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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Fruit diversity and rarity in traditional markets of West Java, Indonesia ADLI LUTHFIR RAHMAN YUWANA; BUDI IRAWAN; BUDIAWATI S. ISKANDAR; JOHAN ISKANDAR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261227

Abstract

Abstract. Yuwana ALR, Irawan B, Iskandar BS, Iskandar J. 2025. Fruit diversity and rarity in traditional markets of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6252-6272. Traditional markets play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, particularly for local fruit species and landraces. However, the growing dominance of imported fruits has increasingly threatened the diversity of local fruits, underscoring the need to understand their current status in traditional markets. This study investigated the diversity and rarity of fruit species and landraces sold in three traditional markets: Gedebage, Ujungberung, and Tanjungsari (West Java, Indonesia) and examined traders’ knowledge regarding fruit uses and perceived reasons for their rarity. Data were obtained through a census, interviews, and direct observations and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Jaccard similarity indices, and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices. A total of 170 fruit entities (including fruit species and distinct landraces) were recorded (including 128 local), represent 59 botanical species from 28 families. Among these, 25 fruits were classified as rare due to unfavourable attributes, limited cultivation, land-use changes, and the influx of commercial commodities. Fruits with the highest RFC value were Cucumis melo (0.517), Carica papaya “California” (0.482), Musa acuminata (0.465), Citrus x aurantium “Medan” (0.413), and Musa x paradisiaca “Raja Cere”, “Ambon Bodas”, and “Ambon Lumut” (0.379). The study highlights traditional markets as valuable biodiversity observatories, reflecting the persistence and decline of local fruit diversity in rural agroecosystems. Strengthening their role in biodiversity monitoring and conservation planning can provide an effective, community-based approach to safeguarding local genetic resources.
Microhabitat diversity of ancient trees in Hyrcanian Old-Growth Forests, Iran ZAHRA VEYSI; MOHSEN JAVANMIRI POUR; VAHID ETEMAD
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261249

Abstract

Abstract. Veysi Z, Pour MJ, Etemad V. 2025. Microhabitat diversity of ancient trees in Hyrcanian Old-Growth Forests, Iran. Biodiversitas 26: 6523-6540. Old-growth forests play a critical role in maintaining biodiversity by supporting diverse Tree-related Microhabitats (TreMs), yet their distribution patterns in Iran’s Hyrcanian Old-Growth Forests remain understudied. This study presents the first systematic assessment of TreMs in temperate old-growth forests of northern Iran, focusing on 60 ancient trees across four key species: Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), velvet maple (Acer velutinum), alder (Alnus subcordata), and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) in Kheyrud Forest. We identified and analyzed 12 distinct TreM types, including cavities, deadwood, and epiphytes, and evaluated their spatial distribution using GIS alongside environmental variables (elevation, slope, stand structure). Our results demonstrate that velvet maple and beech trees host the highest TreM richness, functioning as keystone structures for habitat heterogeneity. Notably, velvet maple (A. velutinum) showed strong associations with woodpecker cavities, reflecting species-specific microhabitat relationships. Statistical analyses revealed significant variation in TreM distribution across tree species and forest types, emphasizing the importance of preserving diverse tree assemblages to sustain microhabitat complexity. These findings provide actionable insights for conserving the Hyrcanian Old-Growth Forests, a UNESCO-listed biodiversity hotspot, and highlight the global relevance of protecting old-growth ecosystems for biodiversity resilience. By linking TreM patterns to forest structure and environmental gradients, this study establishes a foundation for evidence-based management strategies in temperate forests worldwide.
Tick morphology and pathogen-carrying potential in dogs from Bogor, Indonesia HASANATUL KHUZAIMAH; USAMAH AFIFF; UPIK KESUMAWATI HADI; SUSI SOVIANA; SUPRIYONO SUPRIYONO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270122

