati N, Lestari S. 2025. Exploration and selection of native macrofungi with heavy metal tolerance for bioremediation in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1940-1955. The increasing pollution of heavy metals Pb and Cd in Jakarta Bay poses a potential threat to marine biota, endangering human health. Macrofungi, known for their ability to mitigate heavy metal pollution through biosorption, are the focus of this research. The study aimed to collect macrofungi from West Sumatra Forest, selectively identifying species that are adaptive to salinity and heavy metals Pb and Cd, possessing a high Heavy Metal Tolerance Index (IT). Field exploration was conducted using a roaming method across 5 forest areas in West Sumatra, followed by laboratory cultivation and systematic screening. A descriptive analysis of fungal exploration data based on morphological characteristics was conducted. Selection results, measured by colony surface area on various treatment media (PDA, PDA with seawater, PDA with Pb/Cd, and PDA with seawater and Pb/Cd), and IT data were analyzed descriptively using GraphPad version 8 heatmaps. This study found that 94 macrofungal species were successfully isolated from 5 forest areas in West Sumatra, comprising 92 species from Basidiomycota and 2 species from Ascomycota. All isolated species demonstrated the capability to grow on various selection media, with varying degrees of adaptation. Nine species, including Coprinus comatus, Favolus tenuiculus, Ganoderma applanatum, Lepiota ristata, Marasmius sp. 21, Polyporus badius, Polyporus elegans, Polyporus sp., and Trametes cubensis, exhibited optimal growth on all media. Statistical analysis with ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) revealed that four species C. comatus, P. elegans, Marasmius sp. 21, and F. tenuiculus, consistently showed superior performance across all test conditions. The Heavy Metal Tolerance Index for Pb and Cd across all species was excellent, with 74% classified as very high, 22% as high, and 4% as moderate. These findings suggest significant potential for utilizing these fungal species in marine bioremediation applications.
Evaluation of antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as animal feed YUNILAS YUNILAS; RIZKA RAMADHANI; ALFONSINA MARTHINA TAPOTUBUN; ELIZABETH JULENY TAPOTUBUN; MUHERI INDRA AJA NASUTION; ARMINA FARIANI; RAYHAN AKBAR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260201

Abstract

Abstract. Yunilas, Ramadhani R, Tapotubun AM, Tapotubun EJ, Nasution MIA, Fariani A, Akbar R. 2025. Evaluation of antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as animal feed. Biodiversitas 26: 521-527. Cocoa has pods that have the potential to be used as feed. However, before being applied to livestock, fermentation using local microorganisms is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as feed for animal science and fisheries. The design used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design 3 x 3 factorial pattern with 3 replicates. Factor I was the dose of LMO (DM1 = 2%, DM2 = 4%, DM3 = 6%) and Factor II the fermentation time (LF7 = 7 d, LF14 = 14 d, LF21 = 21 d). Results showed that the dose of LMO and the fermentation time had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on phenol content and there was an interaction between the dose of LMO and the fermentation time (p<0.01). The dose of LMO had a very significant effect (p<0.01) and the fermentation time had no effect (p>0.05) on flavonoid content and there was no interaction between the dose of LMO and the fermentation time (p>0.05). The antioxidant content of the best fermented CPH in this study is DM1LF14 with a phytochemical screening was alkaloid (+), phenol (++), flavonoid (++), saponin (-), tannin (+), yield percentage 15.20%, flavonoids 0.20% and phenols 0.87%.
Genetic of stranded Dugong dugon (Müller 1776) in the Java Sea, Indonesia, through COX1-based DNA barcoding CITRA SATRYA UTAMA DEWI; SLAMET WAHYUDI; HAGUS TARNO; DEWA GEDE RAKA WIADNYA; FENI IRANAWATI; SUKANDAR SUKANDAR; ANIK MARTINAH; LALU M. IQBAL SANI; BEGINER SUBHAN; SEKAR MIRA HERANDARUDEWI; ELOK FAIQOH; GATOT CIPTADI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260244

