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INDONESIA
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar
Published by Kementerian Pertanian
ISSN : 23561297     EISSN : 25287222     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture, Engineering,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar (JTIDP) published by Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development is a peer-reviewed and open access journal that publishes significant and important research from area of agricultural science on industrial and beverage crops.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 407 Documents
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EFEKTIVITAS DAN EFISIENSI TEKNIK ISOLASI DAN PURIFIKASI DNA PADA JAMBU METE ., Syafaruddin; Randriani, Enny; Santoso, Tri Joko
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 2, No 2 (2011): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah Dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

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Effectivity and efficiency of DNA isolation and purification technique on cashew plant. Cashew well known as a potential industrial plant to be expanded due to of kernel price and cashew can also be used as conservation plant. As a potential plant, so needed informationmore detail including the molecular information. There are many techniques to conduct DNA isolation depend on kind of plants or plant tissue thatwill be used. The experiment had been conducted at Molecular Biology Laboratory of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotec hnology and GeneticResources Research and Development (BB BIOGEN), Bogor on May-July 2011. Young leaf of cashew used as genetic materials which is took fromexperimental station Cikampek, Indonesian Spice and Industrial Crops Research Institute (BALITTRI). While some chemicals were used as the other material. The activities following step: DNA extraction and purification, measurement of DNA concentration and amplification of DNA. Deletion ofresistor enzyme-polysacharide, especially for perennial plant. DNA isolation can be done by breaking down of cell wall, cell membrane and nuclearmembrane. The aim of this experiment was to find the effectivity and efficiency technique of DNA isolation and purification so can be reducing costand time consuming while working in the laboratory. The results shows that conscientiousness of DNA isolation and purification denotes an importantstep to obtain clean and contaminant free of DNA, so banding pattern will be clear. In this technique did not used polypinilpolypirolidone (PVPP)and mercapto-ethanol such as antioxidant, liquid nitrogen, neither over night storage of leaf extraction before used for purification which is often used for perennial plant. In addional, the results shows that band pattern of DNA was very thick and clear, therefore, this techni que can be used for DNA isolation on cashew.
PENAMPILAN SIFAT AGRONOMI TANAMAN KEMIRI SUNAN [Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw] YANG BERASAL DARI GRAFTING DAN BIJI Pranowo, Dibyo; Rusli, Rusli
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 3, No 3 (2012): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah Dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
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Kemajuan program pengembangan tanaman dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan bahan tanam unggul bermutu dengan jumlah yang cukup. Grafting merupakan salah satu cara perbanyakan benih yang dapat menjamin mutu genetik bahan tanam dan keturunan yang diperoleh umumnya  sama dengan induknya. Penelitian yang bertujuan mengetahui penampilan sifat agronomi tanaman kemiri sunan [Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw] yang diperbanyak secara grafting dan seedling dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Pakuwon, pada ketinggian tempat 450 m di atas permukaan laut dengan jenis tanah Latosol dan tipe iklim B, mulai bulan Oktober 2010 sampai Oktober 2012. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi dengan cara membandingkan dua perlakuan teknik perbanyakan benih, yaitu secara grafting dan melalui biji (seedling), masing-masing 20 tanaman untuk setiap perlakuan. Hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa tinggi tanaman asal grafting ternyata lebih rendah tetapi dengan lingkaran batang yang lebih besar dibandingkan tanaman asal biji. Ukuran daunnya lebih kecil tetapi dengan jumlah yang lebih banyak serta indeks luas daun yang lebih tinggi.AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE  OF [Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw] RAISED BY GRAFTING AND FROM SEEDABSTRACT The progress of plant development programs are partly influenced by the availability of planting materials, both in term of quality and quantity. Grafting is a propagation technique to ensure that the genetic quality of the provided planting materials is identic to the mother plant. A study was established to investigate agronomic performances of [Reutealis trisperma (Blaco) Airy Shaw] grown through grafting and seedling from October 2010 until October 2012. The study was carried out at Pakuwon Research Station with altitude of about 450 m above sea level, soil type of latosol and B type climate. The observations were made on 40 the plants of 20 each. Results showed that the agronomic performance of the plants grown through grafting technique was lower in height than those of seedling, but higher in stem of girth sizes than those of seed ones. Moreover, the leave sizes of grafted plants were smaller than those of the seedling, but higher in leave numbers and leaf area index compared to those of seedling.