Abstract

Abstract. Khuzaimah H, Afiff U, Hadi UK,  Soviana S, Supriyono. 2026. Tick morphology and pathogen-carrying potential in dogs from Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270122. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270122. Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a hard tick ectoparasite that usually infects dogs and acts as a potential vector for zoonotic pathogens such as Lyme disease, Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis, and Rocky Mountain fever, which are commonly transmitted to humans and animals by ticks. This study aimed to detect pathogenic bacteria, such as Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., and Borrelia spp., in ticks collected from dogs in Bogor. A total of 77 dogs were randomly examined from 217 dogs, and 142 ticks were collected from six dogs, with a prevalence rate of 7.29%. Tick identification showed that all ticks were R. sanguineus according to Anastos' identification key (1950). R. sanguineus has specific characteristics, such as spurs on its first coxae and hexagonal basis capitula. The tick samples were then extracted for DNA to detect pathogenic bacteria using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results based on the 17-kDa and gltA genes showed that one sample tested positive for Rickettsia sp., and the infection rate for Rickettsia spp. was 12/142 ticks (0.085%). This was closely related to Rickettsia felis, which was detected in an infested dog in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Based on the groEL gene, one positive Anaplasma sp. sample had an infection rate of 94/142 ticks (0.66%). It was closely related to Anaplasma platys, which was detected in China, based on the phylogenetic tree. Meanwhile, the flaB gene detection for Borrelia spp. yielded negative results in all tick samples, but related research has successfully detected Borrelia in R. sanguineus. These findings provide molecular evidence of R. sanguineus as a potential vector for Rickettsia and Anaplasma in Indonesia. Maintaining environmental hygiene and pet cleanliness is essential for tick control and the prevention of zoonotic transmission.
Community structure and diversity of tree species in a lowland dipterocarp forest of Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia FAEZAH PARDI; RIDAHATI RAMBEY; HASYA HANNANI RUZIMAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270107

Abstract

Abstract. Pardi F, Rambey R, Ruziman HH. 2026. Community structure and diversity of tree species in a lowland dipterocarp forest of Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270107. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270107. Lowland dipterocarp forests in Peninsular Malaysia are biodiversity hotspots that play crucial roles in carbon storage but are increasingly threatened by logging, land conversion, and recreational pressures. Quantitative data on their community structure remain limited, particularly for Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve (SLFR), Selangor. To fill this gap, this study aimed to assess floristic composition and diversity, and estimate biomass and carbon stock in SLFR. In doing so, ten plots covering three hectares were established to enumerate trees with a diameter at breast height ≥5 cm. The tree community comprised a wide representation of families and genera, with Fabaceae emerging as the most species-rich, while Elateriospermum tapos (Euphorbiaceae) was identified as the dominant species. Diversity was moderate, but species evenness was low, reflecting uneven distribution across taxa. Despite this, the forest stored a significant carbon, with an estimated 304.86 t/ha, indicating its primary role as an important carbon sink. Importantly, seven threatened species were recorded, including Hopea auriculata and Palaquium burckii (Critically Endangered), Anisoptera costata and Neobalanocarpus heimii (Endangered), Ctenolophon parvifolius, Pentace macrophylla and Shorea inappendiculata (Vulnerable). Their occurrence urges the conservation importance of SLFR as a reservoir of dipterocarp diversity and a refuge for threatened taxa. Management strategies should prioritize stricter regulation of recreational activities, targeted enrichment planting, and the protection of threatened species. By integrating biodiversity conservation with climate mitigation goals, sustainable management of SLFR will directly contribute to the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 15.
Biomass mapping for wildlife management using UAV-satellite integration and deep learning in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand JEDSADA NOOWONG; WARONG SUKSAVATE; VISANUWIT THONG-ON; NOPPORN AKKAMANEE; ATTAPONG PAO-ON; KORNSORN SRIKULNATH; PRATEEP DUENGKAE
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260929

