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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Screening of actinobacteria isolated from rice and their potential to inhibit virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ULVANA TRI NURWULAN; TRI JOKO; TRIWIDODO ARWIYANTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260343

Abstract

Abstract. Nurwulan UT, Joko T, Arwiyanto T. 2025. Screening of actinobacteria isolated from rice and their potential to inhibit virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biodiversitas 26: 1424-1432. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight, is a major obstacle to improving rice productivity. The virulence factors of Xoo, such as motility, biofilm formation, and Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS), are significant contributors to its pathogenicity. Actinobacteria, known for their beneficial properties, have promising applications in biological control. This study aimed to isolate actinobacteria and evaluate their potential to suppress Xoo virulence. Actinobacteria isolates were obtained from paddy fields in Yogyakarta, which have been proven to effectively inhibit the swimming, swarming, and twitching motility of Xoo. Isolates KpNg1 and Bs3 showed the most significant suppression, reducing motility to an average diameter of 0.2 cm. All actinobacteria isolates demonstrated the ability to inhibit biofilm formation, as indicated by reduced absorbance values in the crystal violet binding assay, with biofilm inhibitory rates ranging from 16% to 78%. Similarly, the EPS inhibition assay showed that all isolates significantly decreased EPS production, with inhibitory rates ranging from 4% to 49%. The inhibition of Xoo virulence factors is associated with quorum quenching mechanisms, particularly in relation to pili and flagella function. Isolates Bs1, KpS, and Bs3 were found to be closely related to Rhodococcus sovatensis by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. At the same time, isolates KpNg1, SGg, and Bs2 were found to be closely related to Rhodococcus yunnanensis. These findings underscore the intriguing role of actinobacteria in suppressing Xoo virulence, paving the way for further research and potential applications in biological control.
Refugia flowers enhance insect pollinator and quality of fruit production in strawberry farming SAKINAH AMANINA; NINA MARYANA; I WAYAN WINASA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260330

Abstract

Abstract. Amanina S, Maryana N, Winasa IW. 2025. Refugia flowers enhance insect pollinator and quality of fruit production in strawberry farming. Biodiversitas 26: 1310-1316. Strawberry flowers have different receptive and anthesis periods, making them generally cross-pollinated. Adding refugia flowers in strawberry farming can attract more insect pollinators, enhancing successful cross-pollination and complete fruit formation. This research aimed to study the effect of refugia flowers in improving the diversity and abundance of insect pollinators and, eventually, fruit production and quality in strawberry farming. The research was conducted in Sukaresmi Village, Rancabali Sub-district, Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia using a randomized group experimental design consisted of four treatments, namely strawberries plants without refugia (control/C), strawberries and common zinnia (Zinnia elegans) (SZ), strawberries and marigold flowers (Tagetes sp.) (SM) and strawberries and cosmos flowers (Cosmos sp.) (SC). Observations of pollinators were conducted at 06.00-09.00, 10.00-13.00, and 14.00-17.00 every three days for 30 days. Data was subjected to analysis of diversity and abundance, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Chi-Square test, and correlation analysis. The highest pollinator diversity was found in the SC treatment, and the lowest was in the control, although the diversity level in all treatments was moderate. The cosmos flowers also attracted the most significant number of individual pollinators. Three dominant pollinators were found in all plots, i.e. Apis cerana, Melanostoma sp., and Episyrphus viridaureus. Furthermore, the abundance of pollinators affected the quantity of perfect fruit and quality of strawberry fruits, with SC treatment producing the highest fruit yield and quality on average. The findings of this study imply that adding cosmos flowers positively impacts pollinators, which helps produce better strawberries.  
Estimation of carbon stock and economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem in Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park, Bali, Indonesia ARIFAH DINDA LESTARI; MUFTI PETALA PATRIA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260626

