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Insignia: Journal of International Relations

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Published by Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

ISSN : 20891962 EISSN : 25979868 DOI : -

Core Subject : Humanities, Art,

Arts Humanities

Insignia Journal of International Relations is published biannually (April & November) by Laboratorium of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University. This journal contains articles or publications from all issues of International Relations such as: International Politics, Foreign Policy, Security Studies, International Political Economy, Transnational Studies, Area Studies & Non-traditional Issues.

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Articles 206 Documents

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European Stability Mechanism Sebagai Upaya Uni Eropa Menangani Krisis Finansial Spanyol Nidya Rahmanita; Renny Miryanti
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 5 No 1 (2018): April 2018
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Global Financial Crisis has revealed major weakness in the design and implementation of the existing economic governance framework of the European Union. In addition, the first temporary fiscal backstop is EFSF (The European Financial Stability Facility) as a temporary crisis resolution mechanism by the Euro area Member States. In this case, The EFSF does not provide any further financial assistance, so the task of EFSF being replace by the new mechanism that includes the establishment of a permanent crisis management mechanism as the safeguard against imbalances in individual countries that is ESM (European Stability Mechanism). Spain as one of the Eurozone Member States that fall on financial crisis caused by disproportionate growth in the real estate sector, along with the expansion of credit, on 25 June 2012 made an official request for financial assistance through ESM for its banking system. In accordance with MoU, Spain must conduct a structural adjustment program through identifying individual bank capital needs, recapitalising and restructuring.

Pengaruh Brain Circulation untuk Memperkuat Pasar Tenaga Kerja dalam Masyarakat ASEAN 2015 Arif Darmawan; Qisty Anzilni Desiera
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 1 No 01 (2014): November 2014
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

ASEAN Community 2015 became one of its own products made by ASEAN leaders to ease the creation of a variety of access both in the economic, political, social, cultural, defense and security. Within the ASEAN Community 2015, becoming one of its own steps to open markets more freely so that the movement of the mobility of goods and services can be channeled properly not only in the country in each of the ASEAN countries, however, can be transferred to all other countries. One of the constraints in this regard is how the readiness of the government of a country in ASEAN to face of fierce competition that will take place freely and openly among various countries so that if not handled properly can result in a fairly high unemployment because the foreign labor which is presented in one of the ASEAN countries is a labor that has a high skill. Therefore, the government must also concern related to the brain circulation phenomenon are able to strengthen the various sectors where the government is able to provide its own facilitieswith the provision of the allocation of funds for research and development and create policies that ensure the products to the convenience of skilled labor to carry out research in homeland then it will strengthen the stability of labor market in ASEAN. Keywords: ASEAN Community 2015, Imbalancing Competition, Brain Circulation, R&D,Stability in ASEAN labor market

ASEAN Contemporary Security: Maritime Diplomacy in Handling of Maritime Security Threats in Malaka Strait Laode Muhamad Fathun
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 6 No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Abstract This paper will explain the consequences of Indonesia's geopolitical location, namely in the Malacca Strait as an international trade route. The Malacca Strait is a crossing route for foreign ships to distribute goods to various regions. However, the strategic channel not only attracts sympathy from international entrepreneurs but also attracts these criminals and hijackers to obtain economic results from this activity. The Malacca Strait strategically makes pirates and pirates criminalize passing ships. On the other hand, the consequences of state legal matters are maintaining security and safety, and the comfort of crossings in the Malacca Strait. With a number of problems, both defense, governance and management infrastructure that cannot be seen in a fixed manner. In addition, its position borders on three countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. With a qualitative descriptive analysis method, this paper explains the need for bilateral, trilateral and regional multi-level diplomacy approaches to solve problems. And the purpose of this article is that piracy occurred in the Straits of Malacca because of its strategic geopolitical structure and weak Indonesian defense. So, collaboration is needed, coordination through diplomacy and military projections as an effort to safeguard the sea area, sea control and military defense articulation. Thus, the authors hope that this article can add knowledge to the study of international relations, especially in marine studies. Keywords: Geopolitics, Maritime State, Malacca Strait, Piracy, Multilevel Diplomacy Abstrak Paper ini akan menjelaskan konsekuensi dari lokasi geopolitik Indonesia, yaitu di Selat Malaka sebagai rute perdagangan internasional. Selat Malaka adalah rute penyeberangan bagi kapal-kapal asing untuk mendistribusikan barang ke berbagai daerah. Namun, saluran strategis tidak hanya menarik simpati dari pengusaha internasional tetapi juga menarik para pelaku kejahatan dan pembajak ini untuk mendapatkan hasil ekonomi dari kegiatan ini. Selat Malaka yang strategis membuat perompak dan pembajak mengkriminalkan kapal yang lewat. Sisi lain, konsekuensi dari urusan hukum negara adalah menjaga keamanan dan keselamatan, dan kenyamanan penyeberangan di Selat Malaka. Dengan sejumlah masalah baik pertahanan, tata kelola, infrastruktur manajemen yang tidak bisa dilihat secara secara terpisa. Selain itu posisinya berbatasan dengan tiga negara yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia dan Singapura. Dengan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif, makalah ini menjelaskan perlunya pendekatan diplomasi multi-level bilateral, trilateral dan regional untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Dan tujuan dari artikel ini bahwa pembajakan terjadi di Selat Malaka karena struktur geopolitik yang strategis dan pertahanan Indonesia yang lemah. Jadi, diperlukan kolaborasi, koordinasi melalui diplomasi dan proyeksi militer sebagai upaya untuk menjaga wilayah laut, kontrol laut dan artikulasi pertahanan militer. Dengan demikian, penulis berharap bahwa artikel ini dapat menambah pengetahuan untuk studi hubungan internasional khususnya dalam studi kelautan. Kata kunci: Diplomasi Multilevel, Geopolitik, Negara Maritim, Pembajakan, Selat Malaka