Abstract

Abstract. Noowong J, Suksavate W, Thong-On V, Akkamanee N, Pao-On A, Srikulnath K, Duengkae P. 2025. Biomass mapping for wildlife management using UAV-satellite integration and deep learning in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand. Biodiversitas 26: 4577-4597. In recent years, remote sensing has become a widely adopted tool for grassland management, offering advantages in assessing spatiotemporal dynamics. However, sample collection within satellite grids presents limitations because ground samples may not fully represent the corresponding satellite pixels. To address this challenge, the present study aimed to reduce sampling error by bridging ground-scale observations with satellite-scale data using digital images, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery, and Sentinel-2 for grass biomass estimation. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was used to classify biomass from digital images and UAV imagery, whereas a random forest algorithm was utilized to link these classifications to freely available Sentinel-2 imagery. The study was conducted in cultivated grasslands managed for mitigating human-wildlife conflict in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand. The results showed that a pre-trained CNN model based on digital images (MAE±0.351 classes) successfully transferred to UAV imagery using fine-tuning. When scaled to the satellite level, the model explained 94% of the variance (R2), with RMSE = 8.56 g/m2. The grassland yield was lowest during the dry season, with a minimum value in March of 34.82±0.09 g/m² (67.12±0.33 tons/month), while it reached a peak during the wet season in November at 110.03±0.32 g/m² (212.06±1.19 tons/month). These finding demonstrate the ecology of ruzi grass under natural conditions with free-ranging wildlife grazing. Overall, the study highlights a viable strategy for bridging ground and satellite scales to reduce sampling error and proposes a novel approach to monitoring grassland yield at very high spatial resolution and high precision, while providing evidence of overgrazing and gaur overpopulation in the grasslands. Grazing rotation management was suggested to restore degraded grassland, and enhance the potential yields of the grassland. By integrating ecological insights with practical management recommendation, this study contributes to sustainable grassland restoration and wildlife conservation strategies.
Antibacterial potential of the endophyte Phyllosticta fallopiae from wild tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium) ANINDITA SARMA; PINKY RANI BISWAS; KUMANAND TAYUNG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260845

Abstract

Abstract. Sarma A, Biswas PR, Tayung K. 2025. Antibacterial potential of the endophyte Phyllosticta fallopiae from wild tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium). Biodiversitas 26: 4180-4192. The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance has necessitated the exploration for undiscovered novel antimicrobials from natural sources. Solanum pimpinellifolium, a wild relative of cultivated tomato is known for its built-in resistance to a variety of pests and pathogens. Literature studies indicated that such plants are colonized by distinct endophytic microbes that produce secondary metabolites of multiple applications. A total of 205 endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaf tissue of S. pimpinellifolium and five most dominant isolates were determined for antibacterial activity against eight clinically significant human pathogens using agar well diffusion method. The most potent isolate was identified at molecular level via ITS sequencing. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using broth microdilution, and time-kill kinetics were performed to evaluate bactericidal effect. The extract was further analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify active metabolites. The metabolite obtained from Phyllosticta fallopiae SPK5 (GenBank accession no. OR770585) was the most effective and showed the highest antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (25.67±0.58 mm), Bacillus anthracis (23.67±2.08 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (21.00±1.00 mm). The extract showed promising Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of 15.62 µg/mL against Enterococcus faecalis and reduction in viable cell count in 12 h. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the potent extract revealed presence of seven major compounds including fatty acids, ketones and heterocycles such as Pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl), octadecanoic acid, and 1-nonadecene, which are reported to have bioactive properties. These findings highlight the potential of wild tomato-associated endophytic fungi as a promising source of novel antimicrobial compounds, with possible applications in pharmaceutical development and management of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Morphological diversity and habitat suitability modeling of Oncosperma tigillarium in coastal Riau, Indonesia DETI NOVELA; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; NINA RATNA DJUITA; FITMAWATI FITMAWATI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260825