Abstract

Abstract. Lestari AD, Patria MP. 2025. Estimation of carbon stock and economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem in Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 2821-2831. Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park (GFP), Bali, is considered one of Indonesia’s successful examples of mangrove forest restoration, yet it remains ecologically vulnerable due to persistent anthropogenic pressures. An essential component of mangrove restoration is ecosystem monitoring, which includes both ecological assessments and economic valuation to determine carbon sequestration potential. The mangrove ecosystem in Ngurah Rai GFP provides tangible ecological, physical, and economic benefits to the local community, necessitating comprehensive evaluation to support long-term sustainability. This study aimed to assess the economic value of mangroves and estimate their carbon sequestration potential to better understand their contribution to climate change mitigation. Fieldwork was conducted from March to September 2024. Carbon sequestration was estimated using a non-destructive allometric model to measure mangrove tree biomass and sediment carbon content was analyzed using the Loss on Ignition (LOI) method. The Total Economic Value (TEV) of the mangrove ecosystem was estimated by incorporating direct use values (ecotourism, fisheries, and processed mangrove products); indirect use values (carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and ecological functions such as spawning, feeding, and nursery grounds); option values (biodiversity benefits); existence values (willingness to pay); and bequest values. The results revealed that the average carbon sequestration potential in Ngurah Rai GFP is 1,742.08 tons CO?/ha/year. The Direct Use Value (DUV) was IDR 675,615,035,500/year; the Indirect Use Value (IUV) was IDR 862,383,525,618/year; and the Existence Value (EV) was IDR 185,158,788,000/year. The Option Value (OV), derived from biodiversity benefits, was IDR 722,958,245/year, while the Bequest Value was estimated at IDR 67,561,503,550/year. The total TEV of the mangrove ecosystem in Ngurah Rai GFP was IDR 1,791,441,810,913/year, equivalent to approximately USD 107,918,182/year.
Diversity and composition of plants in ex-mining revegetation lands for cement raw materials in South Kalimantan, Indonesia MOCHAMAD ARIEF SOENDJOTO; I WAYAN KEDEP SUDIARTA; M. INDRA Z. CANGARA; WISNU ADI PATRIA; MAULANA KHALID RIEFANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260214

Abstract

Abstract. Soendjoto MA, Sudiarta IWK, Cangara MIZ, Patria WA, Riefani MK. 2025. Diversity and composition of plants in ex-mining revegetation lands for cement raw materials in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 670-680. PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk carries out open-pit mining to obtain cement raw materials in Kotabaru District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, for the Tarjun-12 Factory. The company then undertakes the challenging task of revegetating ex-mining lands. However, there are no existing records of plant species post-revegetation, which occurred 13 to 16 years ago. This research is unique in its approach, aiming to document plant species and analyze their presence after revegetation. The methodology involves placing an observation path on each ex-mining land, with each path comprising 10 observation plots (20 m x 20 m) for recording woody plants at tree level. Each observation plot includes a small plot (10 m x 10 m) for data collection at the pole level, one plot (5 m x 5 m) for sapling level and non-woody plants (herbs), and one plot (2 m x 2 m) for seedling level and non-woody plants (grasses, ferns). The data were then analyzed after obtaining the importance value index, diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), and similarity index (Sorensen). The study revealed that more than 90% of the 155 plant species (54 families) are spontaneously grown plants, and most plant communities between ex-mining lands are dissimilar. The highest diversity is in woody plants at the sapling level and also trees on ex-laterite mining land. These results represent unique baseline data for 13-16 years post-revegetation.
Phylogenetic analysis of local Papuan (Indonesia) sweet potato genotypes using the maturase K (matK) molecular marker NOUKE L. MAWIKERE; SARASWATI PRABAWARDANI; ANTONIUS SUPARNO; SARTJI TABERIMA; NAHOR OLLUDIUM; AGUSTINUS WARBAAL; ZARIMA WIBAWATI; LULUT DWI SULISTYANINGSIH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260337

