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Pharmaciana: Jurnal Kefarmasian
Published by Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
ISSN : 20884559     EISSN : 24770256     DOI : 10.12928
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaciana is a scientific journal published by the University of Ahmad Dahlan worked closely with Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia (IAI). Pharmaciana published three times a year, namely March, July and November. with ISSN 2088-4559 and e-ISSN 2477-0256. The article published in the Journal Pharmaciana selected by editors and reviewed by the reviewer. Articles published in Pharmaciana must not be published in other journals or have been previously published. Pharmaciana is indexed in google scholar, ACI (Asean Citation Index), Dimension (Crossreff), Garuda, Sinta, Sherpa Romeo, Index Copernicus International, DOAJ, and BASE. Pharmaciana is accredited by DIKTI (DGHE) of Indonesia No. 105/E/KPT/2022 April 07, 2022
Arjuna Subject : Kimia(semua kategori) - Kimia (Lain-Lain)
Articles 822 Documents
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Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE): efficient and effective green extraction on turmerik (Curcuma longa L.) and temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) rhizomes for higher yield and content of curcumin Dia Septiani; Marsah Rahmawati Utami; Mally Ghinan Sholih; Tiara Nurayuni; Syifa Khairunnisa
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.29314

Abstract

Curcumin, as the main active compound in Zingiberaceae plants, turmeric and temulawak, with various health benefits. That active compound generally exists in low concentrations, thus an effective and efficient method is needed to extract these compounds, such as Enzyme Assisted Extraction (EAE), one of which involves cellulase enzyme. This study aims to use the Enzyme Assisted-Extraction (EAE) method with cellulase enzyme in the extraction of curcumin from turmeric and temulawak plants, and to evaluate the extraction yield and efficiency of extract, comparing the curcumin content in turmeric and temulawak extracts between EAE and conventional maceration extraction method. The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) experiment with variations in temperature (45°, 50°, 55℃), time (1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours), and enzyme concentration of 6%. The research stages included determining the water and ash content in the raw materials, water content in the extracts, extraction using maceration and EAE methods, determination of extract yield, extract purification, phenol screening, analysis of curcumin content using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the use of cellulase enzyme in the extraction process of turmeric and temulawak successfully increased the extract yield and curcumin content. The highest yield was obtained in turmeric at 34.24%± 0.038, and the highest curcumin content was achieved at a temperature of 45˚C for 2 hours, reaching 56.86% ± 0.090. Meanwhile, in temulawak, the highest yield was 53.11%± 0.385, and the highest curcumin content was obtained at a temperature of 50˚C for 2 hours, reaching 54.10% ± 0.100. There was an increase in curcumin content in turmeric and temulawak EAE extract compared to the conventional maceration extraction method. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05,) indicating a significant difference between the EAE and conventional maceration extraction method.
Screening of bioactive compounds of sirih leaves (Piper betle L.) as antibiofilm against the glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans enzyme Elfi Zahara; Frengki Frengki; Sheila Fadillah; Daniel
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30423

Abstract

Dental caries primarily caused by Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and the critical role of the glucosyltransferase (Gtf) enzyme in its pathogenicity necessitates the search for safer natural alternatives to conventional chemical agents like chlorhexidine. The traditional "manginang" practice utilizing betel leaf (Piper betle L.) has long been empirically associated with oral health; however, scientific evidence regarding its specific bioactive compounds and their molecular antibiofilm mechanisms remains limited. This study aims to reconstruct this tradition through in silico scientific validation by screening betel leaf bioactive compounds as S. mutans biofilm inhibitor candidates, analyzing their affinity and interactions with the Gtf enzyme (PDB ID: 3AIC), and predicting their acute toxicity profiles. The research employed an in-silico method approach using software including Molecular Operating Environment (MOE v.09) and Chimera 1.13.1, as well as the Way2Drug website, protein data bank, and protox_ii. Ligand data were first collected from literature and then converted into SMILE and 3D formats. Antibiofilm activity was determined using the QSAR technique via the Way2Drug website. Compounds with selected antibiofilm activity were subsequently analyzed for their affinity to the receptor (pdb id. 3AIC) using molecular docking. Finally, the toxicity profile of each ligand was observed to predict safety. The results indicated that 25 sirih leaf bioactive compounds possessed potential antibiofilm effects, with galactinol achieving the highest score (Pa 0.943). These compounds demonstrated strong receptor affinity, with chlorogenic acid as the strongest ligand (∆Gbinding -14.68 kcal/mol), and on average exhibited low toxicity (level IV-VI). However, only 5 of the 25 compounds were predicted to have better potential than the α-maltose control.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity correlation with total phenolic, flavonoids, and alkaloids of best-selling Indonesian jamu Endah Puspitasari; Ari Satia Nugraha; Nuri Nuri; Ramadhan Bagus Cahyono; Putri Dwi Apriliani
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30626