Abstract

Abstract. Dewi CSU, Wahyudi S, Tarno H, Wiadnya DGR, Iranawati F, Sukandar, Martinah A, Sani LMI, Subhan B, Herandarudewi SM, Faiqoh E, Ciptadi G. 2025. Genetic of stranded Dugong dugon (Müller 1776) in the Java Sea, Indonesia, through COX1-based DNA barcoding. Biodiversitas 26: 951-962. The dugong (Dugong dugon (Müller 1776)), an endangered herbivorous marine mammal, is listed as the Red List of the IUCN and CITES Appendix I. Considering its protected categorizing, its population is persistently decreasing globally, particularly in Indonesia, accordingly requiring significant conservation measures. This study aimed to assess the conservation status of the species, analyze the morphology, morphometry, and genetic profile of stranded dugongs, and evaluate surrounding seagrass meadows. Fieldwork undertaken in February, March, and September 2023 concentrated on stranded dugongs, gathering morphological, morphometric, and genetic data, in addition to surveying seagrass habitats using satellite photography. Morphological observations encompassed 14 criteria, whilst tissue samples from pectoral fins were utilized for genetic profiling by phylogenetic analysis. Geographic coordinates identified stranded dugongs, whereas seagrass regions were assessed with Sentinel-2 data and QGIS. The results indicated that genetic investigation verified the species' strong affinity with populations in the Java Sea and New Zealand, with more divergence from dugongs in Kerala, India. The seagrass beds adjacent to the dugongs' habitat ranged from 0.21 to 16.68 hectares within a larger network of 55.38 to 85.35 hectares, underscoring their potential as a protection zone. These findings underscore the essential link between dugong conservation and seagrass ecosystem conservation, making it clear that both aspects are interconnected and necessitate combined protection methods.
Diversity and cultural significance of medicinal plants among multiethnic communities in Jambi Province, Indonesia REVIS ASRA; ANIS TATIK MARYANI; UPIK YELIANTI; IZU ANDRY FIJRIDIYANTO; ADE ADRIADI; CHRISTIAN ABEL PRAMUDYA WIBOWO; VERONIKA AYU SAPUTRI; ARIKAH FEBRIANTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261018

Abstract

Abstract. Asra R, Maryani AT, Yelianti U, Fijridiyanto IA, Adriadi A, Wibowo CAP, Saputri VA, Febrianti A. 2025. Diversity and cultural significance of medicinal plants among multiethnic communities in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5023-5039. This study aims to document local knowledge of medicinal plants, analyze species diversity, plant parts used, processing methods, as well as cultivation and conservation practices among three major ethnic communities in Jambi Province, Indonesia: Javanese, Kerinci, and Malay. Data were collected through field observations, documentation, and in-depth interviews with more than 75 informants selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed, using the Cultural Significance Index (CSI) and Plant Part Value (PPV), with CSI statistical significance thresholds applied to distinguish cultural importance across species. A total of 156 species belonging to 61 families were recorded, with Zingiberaceae being the most dominant. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (49.75%). The highest CSI value was recorded for Allium sativum (60), while the lowest (3) was found in Saraca indica, Styrax benzoin, and Salvia rosmarinus. In terms of disease categories, medicinal plants were most commonly used for diabetes (16.67%), followed by fever (13.46%) and hypertension (12.18%). Knowledge transmission was largely ancestral (62%), supplemented by personal experience (21%), social interactions (10%), and modern sources (7%). These findings highlight the enduring role of medicinal plants as both a health resource and cultural heritage. This study represents the first comparative ethnobotanical analysis of Javanese, Kerinci, and Malay communities in Jambi, contributing novel insights into biodiversity documentation and conservation strategies rooted in local wisdom.
Genome analysis of novel Salmonella-infecting bacteriophage ?Sen-NF RISKA AYU FEBRIANTI; ERLIA NARULITA; FADHILAH AYU SAVITRI; AGUNG HARIS WIDIANTO; HARDIAN SUSILO ADDY; ERMA SULISTYANINGSIH; KUSWATI KUSWATI; BINAR RAHMA UTAMI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260450

