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Pharmaciana: Jurnal Kefarmasian
Published by Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
ISSN : 20884559     EISSN : 24770256     DOI : 10.12928
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaciana is a scientific journal published by the University of Ahmad Dahlan worked closely with Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia (IAI). Pharmaciana published three times a year, namely March, July and November. with ISSN 2088-4559 and e-ISSN 2477-0256. The article published in the Journal Pharmaciana selected by editors and reviewed by the reviewer. Articles published in Pharmaciana must not be published in other journals or have been previously published. Pharmaciana is indexed in google scholar, ACI (Asean Citation Index), Dimension (Crossreff), Garuda, Sinta, Sherpa Romeo, Index Copernicus International, DOAJ, and BASE. Pharmaciana is accredited by DIKTI (DGHE) of Indonesia No. 105/E/KPT/2022 April 07, 2022
Arjuna Subject : Kimia(semua kategori) - Kimia (Lain-Lain)
Articles 837 Documents
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Genetic study on the impact of rs320 lipoprotein lipase polymorphism on dyslipidemia among Javanese Indonesians with type 2 diabetes mellitus Christine Patramurti; Dita Maria Virginia
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.31349

Abstract

Dyslipidemia commonly co-occurs with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), acting as a major factor in the elevated incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) within this population. One of the factors that raises the risk of dyslipidemia in people with T2DM is lipoprotein lipase (LPL) polymorphisms, particularly the rs320 variant. Associated with lipid metabolic pathways, the LPL rs320 genetic variant is considered a potential contributor to the dyslipidemia observed in several populations with T2DM. The influence of rs320 on dyslipidemia in individuals with T2DM, particularly among Javanese, remains uncertain. The objective of this study is to examine how the rs320 polymorphism affects dyslipidemic profiles among Javanese Indonesian individuals suffering from T2DM. This study included 103 Javanese individuals with T2DM. We detected the rs320 allele using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-based polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) method. We analyzed the participants' lipid profiles, with enzymatic methods used to measure serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and both high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C). We assessed the association of the rs320 allele with dyslipidemia using chi-square tests. Our findings indicated that the rs320 allele was not significantly associated with dyslipidemia among Javanese individuals diagnosed with T2DM (χ² = 0.016, p = 0.900). This suggests the rs320 allele may not contribute to dyslipidemia, although other factors may play a role in Javanese people with type 2 diabetes. Further investigation is needed to identify genetic determinants of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and to potentially enhance personalized medicine based on individual genetics.
Formulation and anti-aging efficacy of Ambon banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) extracts in a stick mask Adek Chan; Rufina; Wan Tisya Muhaira; Rasyidah Azzahra; Seri Rezeki; Muhammad Amin Nasution; Muhammad Andry
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.31367

Abstract

Premature aging is often induced by oxidative stress resulting from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which produces free radicals that harm lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The Ambon banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.), often considered waste, is abundant in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics, which demonstrate considerable antioxidant properties, thereby establishing it as a promising natural resource for anti-aging cosmetics. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the efficacy of ethanol extract from Ambon banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) as a prospective anti-aging agent in stick mask formulations. The extract was obtained through maceration with 96% ethanol and subsequently analyzed for phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS assays, and formulated into mask sticks with extract concentrations of 1% (F1), 3% (F2), and 5% (F3). Physical attributes such as organoleptic properties, uniformity, drying duration, and stability were assessed, while in vivo efficacy was examined in mice subjected to UV radiation, followed by histopathological analysis of epidermal thickness and melanocyte quantity. The extract demonstrated high levels of flavonoids (224.184 ± 0.252 mg QE/g) and phenolics (197.279 ± 0.250 mg GAE/g), with IC50 values of (12.88 ± 0.12) µg/mL and (17.15 ± 0.11) µg/mL in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The stick mask formulations demonstrated adequate physical properties and stability, while in vivo evaluations indicated protective effects against UV-induced skin damage, particularly in the 5% formulation. The results indicate that Ambon banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) extract can be developed into an effective anti-aging mask stick with notable antioxidant and photoprotective properties.
Antibacterial activity of purified papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) fraction emulgel as anti-acne against Staphylococcus aureus Dewi Putri Husain; Arif Budi Setianto; Kintoko
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.27118