Terorisme dan Keamanan Kolektif ASEAN Harist Dwi Wiratma; Yoga Suharman
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 3 No 01 (2016): April 2016
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

AbstrakMasalah terorisme adalah masalah yang signifikan setelah serangan World Trade Center pada 11 September 2012. Kasus ini mengancam negara-negara muslim di dunia. Meskipun begitu, ini tidak bisa menjadi dasar bahwa orang-orang Muslim di dunia adalah seorang teroris. Terorisme telah menjadi salah satu ancaman non-tradisional yang bisa membahayakan orang dalam skala besar. Oleh karena itu, persepsi pendekatan dan konsep keamanan non-tradisional menjadi salah satu cara yang akan digunakan dalam makalah ini. Untuk memandu jalannya penelitian ini, beberapa tujuan yang harus dicapai dalam penelitian ini telah dirumuskan. Tujuan tersebut adalah mengembangkan kajian akademik untuk menghadapi tantangan yang dihadapi oleh negara-negara di Asia Tenggara, untuk menganalisis paradoks keamanan kolektif ASEAN dalam memerangi terorisme.Kata-kata Kunci: terrorisme, keamanan kolektif, teori persepsi, kebijakan, Asia Tenggara. AbstractTerrorism issues is significant problem after the World Trade Center attacks on Sept 11, 2012. This case become threaten to muslim countries in the world. But this can’t be the basis that the people of the world's Muslim is a terrorist. Terrorism has become one of the non-traditional threats that could endanger other people on a large scale. Therefore, perceptions approaches and non-traditional security concept to be one way to be used in this paper. To guide the course of this research, several objectives that needs to be achieved in this study has been formulated. Those objectives are: develop an academic review of the challenges faced by countries in Southeast Asia, to analyze the paradox of ASEAN collective security in combating terrorism.Keywords: terrorism, collective security, perception theory, policy, Southeast Asia

Pengaruh Persepsi Konstruksi Sosial Kawasan Asia Timur Terhadap Kebijakan Nuklir Korea Utara: Analisis Pada Perubahan Sikap Sikap Korea Utara Menuju Deklarasi Panmunjom Arda Vicky Satria; Rizky Herdiyanti Puspita; Michael J. Kristiono
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 5 No 2 (2018): November 2018
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

The East Asian stability and security conundrum is partially caused by the unwillingness of North Korea to dismantle its nuclear armaments despite international pressure. However, recent development shows that North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un has adopted a milder stance as he signed Panmunjom Declaration on 27 April 2018. Using Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) prescribed by Buzan and Wæver (2003) as the framework of analysis, this paper argues that the unprecedented change of policy is a part of North Korean response towards the dynamics of regional security in East Asia. In this paper, the four essential variables of East Asia security complex are being analyzed, namely geographical boundary, anarchic structure, polarity and social construction. It is found that there has been a change in North Korea’s perception of the amity-enmity pattern, that is, the social construction of the region. With the switch of perception, North Korea views that there is a lower level of threat posed by the region towards its national interests. As such, North Korea finds that it is beneficial to comply with denuclearization demands in order to gain a better standing with the international community. Keywords: denuclearization, East Asia, Regional Security Complex, North Korea