Abstract

Abstract. Febrianti RA, Narulita E, Savitri FA, Widianto AH, Addy HS, Sulistyaningsih E, Kuswati K, Utami BR. 2025. Genome analysis of novel Salmonella-infecting bacteriophage ?Sen-NF. Biodiversitas 26: 2011-2019. Genome mapping of bacteriophages that infect Salmonella is an important step in understanding the interactions between these pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Salmonella is one of the leading causes of food poisoning worldwide, with multiple serotypes that can cause serious infections in humans. This study aimed to identify and analyze bacteriophage genomes that can be used as therapeutic agents to control Salmonella infections. The study began with isolating bacteriophages from food samples, followed by morphological characterization, molecular and genomic analysis, and phylogenetics. The successfully isolated bacteriophage ?Sen-NF can only infect Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi, which has a diameter of ±1mm with a clear plaque. Bacteriophage ?Sen-NF, which infects Salmonella, is a linear double-stranded DNA virus with a genome size of 108,537 base pairs and a G+C content of 46.8%. Comparative genomic analysis revealed similarities with Myoviridae, such as ?SE24 and ?Sw2. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed a close evolutionary relationship with phages such as ?SE24 and ?Sw2. The results from this study are expected to make significant contributions to the development of new strategies to address food poisoning caused by Salmonella, as well as improve overall food safety.
Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of Chlorella pyrenoidosa from the Java Sea, Indonesia ELYA PUTRI PANE; YENNY RISJANI; YUNIANTA YUNIANTA; ZAKARIA BELGHOUL; KURNIA RAHMAWATI; GILANG DRAJAT MAULANA; RYAN NUGRAHA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260649

Abstract

Abstract. Pane EP, Risjani Y, Yunianta, Belghoul Z, Rahmawati K, Maulana GD, Nugraha R. 2025. Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of Chlorella pyrenoidosa from the Java Sea, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3061-3070. Pathek Beach in Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia, is a site of particular interest due to its richness in marine biodiversity and offers promising sites for microalgal bioprospecting. This beach is distinguished by its dark sand and natural rock wave breakers, contributing to its unique geomorphological features. This study explores and identifies green microalgae, specifically a strain suspected as Chlorella pyrenoidosa, namely UB02 PATHEK PSAL. This strain is part of the microalgae collection maintained by the Research Center on Algae and Environment (ALGAEN), where it was maintained after being isolated from the Pathek coastal area. The isolation phase of this study utilized capillary techniques for the specific morphological identification of the microalgae strain. Single-cell isolation was achieved using a capillary micropipette technique under the Olympus IX 53 inverted microscope, followed by cultivation in sterile F/2 Walne medium. The study objective was to describe the morphology features using light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and conduct molecular identification using the rbcL gene to confirm the species identity. The rbcL gene was selected as a reliable molecular marker for low-level plant phylogenetics in this study due to its effectiveness in analyzing evolutionary relationships across different taxonomic groups. The isolated strain's genetic material was sequenced, and a comparative analysis was performed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The results revealed a 99.48% similarity with known C. pyrenoidosa strains, specifically Wu-G3H3-1-2 and strain 820, confirming the species identity. This research enhances understanding of the biodiversity of East Java's marine ecosystems and highlights the potential for discovering new microalgae species, sparking excitement and hope for future discoveries. C. pyrenoidosa is widely recognized for its highly nutritional and bioactive compounds, including lipid and protein, which are valuable for use in biofuel production and functional foods, and pharmaceuticals.
Biodiversity, social adoptability, and preference toward managing medicinal plants in homegardens across elevations in the Menoreh Mountains, Kulonprogo District, Indonesia BUDIADI BUDIADI; SITI NURUL ROFIQO IRWAN; LINA DWI LESTARI; MUHAMMAD IQBAL NUR MADJID; HADI SUSILO ARIFIN; NURHAYATI NURHAYATI; KASWANTO KASWANTO; BUDI FAISAL; MUHAMMAD ZAINI DAHLAN; SITI RAHAYU NADHIROH; TUTIK SRI WAHYUNI; MUHAMMAD SADDAM ALI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260331