Abstract

Acne (acne vulgaris) is a skin disorder caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Continuous antibiotic use for acne management was reported to cause resistance, so alternative treatments using natural ingredients were needed. Papaya leaves can be formulated into dosage forms to facilitate their use. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of the purified papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf emulgel fraction against Staphylococcus aureus. The research was carried out by extracting simplicia powder by maceration with 70% ethanol, and the crude extract was purified using distilled water: n-hexane (1:1) mixture. The crude extract and purified fraction of papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaves were tested for their compound content using phytochemical screening. The purified fraction was formulated into an emulgel dosage form and tested for anti-acne activity using the well method. Data were analyzed using SPSS with a one-way ANOVA. The results of phytochemical screening tests showed that crude extracts and purified fractions contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Physicochemical tests of the 2% purified fraction emulgel show a pH of 5.23, viscosity of 10.74 Pa·s, dispersion of 6.08 cm, and adhesion of 10.07 seconds. The 3% purified fraction emulgel has a pH of 5.56, viscosity of 7.34 Pa·s, dispersion of 7.1 cm, and adhesion of 2.92 seconds. The 5% purified fraction emulgel has a pH of 5.56, viscosity of 0.49 Pa·s, dispersion of 7.1 cm, and adhesion of 2.92 seconds. The inhibition zones of the purified fraction, crude extract, and purified fraction emulgel of 2%, 3%, and 5% concentrations were 7.9 mm ± 0.44, 5.7 mm ± 0.3, 8.3 mm ± 0.21, 9.04 mm ± 0.28, and 9.56 mm ± 0.25, respectively. The conclusion, two of the three preparations met the physicochemical standard, namely, the 2% and 3% purified fraction emulgels. The purified fraction emulgel was more effective against bacteria than the crude or pure extracts (p < 0.05).
The effect of reducing blood sugar levels from Stichopus hermanii on alloxan-induced rats I Putu Gede Adi Purwa Hita; Putu Yudhistira Budhi Setiawan; Ni Kadek Dwi Sri Mahayani
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.30074

Abstract

Stichopus hermanii, or gold sea cucumber, is a marine organism that can be utilized for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The relationship between observed biological activities and the responsible bioactive compounds is influenced by the solvent used during extraction. The compounds in gold sea cucumber are suspected to reduce blood sugar levels and can dissolve in a polar solvent like water. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the reduction in blood sugar with the administration of gold sea cucumber water extract by a pretest and posttest control group design method, where treatment groups administered gold sea cucumber water extract in each kilogram rat’s body weight at doses of 45 mg, 90 mg, and 180 mg. Before treatment, rats were induced with alloxan to get diabetic condition. Diabetic rats with blood sugar levels over 200 mg/dL were treated once daily for 28 days orally. Blood sugar levels were measured five times and then blood sugar levels were assessed analytically using the GLM-RM method. The positive control group exhibited a reduction of 84.1%, while treatment groups with doses of 45 mg, 90 mg, and 180 mg showed reductions of 72.4%, 76.7%, and 79.9%, respectively. The negative control group showed a reduction of 1.4%. Statistically significant reductions in blood sugar levels were observed in each group and time parameter (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that gold sea cucumber water extract contains bioactive compounds and effectively reduces blood sugar levels in alloxan-induced male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).
An Cost-effectiveness analysis of antihypertensive therapy: nifedipine SR–candesartan compared with amlodipine–ramipril in hypertensive patients at Ciracas Regional Hospital Dini Nabilah; Santi Purna Sari; Marlina Dewiastuti
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.30714

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in Indonesia and generally occurs asymptomatic and thus frequently referred to as the silent killer. Long-term therapy is essential, as uncontrolled hypertension can worsen the health and economic status of those affected. First-line therapies recommended by the Joint National Committee’s Eighth Report (JNC 8) include thiazide diuretics, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs), and Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs). The aim of this study was to analyze cost-effectiveness nifedipine sustained release-candesartan compared to amlodipine-ramipril in hypertensive patients. This study was a cross-sectional with primary data obtained from medical records and structured questionnaires prospectively for utility value and adherence level. Total sample of eighty-six outpatients with hypertension fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria and based on analysis showed that intervention (43 patients) and comparator (43 patients) groups are matching. The results showed that the efficacy of achieving blood pressure control with the nifedipine SR-candesartan combination, as per JNC 8 guidelines, was 48.8% with an Average Cost Effectiveness (ACER) of IDR 6,374. In comparison, the amlodipine-ramipril combination achieved an efficacy of 34.9% with an ACER of IDR 7,421 (p=0.19). The utility gained by patients in the intervention group was higher compared to the comparator group (p=0.004). Hence, it can be concluded that the nifedipine SR-candesartan combination is more cost-effective compared to the amlodipine-ramipril combination.
Development and evaluation of collagen peptides from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scale waste as a potential biopreservative candidate Sudrajat Sugiharta; Monica Yashna Kusuma Adi Saputra; Iin Lidia Putama Mursal; Dhea Ananda; Aditya Maulana Akbar; Dini Hakiki; Muhammad Rizki Aditya
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.30898