Abstract

Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked pathological processes. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective, their use is associated with gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal side effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Jamu, an Indonesian traditional medicine, is widely used, yet scientific evidence supporting its efficacy and safety remains limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different Indonesian jamu brands available for purchase on e-commerce platforms in Indonesia, and examine their correlation with the total phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids content in those jamu. The anti-inflammatory activity of jamu was assessed in vitro by evaluating its ability to stabilize red blood cell membranes and inhibit protein denaturation, using diclofenac sodium as a positive control. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with ascorbic acid as the standard antioxidant. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids contents were determined spectrophotometrically and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), rutin equivalents (RE), and berberine equivalents (BE) per gram of jamu extract, respectively. The correlations were evaluated based on multiple regression and Pearson correlation analysis using 99% confidence level. The aqueous extracts of Jamu A, B, C, and D were able to stabilize red blood cell membranes, inhibit protein denaturation, and exhibit free radical scavenging activity. Among the extracts, Jamu B demonstrated the lowest IC50 value, indicating the most effective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties followed by Jamu A, Jamu D, and Jamu C. These activities were significantly correlated with their total phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids content (p < 0.01).
Modification of black glutinous rice (Oryza Sativa var. glutinosa) starch: effect on pharmaceutical properties Devi Ratnasari; Jekmal Malau; Dhavina Maharani
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30660

Abstract

Black glutinous rice is rich in starch, specifically amylopectin by 92-98%, making it a potential pharmaceutical excipient. However, black glutinous rice starch also has disadvantages, such as poor flowability and compressibility, which necessitate modification. This study investigates the impact of various modification methods on the pharmaceutical properties of black glutinous rice starch, including its Carr’s index, flowability, loss on drying, pH, and swelling power. The starches were modified using acetylation, butanol addition, autoclave-cooling, and pregelatinization. The results showed that modified butanol and pregelatinization exhibited increases in Carr’s index, 3.4 ± 0.13% and 31.10 ± 0.18%, respectively, indicating improved compressibility. Flow rate analysis revealed that pregelatinized starch exhibited the highest flowability, followed by autoclave-cooling, butanol, and acetylated starch. The swelling power was significantly enhanced in autoclave-cooled starch (100%), likely due to structural changes induced by high-temperature treatment, increasing water absorption. The pH values of all modified starches remained within pharmaceutically acceptable ranges (4–8). Overall, starch modification, particularly autoclaving and pregelatinization, significantly enhanced the functional properties relevant to pharmaceutical applications, highlighting their potential use as excipients in solid dosage forms.
Formulation and optimization of avocado (Persea americana) seed oil and extract in sunscreen lotion: physicochemical and in vitro photoprotective evaluation Fasya Nadhira Sariful; Lina Winarti
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30789

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exerts detrimental effects on the skin, including erythema, premature aging, enhanced melanogenesis, and an increased risk of skin malignancies; therefore, sunscreen application is essential for effective photoprotection. Avocado seed oil and its extract demonstrate considerable promise as natural photoprotective agents due to their antioxidant capacity to scavenge free radicals and their UV-absorbing constituents. This study was designed to investigate the influence of different concentrations of avocado seed oil and its extract on the physicochemical characteristics of lotion formulations and their in-vitro sunscreen performance. The evaluated physicochemical parameters comprised organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and homogeneity. Sunscreen efficacy was determined by measuring the sun protection factor (SPF), percentage of transmission pigmentation (%Tp), and percentage of transmission erythema (%Te). Five formulations were optimized using a simplex lattice design implemented in Design-Expert® version 13, with response variables including SPF, %Te, %Tp, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity. All formulations complied with established quality requirements, exhibiting pH values within the range of 4.5–8 according to SNI 16-4399-1996, viscosities between 2,000 and 50,000 cP, spreadability of 5–7 cm, and adhesion times greater than 4 seconds. Avocado seed oil significantly influenced viscosity and photoprotective parameters (SPF, %Te, and %Tp), whereas the extract predominantly affected spreadability and adhesion; both components contributed to pH variation. The optimal formulation consisted of 4.58% avocado seed oil and 10.41% extract, yielding predicted values of SPF 14.38, %Te 1.014, %Tp 1.009, spreadability 5.31 cm, adhesion time 5.60 seconds, and viscosity 2432.49 cPa·s, with an overall desirability value of 0.628. Collectively, these findings indicate that avocado seed oil and its extract significantly modulate both the physicochemical attributes of the lotion and its photoprotective efficacy, supporting their potential application as natural sunscreen agents.
NLCs-based solid perfume with pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) and lemon (Citrus limon Burm.) essential oils Vanessa Florentia Sanjaya; Liza Pratiwi; Nera Umilia Purwanti
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30926