Abstract

Abstract. Budiadi, Irwan SNR, Lestari LD, Madjid MIN, Arifin HS, Nurhayati, Kaswanto, Faisal B, Dahlan MZ, Nadhiroh SR, Wahyuni TS, Ali MS. 2025. Biodiversity, social adoptability, and preference toward managing medicinal plants in homegardens across elevations in the Menoreh Mountains, Kulonprogo District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1316-1324. Pekarangan, or "homegarden" is an agroforestry system that provides various products, including low-cost medicinal plants for maintaining family and community health. The Menoreh Mountains in Yogyakarta province, Central Java, is a center of production for medicinal plants that have been utilized by local people for generations. This research was conducted at three elevation levels—100-200 masl (lowland), 400-500 masl (mid-elevation), and >800 masl (highland)—in the Menoreh Mountains, to measure the biodiversity of homegardens, to predict adoption level of and people's preference toward medicinal plants, and to discuss pharmacological activity of the plants against potential epidemics. It involved direct observation of 30 homegardens, and interviews with 45 respondents using 22 close-ended questions from the ADOPT Tool framework.  Diversity indices among locations were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc test, and results from the interviews were analyzed using the ADOPT Tool. The pharmacological activities of the medicinal plants were analyzed through a literature study. The results showed that plant species in the homegardens had five main functions, i.e., food-producing, medicinal, fodder, estate crops, and ornamental plants. A total of 22 species from 13 families of medicinal plants deeply rooted in the local culture were cultivated in the homegardens. Peak adoption of medicinal-plant management in lowland, mid-elevation, and highland communities was predicted at 17%, 98%, and 98% within a period of ten, five, and two years, respectively. Highland people can more easily adopt the cultivation system of medicinal plants than mid-elevation and lowland communities. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) were the two most preferred medicinal plants in all locations, that increase immunity via antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. This suggests people in the Menoreh Mountains have good resilience to potential epidemics. Still, future research to increase the diversity and characterization of specific compounds of medicinal plants is needed.
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in an urban community in Iloilo City, Philippines CECILIA S. CORDERO; LANDER R. GUILLERGAN; MARIE FRANCES J. NIEVALES; GRECEBIO JONATHAN D. ALEJANDRO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 5 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260515

Abstract

Abstract. Cordero CS, Guillergan LR, Nievales MFJ, Alejandro GJD. 2025. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in an urban community in Iloilo City, Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 1940-1954. The use of medicinal plants for treating health problems remains prevalent, even in urban areas where modern medicine is readily available. However, anthropogenic interference may lead in the permanent loss of this knowledge. Therefore, this study aims to document the medicinal plants used in an urban community in Iloilo City, Philippines. A total of 60 participants were selected through convenience sampling and engaged in semi-structured and informal interviews conducted from December 2023 to January 2024. To evaluate the significance of the plants, the Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), and Fidelity Level (FL) were calculated. Fifty-five medicinal plant species, representing 53 genera and 34 families, were recorded as treatments for 36 diseases across 13 different disease categories. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, with the preferred methods of preparation and application including drinking or bathing the decoction and pounding the leaves to extract the juice for direct application. Ninety percent of all documented plants were either not assessed or listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List, and most of them are non-native to the Philippines. Blumea balsamifera had the highest UV (0.683), Moringa oleifera had the highest RFC (0.650), and Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., Ocimum sp., and Tamarindus indica all tied for the highest FL (100%). Overall, this study emphasized the importance of medicinal plants in disease treatment and could serve as a foundation for future pharmacological research into drug development and formulation. Additionally, it raises awareness of the potential role of plants in healthcare systems.
Arboreal insects and mangrove vegetation pollinators in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia RONI KONERI; PARLUHUTAN SIAHAAN; SAROYO SAROYO; MEIS JACINTA NANGOY; WAKHID WAKHID
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260407