Abstract

The escalating health concerns associated with synthetic food preservatives necessitate the exploration of biocompatible, natural alternatives. With mounting toxicological evidence linking these chemical agents to severe metabolic and neurological disorders, the transition toward safe, sustainable marine biopolymers has become a public health interest. This study aimed to valorize milkfish (Chanos chanos) scales by extracting collagenous peptides and evaluating their efficacy as a potential biopreservative candidate. An extraction protocol utilizing 1 M acetic acid with varying pepsin concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) was employed. The highest yield (1.65%) was achieved using a 1% pepsin treatment (A1P1), producing collagen peptides with favorable physicochemical properties complying with national standards: 73.92% crude protein, stable near-neutral pH (6.73), and minimized moisture, ash, and lipid contents. In vitro antibacterial evaluations via the disk diffusion method revealed a paradoxical dose-response; the lowest peptide concentration (0.05%) exhibited significant activity against the Gram-negative pathogen Escherichia coli (20.70 mm inhibition zone), outperforming the 0.1% synthetic benzoic acid control. Conversely, efficacy against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus remained weak, likely limited by the bacteria's dense peptidoglycan barriers. These findings indicate the viability of milkfish scale collagen as a sustainable, potential biopreservative candidate that advances circular economy paradigms, although further molecular characterization and real-food matrix applications are required for future commercial formulation.
Transdermal patch for boil treatment using a combination of ethanol extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa and Aloe barbadensis Indi Agus Riani; Mirna Artin Setya Rahayu; Laelita Chaya Valentine; Septiani Sherly Angely; Reza Nurjanah; Dina Febrina
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.30932

Abstract

Boils (furuncles) are skin infections brought on by Staphylococcus aureus, characterized by inflamed, pus-filled lumps. Plants like roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) that have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties may be used in treatment. When combined, they could have a more potent synergistic impact than when used separately in order to assess their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Three formulations were prepared: F1 (EER 0.5 g, EEAV 0.5 g), F2 (EER 1 g, EEAV 0.5 g), and F3 (EER 1.5 g, EEAV 0.5 g). The antibacterial activity was tested using the well-diffusion method, and the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in a rabbit cutaneous infection model induced by S. aureus. The patches exhibited characteristic aromas, smooth textures, and darker hues as the EER concentration increased. All formulas complied to the physical quality standards, with an average weight of 159.11 ± 16.56 mg and a thickness of 0.39 ± 0.08 mm. The F3 patch exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity (16.00 mm inhibition zone) and the most significant reduction in inflammation. One-way ANOVA results revealed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating statistically significant differences in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects among the formulas.
Medication adherence and glycemic control outcomes among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients Mita Ardila; Haafizah Dania; Siswandi; Woro Harjaningsih; Dyah Aryani Perwitasari; Imaniar Noor Faridah; Adnan; Chatarina Danik Wijayanti; Lidwina Tika Trisnawati; Andri Christianalusi; Ikhwan Dwi Wahyu Nugroho; Dwi Tiva Widyanti
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.30954

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains a major public health concern in Indonesia due to its high prevalence and potential to cause various long-term complications when glycemic control is not adequately maintained. Medication adherence and barriers to treatment are important factors that may influence therapeutic outcomes. This study investigated medication adherence, insulin-related treatment barriers, and their association with glycemic outcomes among patients with T2DM at RSPAU dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Employing a cross-sectional approach, this research gathered data between September and October 2024. Criteria for eligibility included adult individuals with T2DM who were treated with oral antidiabetic agents, insulin, or both and provided informed consent. Medication-taking behavior was evaluated by utilizing the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) framework, while barriers to insulin therapy were evaluated using a specific questionnaire. Associations between adherence status and glycemic parameters were examined through Fisher's Exact Test. A total of 73 patients participated, most of whom were receiving oral therapy (65.8%), a combination of metformin and glimepiride (19.2%), or metformin and acarbose (11.0%). Among insulin users, the majority had low barriers to insulin use (92.0%). Statistical analysis yielded p-values of 0.038 and 0.000 for the associations between medication adherence and fasting blood glucose as well as HbA1c levels, and for the relationship between adherence status and random blood glucose measurements, a p-values = 0.542 was obtained. The findings demonstrated that therapeutic compliance is significantly correlated with both HbA1c and fasting blood sugar levels among individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus at RSPAU dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito Hospital, Yogyakarta. These results highlight the contribution of adherence behavior to successful glycemic management. Therefore, healthcare professionals are advised to implement strategies that encourage medication adherence to optimize glycemic control.
Characterization of citric acid-nicotinamide cocrystals prepared by the grinding method for enhanced stability of effervescent products Roisah Nawatila; Ratih Ratih; Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo; Arya Rosandika; Willson Goh; Astrid Iga Wardani
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.31244