Abstract

Traditional liquid perfumes exhibit significant limitations, including rapid volatilization and limited skin retention (2-4 hours), necessitating advanced delivery systems to enhance fragrance longevity. This investigation developed and optimized solid perfume formulations incorporating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) encapsulating essential oils of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) and lemon (Citrus limon Burm.) (EOPL) to achieve prolonged fragrance release and improved stability. Essential oils were isolated via steam distillation methodology, yielding 7.3% (w/w) from pandan leaves and 24.46% (w/w) from lemon peel. NLCs formulation optimization employed three-component simplex lattice design using Design-Expert software version 13.0, with systematic variation of beeswax (solid lipid, 1-10% w/w), EOPL (4-10% w/w), and almond oil (liquid lipid, 4-10% w/w). Twelve experimental runs were comprehensively characterized for pH, percent transmittance at 650 nm, organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and particle-size distribution using dynamic light scattering. Multivariate statistical analysis identified the optimal formulation composition as beeswax:EOPL:almond oil (4:4:10), achieving a desirability function value of 0.909. The optimized NLCs exhibited a physiologically compatible pH (5.884), excellent colloidal stability (99.944% transmittance), nanoscale dimensions (15.37 ± 0.17 nm), and a monodisperse size distribution (PDI = 0.38 ± 0.06). Solid perfume incorporating 10% (w/w) NLCs-EOPL in cera alba matrix (40% w/w) exhibited desirable organoleptic characteristics, thermal stability through six freeze-thaw cycles, and complete dermal safety (Primary Irritation Index = 0.0) in clinical evaluation of 15 volunteers. Consumer acceptability assessment revealed 53.33% purchasing intent, confirming the market viability of this novel NLC-based fragrance delivery platform utilizing indigenous Indonesian botanical resources.
Improving phenolic content in Piper betel leaf extract via pH adjustment during ethanol extraction Urmatul Waznah; Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah; Windha Widyastuti; Rizqi Aulia Rachim; Mutiara Zahra Romadhona; Bunga Merrelita Syahputi; Eko Mugiyanto
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30945

Abstract

The extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Piper betel leaves is strongly influenced by pH conditions. Understanding the impact of pH on the recovery of phenolic and flavonoid compounds is crucial for optimizing extraction processes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of extraction pH on the yield of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Piper betel leaves and to analyze the correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid compounds under different pH conditions. Ethanol extraction was performed at various pH levels (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10). Total flavonoid content was determined using quercetin equivalents (mg QE/g extract), while total phenolic content was measured as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE/g extract). Hierarchical cluster analysis and correlation analysis were applied to assess the relationships among extraction profiles. The results showed that pH 2 achieved the highest flavonoid yield (22.60 ± 0.92 mg QE/g), whereas pH 4 resulted in the maximum phenolic content (59.51 ± 1.88 mg GAE/g). Alkaline conditions (pH 8 and 10) significantly reduced extraction efficiency. Cluster analysis distinguished pH extremes (2 and 10) from intermediate pH values (4–8), while correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship (r = 0.98) between phenolic and flavonoid content at pH 6. Negative correlations were observed at pH 2, 8, and 10, indicating competitive extraction dynamics. Extraction pH critically determines the recovery and profile of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in Piper betel extracts. Acidic conditions (pH 2–4) are optimal for maximizing bioactive compound yields, while pH 6 offers a balanced extraction of both phenolic and flavonoid groups. These findings provide a scientific basis for pH-controlled extraction strategies in the development of phytopharmaceutical products.
Antidepressant activity of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower infusion in male albino mice Mus musculus L. exhibiting depression-like behavior Emi Suhaemi; Lutfi Maulana; Rarastoeti Pratiwi
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.31002