Peran dan Tantangan Kerjasama Subregional dalam Mewujudkan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA): Pendekatan Multilevel Governance Budi Riyanto
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 2 No 02 (2015): November 2015
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

AbstrakPenelitian ini menganalisa pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) melalui pendekatan multilevel governance. Yakni, melihat dinamika integrasi ekonomi ASEAN dalam proses pengambilan kebijakan baik di tingkat makro-regional yakni pada level regional ASEAN, maupun mikro-regional yang dalam hal ini peranan di level subregional. Kapasitas kerjasama subregional sangat penting terutama sebagai dinamisator ekonomi di wilayah-wilayah terbelakang sekaligus sebagai wadah dalam menerapkan kebijakan alternatif untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan integrasi ekonomi regional. Kemampuan ASEAN untuk mendorong penyempitan jarak kesenjangan pembangunan antara negara-negara CLMV (Kamboja, Laos, Myanamar dan Vietnam) dengan ASEAN6, serta kesenjangan konektivitas antara tiga subregional yakni GMS (Greater Mekong Subregion), IMT-GT (Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle), dan BIMP-EAGA (Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area) sangat penting dalam upaya mendorong konvergensi kepentingan dan kohesivitas regional menuju kawasan yang berdaya saing. Kata-Kata Kunci: multilevel governance, integrasi ekonomi regional, kesenjangan pembangunan, kesenjangan konektivitas, subregional. AbstractThis research analyzes the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) using multilevel governance approach. It sees through the dynamic integration of ASEAN in the process of policy-making both at macro-regional level that is the ASEAN regional level, as well as micro-regional role in this regard subregional. The capacity of subregional cooperation is particularly important as the economic dynamist in remote areas as well as the container in implementing alternative policies to achieve the objectives of regional economic integration. ASEAN's ability to drive the distance narrowing the development gap between CLMV countries (Cambodia, Laos, Myanamar and Vietnam) with ASEAN6, as well as the gap between the three subregional connectivity the GMS (Greater Mekong Subregion), IMT-GT (Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle), and BIMP-EAGA (Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area) is very important in order to encourage the convergence of interests and regional cohesion towards regional competitiveness. Keywords: multilevel governance, regional economic integration, development gap, connectivity gap, subregional.

Kepentingan Rusia dalam Proyek Pembangunan Pipa Gas Turkish Stream tahun 2014-2016 Rifka Amalia; Muhammad Yamin
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 4 No 01 (2017): April 2017
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

AbstractThis paper aims to analyze Rusia’s interest in the development of Turkish Stream Project in 2014 until 2016. Energy is the most notable sector for Russia that can affect the economy-politics. From economy side, energy exports are largely included in state revenues. Politically, energy is a top priority in every political agenda and foreign policy. Energy is one of determining Russia’s foreign policy toward its energy importing countries. EU is a region that has dependence on Russian energy, especially natural gas. Therefore Russia sees EU as a great opportunity and wants to dominate European’s energy market. So the South Stream project was formed which would deliver Russian natural gas directly to Europe via the Black Sea. This is one of Russia’s step to maintain the EU’s dependence on Russia and dominating energy market. Unfortunately, this project must be stalled due to the Third Energy Package policy implemented by EU. Russia, with its ambition to dominate the European energy market, has had an alternative project to achieve that ambition. The Turkish Stream project was formed in cooperation between Russia dan Turkey. The project planned not only deliver Russian natural gas to Turkey but also Europe via Greece. Although the negotiations and deliberations of this project were delayed, the project was finally continued.Keywords : Energy, National Interest, Third Energy Package, European Union , Russia.AbstrakArtikel ini hendak menganalisa kepentingan Rusia dalam pembangunan proyek “Turkish Stream”. Energi adalah sektor yang paling menonjol bagi Rusia yang dapat mempengaruhi ekonomi-politik. Dari sisi ekonomi, ekspor energi sebagian besar masuk dalam penerimaan negara. Secara politis, energi merupakan prioritas utama dalam setiap agenda politik dan kebijakan luar negeri. Energi adalah salah satu penentu kebijakan luar negeri Rusia terhadap negara pengimpor energinya. UE adalah wilayah yang memiliki ketergantungan terhadap energi Rusia, terutama gas alam. Oleh karena itu Rusia melihat Uni Eropa sebagai peluang yang bagus dan ingin mendominasi pasar energi Eropa. Proyek South Stream yang dibentuk ini akan mengantarkan gas alam Rusia langsung ke Eropa melalui Laut Hitam. Hal ini adalah salah satu langkah Rusia untuk menjaga ketergantungan Uni Eropa terhadap Rusia dan mendominasi pasar energi. Sayangnya, proyek ini harus macet karena kebijakan Third Energy Package yang diimplementasikan oleh UE. Rusia, dengan ambisinya mendominasi pasar energi Eropa, telah memiliki proyek alternatif untuk mencapai ambisi tersebut. Proyek Turkish Stream dibentuk atas kerjasama antara Rusia dan Turki. Proyek ini direncanakan tidak hanya mengantarkan gas alam Rusia ke Turki tapi juga Eropa via Yunani. Meski negosiasi dan pembahasan proyek ini tertunda, proyek tersebut akhirnya dilanjutkan.Kata-kata Kunci: Energi, Kepentingan Nasional, Third Energy Package, Uni Eropa, Rusia.