Abstract

Abstract. Mawikere NL, Prabawardani S, Suparno A, Taberima S, Olludium N, Warbaal A, Wibawati Z, Sulistyaningsih LD. 2025. Phylogenetic analysis of local Papuan (Indonesia) sweet potato genotypes using the maturase K (matK) molecular marker. Biodiversitas 26: 1367-1375. This study aimed to investigate the genetic relationship among 12 local Papuan sweet potato genotypes using the maturase K (matK) molecular marker. DNA was extracted from fresh leaf samples and amplified using the matK primer, with sequencing conducted through the Sanger method. Sequence analysis was performed using MEGA11 software, employing BLAST for alignment with GenBank data. Clustering analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method. While, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum Likelihood analysis with 1,000 bootstrap replications. The study showed extensive morphological diversity among the sweet potato genotypes, except for L-MKW and Biak-1 genotypes. Nucleotide variation ranges from 858 bp to 867 bp, with polymorphic sites identified at key nucleotide positions. Sweet potato genotype with the largest number of nucleotides was Numfor (867 bp). There were 12 polymorphic sites in nucleotide sequences 1-8, 837, 838, 864, and 865. The average nucleotide composition of twelve sweet potato genotypes was T/U (28.34%), C (15.76%), A (38.01%), and G (17.89%). The number of amino acids formed varied from 265 (Nabire) to 271 (Prafi-1, Mokwam), with an average number of 267.58. The highest amino acid composition was Lysine (Lys/K) 11.87%. Only four sites had polymorphic amino acids in the amino acid sequences 1, 2, 3, and 280. The grouping pattern of Papuan sweet potato genotypes based on nucleotide similarities amplified by the matK primer formed three groups based on their nucleotide similarities, namely i) Mokwam, Numfor, L-MKW; ii) Airani Serui, Prafi, Nabire; and iii) Ungu MKW, L-Sorong, Koya-4, Tinta-1, Biak-1, Amban Pantai-2. This cluster highlights the genetic diversity within Papuan sweet potato populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the studied genotypes and other species of the Ipomoea genus. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity of Papuan sweet potatoes, offering potential applications for conservation and local crop improvement efforts.
Utilization of medicinal plant extracts to reduce the mosaic disease complex of chili plant NURHAYATI DAMIRI; AHMAD RICARD FENTON; CHANDRA IRSAN; OKTAVIANI OKTAVIANI; RAHMAD FADLY; RAHMAT PRATAMA; MULAWARMAN MULAWARMAN; ARINAFRIL ARINAFRIL; SUPLI EFFENDI RAHIM
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260329

Abstract

Abstract. Damiri N, Fenton AR, Irsan C, Oktaviani, Fadly R, Pratama R, Mulawarman, Arinafril, Rahim SE. 2025. Utilization of medicinal plant extracts to reduce the mosaic disease complex of chili plant. Biodiversitas 26: 1303-1309. Viral diseases lead to substantial yield losses in chili cultivation, with the mosaic disease complex being one the most serious effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medicinal plant extracts in protecting chili plants against mosaic disease complex in the field. This research was conducted at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The research was desgined in a factorial randomized block. The first factor was medicinal plant extracts: A. Annona muricata leaf extract; B. Datura metel leaf extract; C. Jatropha curcas leaf extract; D. Pachyrhizus erosus leaf extract; E. Azadirachta indica leaf extract; J. control. The second factor was the interval of application time: one week (W1), two weeks (W2), and three weeks (W3). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The extracts were sprayed at 2% concentration on chili plants. Results showed that the application of medicinal plant leaf extracts, combined with different application intervals, effectively suppresses the mosaic disease complex in chili plants. Among the treatments, extracts of D. metel and A. indica applied at two-week intervals resulted in the lowest incidence and severity of mosaic disease, both in terms of percentage and intensity. Additionally, treated plants exhibited greater fruit yield and increased plant height compared to the control group. The effectiveness of D. metel and A. indica as biopesticides is attributed to their potent bioactive compounds. Notably, applying these extracts at two-week intervals reduced mosaic disease complex attacks to just 12.02%. Further research should be conducted to optimize application methods and assess long-term effects on crop productivity.
Differences in ichthyofauna composition among tropical seagrass habitats in the small semi-enclosed bay HUSAIN LATUCONSINA; ILHAM ZULFAHMI; HAMDANI DWI PRASETYO; AHMAD MUHTADI RANGKUTI; MUHAMMAD NUR; NERI KAUTSARI; ILHAM MARASABESSY
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260248