Abstract

Effervescent dosage forms contain acidic and basic components that react upon dissolution in water to releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂). In this study, citric acid was selected as the acidic component due to its affordability, high water solubility, and greater acidity than tartaric acid, while sodium bicarbonate was used as the basic component. However, citric acid is highly hygroscopic and can react prematurely with sodium bicarbonate under high humidity conditions (>20% RH, 25 °C), leading to undesirable premature effervescent reactions during manufacturing. To address this issue, this study aimed to modify a cocrystal of citric acid with nicotinamide as a co-former to enhance stability. Cocrystals were prepared using the grinding method at molar ratios of 1:1 (CN-Cocrystal 1:1) and 1:2 (CN-Cocrystal 1:2). The resulting solids were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and moisture interaction testing. PXRD results showed new crystalline phases for both cocrystals, with distinct diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 17.1132°; and 21.761° (1:1); and 16.9117°; 20.2717°; and 20.9566° (1:2). DSC thermograms exhibited new endothermic peaks at 107.01 °C (1:1); and 114.28 °C (1:2). FTIR spectra revealed shifts in the -OH group of citric acid and the -NH group of nicotinamide, indicating hydrogen bonding. SEM analysis confirmed distinct surface morphologies for the cocrystals compared to the pure compounds. Notably, moisture interaction testing demonstrated that both cocrystals maintained tablet diameter up to 120 minutes, while the control tablets showed significant dimensional changes. In conclusion, co-crystallization of citric acid with nicotinamide enhances moisture resistance and prevents premature effervescent reactions, with CN-Cocrystal 1:2 showing superior physical characteristics, making it a promising candidate for effervescent formulations.
Inhibitory activity of Carica pubescens leaf extract on cyclooxygenase: anti-inflammatory prospects of natural substances Sapto Yuliani; Anggoro Wicaksono; Citra Ariani Edityaningrum; Nuri Ari Efiana; Any Guntarti; Sugiyanto; Mustofa Ahda
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i2.31419

Abstract

Inflammation represents a multifaceted biological reaction that plays a significant role in a variety of chronic pathological conditions and the search for natural anti-inflammatory agents remains a significant focus of pharmacological research. The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of an ethanolic extract from the leaf of Carica pubescens (C. pubescens) by examining its effects on cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibition and conducting protein denaturation assays. An ethanolic extract of the leaf was prepared through maceration using 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening conducted qualitatively demonstrated that the extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed to further identify flavonoids, with quercetin used as the reference standard. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for assessing inhibitory effects on COX-1 and COX-2 and a bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay. The chromatographic profile of the 96% ethanolic Carica pubescens leaf extract (CPLE 96%) showed a distinct spot with an Rf value comparable to that of quercetin under visible and ultraviolet observation, indicating the presence of quercetin-like flavonoid constituents. The CPLE 96% demonstrated potent, dose-dependent inhibition in both assays. In the protein denaturation assay, the CPLE 96% (100 µg/mL) showed 78.5 ± 2.9 % inhibition, significantly higher than ibuprofen (71.8 ± 2.0 %) and slightly lower than meloxicam (88.4 ± 0.9 %). In the COX inhibition assay, the CPLE 96% exhibited non-selective inhibition with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 50.42 ± 0.54 µg/mL for COX-1 and 51.18 ± 0.61 µg/mL for COX-2 (Selectivity Index = 0.985 ± 0.017). The findings provide substantial scientific validation for the ethnomedicinal use of C. pubescens, highlighting its dual-acting anti-inflammatory mechanism by inhibiting key inflammatory enzymes and preventing protein denaturation. The extract shows significant potential as a source for developing natural anti-inflammatory therapeutics, warranting further investigation to isolate the active constituents and conduct in vivo studies.

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