Kebijakan Pengelolaan Air Limbah Dalam Penanganan Limbah Batik Di Kota Pekalongan Yuki Aliffenur Romadhon
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 4 No 02 (2017): November 2017
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

AbstractSince batik is recognized by UNESCO as a nation heritage, batik industry in Pekalongan is increasing, but it caused environmental issues. Then, the government of Pekalongan issued local regulation No. 9 of 2015 about waste water management to minimalized the waste impact in Pekalongan. The sustainable development can be meant as a development concept which fulfills needs of the present without forfeiting the fulfillment rights of needs for future generation. There are three understanding apects in the sustainable development, such as social aspect, economy and environment. Generally, the implementation of local regulation No. 9 of 2015 about waste water management in Pekalongan is a balancer of the sustainable development from batik industry which has been done. There are three sustainable development principles which are suitable with local regualation No. 9 of 2015, such as principle of intergenerational equity, principle of integration between environmental protection and development, and principle of preventive measure. In its implementation, these principles have been already done, but the use of IPAL which has not been maximized caused less water quality standard and become an indication of river pollution.Keywords: batik, waste water, local regulation, sustainable development AbstrakSemenjak diakuinya batik oleh UNESCO sebagai warisan bangsa, industri batik di Kota Pekalongan semakin meningkat, namun hal tersebut menimbulkan peramasalahan lingkungan. Pemerintah Kota Pekalongan kemudian mengeluarkan Perda No 9 tahun 2015 tentang pengelolaan Air Limbah guna meminimalisisr dampak limbah di Kota Pekalongan. Pembangunan berkelanjutan dapat diartikan sebagai konsep pembangunan yang memenuhi kebutuhan masa kini tanpa mengorbankan hak pemenuhan kebutuhan-kebutuhan pada generasi yang akan datang. Terdapat tiga aspek pemahaman dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan, yaitu aspek sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan. Secara umum implementasi Perda Kota Pekalongan No 9 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pengelolaan Air Limbah merupakan suatu penyeimbang dari pembangunan berkelanjutan dari industri batik yang telah terlaksana. Terdapat tiga prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan yang sesuai dengan Perda No 9 Tahun 2015, yaitu prinsip keadilan antar generasi (Intergenerational equity), Prinsip Keterpaduan antara Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan, dan prinsip tindakan pencegahan. Pada implementasinya, semua sudah terlaksana, namun penggunaan IPAL yang belum maksimal sehingga menimbulkan kadar baku mutu air diatas yang seharusnya dan menjadi indikasi pencemaran sungai.Kata-kata kunci: batik, air limbah, peraturan daerah, pembangunan berkelanjutan

Kajian Historis Sejarah Pergerakan Hak Pilih Wanita di Amerika Serikat Arum Tri Utami
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 2 No 01 (2015): April 2015
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