Abstract

Abstract. Latuconsina H, Zulfahmi I, Prasetyo HD, Rangkuti AM, Nur M, Kautsari N, Marasabessy I. 2025. Differences in ichthyofauna composition among tropical seagrass habitats in the small semi-enclosed bay. Biodiversitas 26: 992-1007. The seagrass ecosystem is an important habitat for ichthyofauna in coastal waters and small islands in tropical areas. The richness of ichthyofauna species in seagrass habitats is highly dependent on the physical characteristics of the habitat and the support of other nearby habitats. This research aims to compare the number of species, families and orders of ichthyofauna among different seagrass habitats in the waters of a semi-enclosed bay. The research stations were based on different seagrass habitats in Inner Ambon Bay (IAB), Maluku, Indonesia, single-vegetation seagrass meadows and mixed-vegetation seagrass meadows. We conducted fish sampling using beach seines at monthly intervals for one year. We collected a total of 10,772 fish specimens representing 123 species from 46 families and 22 orders. Of note, 69.1% were juveniles. Different species were present in different seagrass habitats, each with its own physical characteristics. Fish abundance, species richness, and similarity indices were higher in mixed-vegetation seagrass habitats than single vegetation habitats. Proximity between seagrass habitats supports high similarity in species, families and orders. Therefore, protecting different types of seagrass habitats is the right strategy for supporting the abundance and diversity of the ichthyofauna. In addition, the protection of habitats surrounding seagrass meadows, such as mangroves and coral reefs, which are ecologically linked through tidal migration of ichthyofauna, is also important to support the conservation of ichthyofauna to achieve sustainable fisheries use in IAB to support food security.
Probiotic potential of indigenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.) RAHMAD LINGGA; VERRY ANDRE FABIANI; ZULFARINA ZULFARINA; YURNALIZA YURNALIZA; NURZAIDAH PUTRI DALIMUNTHE; BRENDOFLIN KURNIAWAN; TITIK ANGRAHINI; SAWA KUSTARIA; GUSDUR GUSDUR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270525

Abstract

Abstract. Lingga R, Fabiani VA, Zulfarina, Yurnaliza, Dalimunthe NP, Kurniawan B, Angrahini T, Kustaria S, Gusdur. 2026. Probiotic potential of indigenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.). Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270525. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270525. Feed management represents a fundamental factor influencing the efficiency and sustainability of lobster aquaculture operations. The nutritional requirements of lobsters encompass essential macronutrients, including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, traditionally supplied through fresh or formulated feeds. This study investigated the probiotic potential of indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from the intestines of spiny lobsters (Panulirus sp.) to address feed-related challenges in lobster aquaculture. Five marine lobster intestines were used as samples for LAB isolation using the spread plate method onto de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe Agar (MRSA) medium supplemented with 1% CaCO₃. From 39 initial isolates, eight distinct taxa belonging to Lactobacillus and Enterococcus genera were characterized through morphological, biochemical, and physiological analyses. The isolates exhibited LAB properties and were Gram-positive, with diverse morphologies (cocci, bacilli, and coccobacilli). Eight isolates namely LM1, LM4, LP2, LP3, LP4, LP12, LP40, and LP33 were selected for further probiotic potential testing. Physiological characterization revealed robust adaptability across varied environmental conditions, with growth sustained at temperatures between 27-45°C and pH levels ranging from 2.5 to 8.0. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated significant pathogenic inhibition, with LM04 showing the largest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (maximum zone 25.94±1.58 mm) and Escherichia coli (maximum zone 15.51±1.06 mm). Isolates LP40 and LP12 showed effectiveness against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio sp. Most isolates showed antibiotic resistance to chloramphenicol while maintaining intermediate sensitivity to tetracycline and ampicillin. Isolate LM1 showed the highest growth rate, with populations reaching 23.5×10⁸ CFU/mL, LP2 showed the highest adhesion capabilities (9.9%±0.09). Identification based on 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that isolates LP3 and LP12 were Enterococcus faecalis, whereas the other isolates were identified only based on phenotypic characteristics. These findings established the indigenous LAB from Panulirus sp. as a promising probiotic candidate, particularly for enhancing disease resistance in lobster aquaculture systems, while highlighting areas for future optimization.
The quality of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) with the addition of Leuconostoc mesenteroides during wet fermentation FERA ROSALIANA; YULIANA RENI SWASTI; EKAWATI PURWIJANTININGSIH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260725