Abstract

Abstract. Novela D, Chikmawati T, Djuita NR, Fitmawati. 2025. Morphological diversity and habitat suitability modeling of Oncosperma tigillarium in coastal Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3952-3964. Land-use change and forest fires are major threats to the survival of Oncosperma tigillarium in the coastal areas of Riau, Indonesia. Scientific information on the species’ morphological diversity, distribution, and habitat suitability remains limited, despite its significant ecological and economic value to local communities. Therefore, comprehensive research is urgently needed to support its conservation and sustainable use. This study aimed to assess the morphological diversity and model habitat suitability using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) approach for O. tigillarium in the coastal areas of Riau Province. Morphological samples were collected from various coastal habitats and analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Habitat suitability modeling was conducted based on 72 occurrence points and relevant environmental variables. The results revealed low qualitative morphological diversity, with notable differences in stem color, spine shape, and rachillae color during flowering and fruiting. PCA revealed three clusters based on quantitative variation, with PC1 and PC2 explaining 54.8% of total morphological variation. The MaxEnt model performed exceptionally well, with an Area Under Curve value of 0.993. Highly suitable habitats (IHS 0.6-1.0) were primarily located in Bengkalis. This area is highly suitable for the long-term conservation of O. tigillarium.
Morphometric diversity of Zabrus morio (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in relation to sex and altitude in Uzbekistan's mountain ecosystems DILNOZA F. ZOKIROVA; JASUR A. KUDRATOV; RAFIK A. KHAMZAEV; ASOLAT B. KHAMIDOVA; BEKSOD OTAKULOV; GULRUH URINOVA; IRODA ZOHIDOVA; ERKIN ABDULLAEV; FARIZA RAYIMOVA; ABDUVAET PAZILOV; SHAHLO TURSUNOVA; MUNISA BAKHRILLAYEVA; FAZLITDIN Z. KHALIMOV
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260943

Abstract

Abstract. Zokirova DF, Kudratov JA, Khamzaev RA, Khamidova AB, Otakulov B, Urinova G, Zohidova I, Abdllaev E, Rayimova F, Pazilov A, Tursunova S, Bakhrillayeva M, Khalimov FZ. 2025. Morphometric diversity of Zabrus morio (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in relation to sex and altitude in Uzbekistan's mountain ecosystems. Biodiversitas 26: 4730-4745. Zabrus morio is the only representative of the genus Zabrus in Uzbekistan, considered a potential pest and widely distributed in mountainous and foothill ecosystems. Studying its morphometric characteristics is important for understanding population traits and adaptive responses. A total of 115 individuals (50 females, 65 males) from 10 sites along an altitudinal gradient were examined. Sites above 1,200 masl were represented by mountain steppes, subalpine meadows, juniper woodlands, and alpine meadows. Sites below 1,200 m were characterized by arid ephemeral-grass steppes, sagebrush-ephemeral steppes, and shrub-steppe communities. Ten morphometric traits were measured using a binocular microscope. Head length was the most variable trait (CV = 10.2%), while elytral width was the least variable (CV = 5.5%); in general, body length parameters were more variable than widths. The strongest correlation was found between elytra length and total body length (r = 0.93), while head length and pronotum length were the most independent traits (r = 0.49). Females showed greater variability in head dimensions and pronotum length, while males exhibited higher variability in elytral width and interocular distance. In females, elytra length correlated most strongly with total body length (r = 0.92), whereas in males, head width closely correlated with pronotum width (r = 0.95), which may indicate a relationship between head size and pronotum size. Overall, trait variability decreased with increasing altitude, with only male head length showing a statistically significant reduction. These findings emphasize the adaptive morphometric variability of Z. morio depending on sex and ecological conditions, as well as the potential implications of these correlations for the species’ ecology and evolution.
Foliar trichome variations in 49 accessions of Solanum aethiopicum (Solanaceae) LAILANI A. MASUNGSONG; MARIA CELESTE N. BANATICLA-HILARIO; NONNATUS S. BAUTISTA; LERMA SJ. MALDIA; NELSON M. PAMPOLINA; INOCENCIO E. BUOT JR.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270221