AbstrakArtikel ini memberikan informasi mengenai kebebasan dan hak pilih khususnya tentangkebebasan dan hak pilih wanita. Hak pilih adalah sesuatu yang diberikan kepada orang untukmemilih kepala negaranya. Hak pilih wanita di Amerika Serikat telah melewati perkembangansejarah yang panjang, diperlukan adanya sebuah pergerakan sosial agar wanita dapat memilikihak pilihnya dalam pemilihan di negara tersebut. Pada awal mula pemilihan di Amerika Serikat,hak pilih diberikan kepada lelaki berkulit putih yang memiliki kekuasaan dan kekayaan. Pendirinegara tersebut berpikir bahwa hak pilih seharusnya diberikan kepada mereka yang dapatmemimpin dirinya sendiri, wanita tidak termasuk ke dalam kriteria tersebut. Pergerakan inimembawa sebuah perubahan pada pemerintahan di Amerika Serikat. Amandemen ke sembilanbelas menyatakan bahwa wanita memiliki hak pilihnya dalam pemilihan di Amerika Serikat. Kata-kata Kunci : Hak pilih wanita, sejarah pergerakan, demokrasi liberal, pemilihanumum, dan Amerika Serikat AbstractThe aim of this article is to give an information about freedom and suffrage especially aboutwoman freedom and suffrage. Suffrage is something that is given to the people to vote for theirleader of the state. Woman suffrage in United State America have been through a long history,where a social movement for women's suffrage in elections in the United States was required. Atthe begining of the election history in the United States the right to vote was given to the whitemen who have abundant wealth. The founders of the state assume that voting right should begiven to those who can lead theirselves, and women were excluded from that criteria. Thismovement resulted in the change of the Government of the United States. The nineteenthamendment to the constitution states that women have the right to vote in elections. Keywords: woman suffrage, history movement, demokrasi liberal, pemilihan umum, UnitedState of America

Budaya Kuliner sebagai Soft Power: Studi Perbandingan Thailand dan Korea Selatan Fazri Ramadhan; Teuku Rezasyah; Windy Dermawan
Insignia: Journal of International Relations Vol 6 No 2 (2019): November 2019
Publisher : Laboratorium Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Abstrak Kemunculan aktor non-negara dan banyaknya isu non-tradisional telah menyebabkan dibutuhkannya pendekatan baru dalam bidang diplomasi. Salah satu bidang tersebut adalah gastrodiplomasi yaitu jenis diplomasi publik yang menggunakan budaya kuliner sebagai daya tarik dan media diplomasi. Budaya kuliner dianggap mengandung citra negara dan mampu merepresentasikan negara dengan cara yang lebih halus dan mampu diterima oleh masyarakat. Berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut tulisan ini berfokus pada bagaimana budaya kuliner mampu mengenkapsulasi identias sebuah negara dan menjawab mengapa budaya kuliner dapat diterima dengan baik oleh masyarakat bahkan mampu mengubah citra. Penulis akan memberikan contoh penerapan gastrodiplomasi oleh Republik Korea dan Thailand sebagai contoh dan perspektif.Thailand dipilih karena negara pertama yang menerapkan gastrodiplomasi secara resmi sedangkan Republik Korea dipilih karena negara terbaru yang melakukan gastrodiplomasi. Pemaparan mengenai praktek gastrodiplomasi kedua negara tersebut dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai bagaimana identitas suatu negara ada dalam sebuah kuliner dan bagaimana gastrodiplomasi yang dilakukan mampu mempengaruhi opini publik. Riset ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik studi pustaka. Temuan dari riset ini yaitu bahwa dalam unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam budaya kuliner adalah nilai-nilai dan budaya suatu bangsa. Praktek gastrodiplomasi yang dilakukan kedua negara mampu diterima oleh masyarakat karena wujudnya yang cenderung tidak intimidatif yang pada akhirnya mampu merubah atau mempengaruhi opini publik. Kata kunci: budaya kuliner, gastrodiplomasi, identitas negara, non-tradisional, soft power Abstract The emergence of non-state actors and the many non-traditional issues have led to the need for new approaches in the field of diplomacy. One such field is gastrodiplomacy, which uses culinary culture as main attraction. Culinary culture is considered to contain the image of the state and is able to represent the state in a more refined and acceptable way. Based on this explanation, this study will focus on how culinary culture is able to encapsulate the image of a state and answer why culinary culture can be well received by society even able to change perception and opinion. The author will give an example the application of gastrodiplomacy by the Republic of Korea and Thailand as examples and perspectives. Thailand was chosen because it was the first country to practice gastrodiplomacy officially while the Republic of Korea was chosen because it is the latest country to practice gastrodiplomacy. Explanation on the practice of gastrodiplomacy by the two countries can provide an overview of how a country's identity exists in a culinary and how gastrodiplomacy can influence public opinion. This research uses qualitative methods with literature study techniques. The findings of this research are that the elements contained in culinary culture are the values and culture of a nation. The practice of gastrodiplomacy by the two countries was able to be accepted by the community because of its tendency to be non-intimidating, which in turn was able to change or influence public opinion. Keywords: culinary culture, gastrodiplomacy, non-traditional, soft power, state identity

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