Abstract

Abstract. Rosaliana F, Swasti YR, Purwijantiningsih E. 2025. The quality of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) with the addition of Leuconostoc mesenteroides during wet fermentation. Biodiversitas 26: 3334-3342. Coffee consumption is inseparable from the health benefits of antioxidants in coffee beans. However, coffee contains caffeine, which affects the nervous system, kidneys, and blood vessels. Caffeine content is usually reduced using organic solvents and physical treatment. However, caffeine reduction using microorganisms, such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), is underexplored. This research aimed to improve the quality of robusta coffee by increasing its antioxidant activity and reducing caffeine content by adding Leuconostoc mesenteroides during wet fermentation. L. mesenteroides is a proteolytic bacterium that can degrade caffeine in coffee beans and enhance antioxidant activity. Robusta coffee has a higher caffeine content than Arabica. Therefore, the caffeine content needs to be reduced. The caffeine content was analysed using the HPLC method, and antioxidant activity was conducted using the DPPH method. The experimental design in this study was a completely randomized factorial design with two factors: fermentation time and the addition of L. mesenteroides. Each treatment has 3 replications. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results show that the average caffeine content of espresso robusta green coffee beans was 1.26-2.19 mg/mL, while that of roasted coffee beans was 2.05-3.04%. Adding L. mesenteroides reduces the caffeine content of coffee beans by 13.34%. Espresso with green coffee beans has the average antioxidant activity ranging from 17.57±0.08%-23.32±0.08%, and espresso with roasted coffee beans ranges from 80.97±0.21%-84.87±0.08%; L. mesenteroides increases the antioxidant activity by 1.06%. In addition, the average moisture content of robusta green coffee beans fermented at 6, 12, and 18 hours with natural microbes and the addition of L. mesenteroides reached a moisture content of 9.82±0.10%-10.83±0.32%, while the roasted coffee beans ranged from 3.33±0.23%-3.80±0.16%. The average protein content of green coffee beans ranged from 10.51±0.76% to 13.28±0.67%, and roasted coffee beans from 11.38±0.88% to 12.55±0.50%. The total phenolic compound of green coffee beans ranged from 18.14±0.31 to 31.32±0.14 mg GAE/g, while the roasted beans reached 85.37±0.30 to 123.87±1.01 mg GAE/g. Adding L. mesenteroides reduces pH of green and roasted coffee beans. Testing other LABs on coffee beans can further explore these potential health benefits.
Phytoplankton diversity as a health indicator of coastal ecosystems in Prigi Bay, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia CATUR RETNANINGDYAH; LUCHMAN HAKIM; ENDANG ARISOESILANINGSIH; SUMANI SUMANI; RAHMANTA SETIAHADI; MUKHTASOR MUKHTASOR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 5 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260518

Abstract

Abstract. Retnaningdyah C, Hakim L, Arisoesilaningsih E, Sumani, Setiahadi R, Mukhtasor. 2025. Phytoplankton diversity as a health indicator of coastal ecosystems in Prigi Bay, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 2198-2209. This study aims to evaluate the water quality of several coastal ecosystems in the Prigi Bay, Watulimo Sub-district, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia, based on water physicochemical parameters and phytoplankton diversity as bioindicators. Water and plankton sampling were conducted in six coastal ecosystems (Beach of Pasir Putih, Karanggongso, Mutiara, Guo Boto, Prigi, and Karang Pegat). The water physicochemical parameters evaluated include DO, TSS, turbidity, salinity, pH, conductivity, BOD, nitrate, orthophosphate, H2S, and oil-grease. A total of 10 L of water was filtered with a plankton net. Then, the phytoplankton species were identified, and the abundance of each type was calculated. The data obtained were used to determine taxa richness, total density, evenness, dominance index, diversity index, Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), and Percentage Pollution Tolerant Value (%PTV). The study results showed that the physical-chemical quality of water in all research areas met the national and international quality standards concerning seawater quality standards for marine biota, except nitrate, orthophosphate, and oil-grease. A total of 40 species were found in the six coastal ecosystems in the Watulimo area. The abundance of phytoplankton from the Bacillariophyceae was always the highest in all locations, ranging from 67-78%. Phytoplankton diversity is relatively high (4.38-4.84). There is no species dominance or even distribution. The quality of water in coastal ecosystems in the Watulimo area, based on the TDI, is classified as eutrophic. Based on %PTV, there is no indication of organic material pollution except for the Prigi Beach ecosystem, which is included in the lightly polluted organic material category. High human activities around Prigi Beach have impacted the increasing turbidity and orthophosphate content, resulting in high levels of eutrophication and organic material pollution, as indicated by an increase in %PTV and TDI values.

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