Abstract

Abstract. Koneri R, Siahaan P, Saroyo, Nangoy MJ, Wakhid. 2025. Arboreal insects and mangrove vegetation pollinators in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1553-1564. The diversity of mangrove species is predominantly composed of animals and plants, where insects have not been fully explored. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the diversity of arboreal insects and mangrove vegetation pollinators on the Coast of Bunaken Sub-district, Manado City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted at 3 observation stations in mangrove vegetation using the beating-tray method to obtain arboreal insects. Scan sampling and insect nets were used for mangrove vegetation pollinators. The results showed that arboreal insects and mangrove vegetation pollinators comprised 1,028 individuals covering 45 species in 17 families and 6 orders. The order with the highest abundance was Hymenoptera, while the largest number of species was Lepidoptera. Based on the relative abundance of species, Oecophylla smaragdina, Tetrigona apicalis, and Dolichoderus thoracicus were ranked as 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average index of dominance, richness, and diversity of arboreal insects and the highest mangrove vegetation pollinators were found at Meras station. The similarity analysis indicated that the composition of arboreal insects and mangrove vegetation pollinators did not show significant differences. Environmental factors such as air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, and light intensity at the 3 observation stations were different. The highest air temperature and wind speed were found at the Tongkaina, while Meras had the lowest. The common species distribution pattern found was aggregate, suggesting that the mangrove vegetation area on the coast of Bunaken could support the abundance, richness, and diversity of arboreal insects as well as mangrove vegetation pollinators. At all observation stations, approximately the same species of insect composition was found. These results provided valuable information, serving as a database and consideration in formulating conservation strategies for arboreal insects and mangrove vegetation pollinators in the mangrove forest area on the Coast of Bunaken Sub-district.
Current status of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) on small islands in the Southern Sumatra, Indonesia MHD MUHAJIR HASIBUAN; RIZKI KURNIA TOHIR; KHORYFATUL MUNAWAROH; IBNU MARYANTO; MAHARADATUNKAMSI MAHARADATUNKAMSI; ARIE MULIA LUBIS; FREDY RAHMANDANI; IRHAMUDDIN IRHAMUDDIN; SUJADI SUJADI; EDI GUNARTO; YASSER HABIBIE RAFSANJANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260246

Abstract

Abstract. Hasibuan MM, Tohir RK, Munawaroh K, Maryanto I, Maharadatunkamsi, Lubis AM, Rahmandani F, Irhamuddin, Sujadi, Gunarto E, Rafsanjani YH. 2025. Current status of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) on small islands in the Southern Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 971-980. The global population status of the Long-Tailed Macaque (LTM/Macaca fascicularis) was recently reassessed, resulting in its reclassification from Vulnerable to Endangered due to an estimated population decline of approximately 40% over the past three generations. To better understand and validate its updated IUCN status, we conducted a population study on Tabuan, Legundi, and Umang-umang Islands in Lampung Province, located in the southern region of Sumatra, Indonesia. On the other hand, management challenges arise due to its current International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status, even though it is locally regarded as a pest by the local population. To establish effective and sustainable management strategies, updated population data is crucial, particularly in regions with limited information. This research aimed to address the need for population status data in Sumatra. As part of a broader study focusing on the distribution of M. fascicularis in Sumatra, this study specifically targets the understudied small islands located in the southern region of Sumatra Island. The research was conducted from April 25 to May 4, 2024, on three islands within Lampung Province: Tabuan, Legundi, and Umang-umang Islands. Data were collected using the transect method, covering a total distance of 43.42 km. The findings revealed an estimated total population of approximately 9,948 M. fascicularis individuals, distributed as follows: 6,523 on Tabuan Island, 3,415 on Legundi Island, and a single group of around 10 individuals on Umang-umang Island. These findings provide insights into previously underrecognized and underpublicized populations of LTM in Southern Sumatra, elucidate the potential for colonization of new territories by LTM on the surveyed islands, and underscore conflicts with local communities in specific areas. Therefore, it is imperative to intensify management efforts to improve habitat conditions, mitigate conflicts, and enhance the overall success of LTM conservation and management strategies.

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