Abstract

Abstract. Masungsong LA, Banaticla-Hilario MCN, Bautista NS, Maldia LS, Pampolina NM, Buot Jr. IE. 2026. Foliar trichome variations in 49 accessions of Solanum aethiopicum (Solanaceae). Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270221. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270221. Trichomes are essential micromorphological structures that mediate plant-environment interactions. Although trichome diversity has been extensively documented across the genus Solanum, available information for Solanum aethiopicum remains limited. This study aimed to investigate foliar trichomes in 49 accessions from Hortanova Farm and Research Center, Eastwest Seed Company, Inc., in Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines, to characterize their morphology, classify trichome types, and analyze patterns of intraspecific variation. Observations were performed using light microscopy (200x magnification), supported by standardized morphometric and structural criteria. A diagnostic dichotomous key was subsequently developed to aid in identification. Ten distinct trichome types were recognized, consisting of glandular (Types 3 and 6) and non-glandular forms (Types 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10). Stellate trichomes were dominant, and four newly described stellate types (Types 7, 8, 9, and 10) were reported. Among these, Type 9, a non-glandular stellate trichome with straight radial rays, appeared consistently across all accessions and emerged as a robust diagnostic feature, whereas Types 1 and 2 occurred only in specific accessions, indicating potential trait exclusivity. The widespread distribution of Type 9 and contrasting morphological differences suggest adaptive significance. These findings expand micromorphological knowledge and present taxonomic implications for S. aethiopicum.
Agromorphological and biochemical diversity of sea buckthorn in Northern Kazakhstan for breeding and conservation GAUHAR S. MUKAN; LAURA SH. SHADMANOVA; AINUR S. YESZHANOVA; CHINGIZ B. KANAPIN; KANAT ZH. ACHATOV; MEDEU R. RAZHANOV; ANAR G. SANKAIBAYEVA; MARZHAN M. BAIMAGANBETOVA; GULNARA T. SITPAYEVA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270126

Abstract

Abstract. Mukan GS, Shadmanova LS, Yeszhanova AS, Kanapin CB, Achatov KZ, Razhanov MR, Sankaibayeva AG, Marzhan BM, Sitpayeva GT. 2026. Agromorphological and biochemical diversity of sea buckthorn in Northern Kazakhstan for breeding and conservation. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270126. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270126. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a versatile, dioecious shrub native to Eurasia, exhibits significant ecological and nutritional potential, yet remains underexploited in Kazakhstan despite widespread global utilization. This study evaluated the agromorphological and biochemical diversity of 11 selected forms (as proxies for potential genetic units) from five natural cenopopulations in the North Kazakhstan and Kostanay regions during 2023-2024 to identify elite forms suitable for breeding and commercial production. Field and laboratory assessments analyzed dendrometric, agromorphological, and biochemical traits. Dendrometric measurements revealed variations in bush height (2-4 m) and fruit cluster length (5.55-38.23 cm). Agromorphological fruit traits showed diversity in weight (24.36-48.47 g per 100 berries) and fruiting degree (2-5 points). Biochemical analyses indicated ranges in soluble solids (7.9-12.8%), sugars (1.2-7.5 g/100 g), polyphenols (401-1860 mg GAE/100 g), vitamin C (9.68-105.6 mg/100 g), and antioxidant activity (FRAP: 1.33-10.22 μM FeSO₄/g; DPPH: 18-78%). Cluster analysis identified the KT form as distinct, with superior antioxidant capacity. These findings highlight putative phenotypic divergence in underexplored northern populations, offering valuable resources for developing high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties adapted to harsh climates. The results support strategic breeding programs and advocate for the targeted conservation of unique forms (e.g., KT) to enhance agricultural and ecological resilience in the region.

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