Abstract

Depression is a mental disorder that affects thoughts, emotions, behavior, and physiological functions. Prolonged, untreated depression can lead to suicidal tendencies. Conventional antidepressant drugs often cause side effects and may lead to dependency. Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) contains bioactive compounds that have potential antidepressant properties. This study aimed to analyze the antidepressant effect of butterfly pea flower infusion in male albino mice (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) exhibiting depression-like behavior. The mice were divided into six treatment groups (n=4): a normal control (no repeated stress induction), a negative control (repeated stress induction), a positive control (repeated stress induction and administered fluoxetine 20 mg/kg BW), and three treatment groups receiving butterfly pea flower infusion at doses of 625, 1,250, and 2,500 mg/kg BW. Repeated stress was induced using the Tail Suspension Test (TST) for 10 minutes/day for 7 days, followed by evaluation of depression-like behavior by measuring immobility time using the Forced Swim Test (FST) for 6 minutes/day over 2 days. At the end of treatment period, blood samples were collected to measure glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and corticosterone levels. The results showed that the infusion significantly reduced (p < 0.05) corticosterone and total cholesterol levels at doses of 1,250 and 2,500 mg/kg BW. However, it did not significantly reduce immobility time, blood glucose, or triglyceride levels.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with sintrong leaf infusion (Crassocephalum crepidioides) as antibacterial activity I Wayan Tanjung Aryasa Aryasa; Putu Diah Darmayanti; Ni Putu Widayanti
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.31320

Abstract

Substances with dimensions in the 1–100 nm range are categorized as nanoparticles. Physicochemical properties differ markedly from those of conventional bulk materials. Silver is particular interest for its well-documented antimicrobial capacity, which is greatly amplified when silver is reduced to nanoparticle size. AgNPs have been developed as effective agents for combating bacterial and fungal infections. Among available synthesis routes, green biosynthesis has gained prominence as a clean and sustainable option. It harnesses the reduction potential of plant-derived metabolites to produce nanoparticles without generating harmful waste. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized AgNPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli via the agar diffusion method, and characterization was carried out using PSA and UV-Vis spectrophotometry at repeated intervals. PSA measurements indicated that raising AgNO₃ from 1 to 2 mM produced nanoparticles with average diameters of 63.1 nm and 52.0 nm, respectively. UV-Vis data collected from the first day showed an ascending then descending trend, with AgNP-characteristic absorption peaks in the 422–452 nm zone. Antibacterial testing produced distinct inhibition: zone diameters against Staphylococcus aureus were AgNPs 1 10.57 ± 0.02 mm, AgNPs 2 10.21 ± 0.35 mm, AgNPs 3 10.98 ± 0.20 mm, and AgNPs 4 11.02 ± 0.51 mm, while inhibition against Escherichia coli yielded AgNPs 1 8.93 ± 0.04 mm, AgNPs 2 8.80 ± 0.10 mm, AgNPs 3 9.07 ± 0.07 mm, and AgNPs 4 9.31 ± 0.43 mm. Overall, these data confirm the antibacterial potential of AgNPs biosynthesized from sintrong leaf infusion effectively inhibited both tested bacterial organisms.
Cleansing oil formulations using avocado oil (Persea americana) with identification and antioxidant test on oil Hana Anisa Fatimi; Dava Aurel Divani
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.31344

Abstract

Taking care of your facial skin to achieve fresh, clean, radiant, supple, soft, and healthy-looking skin is the dream of many people. Dirty facial skin, caused by the use of makeup, exposure to sunlight, dust, and vehicle fumes, can lead to sebum buildup, which in turn can cause acne and severe inflammation. Therefore, this study developed a cleansing oil formulation for more beneficial skin care using natural avocado oil (Persea americana) with various concentrations of cocamidopropyl betaine. These formulations were formulated and tested through a series of tests, including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, viscosity tests, pH tests, and cleaning power tests. Antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method and identification tests using TLC on avocado oil. The optimal result of this study is the F1 formulation using a 5% concentration of cocamidopropyl, which has a stable preparation, is good at removing dirt and makeup, and is effective in protecting the skin from damage caused by free radicals because it contains highly active antioxidants with an IC50 of 4.486 mg/L, since avocado oil has an IC50 value below 50 ppm. From the study's results, it can be concluded that the lower the cocamidopropyl betaine content, the higher the viscosity, pH, and cleaning power of the cleansing oil.

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