Struktur dan Integrasi Pasar Kopi Arabika Gayo di Kabupaten Aceh Tengah dan Bener Meriah Putri, Mega Amelia; Fariyanti, Anna; Kusnadi, Nunung
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 4, No 1 (2013): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
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Kopi Arabika Gayo merupakan komoditas utama di Kabupaten Aceh Tengah dan Bener Meriah. Sebagian besar (86%) produksi kopi diekspor ke pasar dunia. Selama tahun 2006-2012, pergerakan harga kopi di tingkat eksportir mengalami kenaikan sebesar 17,18%, namun di tingkat petani mengalami penurunan sebesar 1,73%. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur dan integrasi pasar kopi Arabika Gayo. Data yang digunakan merupakan data time series harga bulanan kopi selama tahun 2008-2012. Analisis struktur pasar ditentukan melalui rasio konsentrasi empat perusahaan terbesar (CR4) dan hambatan masuk pasar melalui nilai skala efisiensi minimum (Minimum Efficiency Scale/MES). Analisis integrasi pasar menggunakan model yang telah dikembangkan oleh Ravallion (1986). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi rasio empat perusahaan terbesar (CR4) di tingkat eksportir sebesar 71,12% dan terdapat hambatan masuk pasar yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai MES sebesar 28,53%. Karakteristik struktur pasar menunjukkan bahwa pasar terkonsentrasi dengan tingkat persaingan yang kecil. Struktur pasar yang terbentuk mengarah pada struktur pasar oligopsonistik dan terdapat lembaga pemasaran yang dominan dalam proses penentuan harga yaitu eksportir. Selain itu, analisis integrasi pasar menunjukkan bahwa pasar kopi di tingkat petani tidak terintegrasi dengan eksportir baik dalam jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses penentuan harga petani cenderung sebagai penerima harga.Kata Kunci: Kopi Arabika Gayo, struktur pasar, integrasi pasar, harga, oligopsonistikArabica Gayo Coffee is the main commodity of Central Aceh and Bener Meriah regencies. Almost 86 percents of coffee bean produced from those areas is exported to the world market. Though the coffee price increased 17.18 percent at the exporter level during 2006 to 2012, but at the farm level the price of coffee decreased 1.73 percent. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure and integration market of Arabica Gayo coffee. The data used was monthly time series of prices during 2008 to 2012. The analysis of market structure is determined by the concentration ratio of four large firms (CR4) and barriers to market entry through the Minimum Efficiency Scale (MES) value. The analysis of market integration used models that have been developed by Ravallion (1986). Research results showed that the market concentration ratio (CR4) at the exporter level was 71.12 percents and there were barriers to enter the Arabica Gayo coffee market with MES of 28.53 percents. These structural characteristics indicated that market structure is concentrated with a small level of competition. The market structure is oligopsonistic and there is a single marketing institution which determine the Arabica Gayo coffee price. This single institution is exporter. In addition, analysis of market integration showed that the coffee market at the farm level was not integrated with the exporter level in the long and short term. These analysis showed that the farmers are price taker.
PENGELOLAAN SERANGGA-SERANGGA YANG BERASOSIASI DENGAN TANAMAN JAMBU METE Soesanthy, Funny; Trisawa, Iwa Mara
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 2, No 2 (2011): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah Dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

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Management of insects associated with cashew plant. Several kinds of insects associated with cashew plant. These insects are grouped intophytophagous insects, natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) and pollinators. Phytophagous Insects such as Helopeltis s pp., Sanurus indecora,Placoderus ferrugineus, Anastrepha fraterculus, and Cricula trifenestrata were reported become a constraint on the production of cashew in Indonesiaand several other countries. The natural enemies are egg parasitoid like Mesocomis orientalis, Trichogramma sp. and Aphanomerus sp, pupaeparasitoid like Brachymeria sp. and Tetrastichus sp. and adult parasitoids from family Epipyropidae, while predators like ants, Chilomenes lunataSphodromantis lineola, Tarachodes afzelii, and Amorphoscelis sp. In addition to natural enemies, the presence of insect pollinators such as Apismellifera and Centris tarsata are very important considering cashew require insect assistances for the formation of fruit. Knowledge of the complexassociations between insects and cashews need to know to their management strategies in the fields. Phytophagous insect management are directed toefforts at suppression their population by maximizing the role of natural enemies. Cashew ecosystem manipulation techniques s uch as management ofwild vegetation, pruning, and intercropping can be developed to encourage the role of natural enemies better. The technique is als o expected to attractpollinating insects visiting the cashew crop. In addition, actions that could disrupt the natural life such as the use of insecticides should be reduced.Insecticides are used only if the role of natural enemies was less successful and populations of phytophagous insects are at the level of adverse. Periodicmonitoring of insects associated with cashew nuts to be an important key to making subsequent decisions.
Pemanfaatan Agens Hayati Endofit untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Kuning pada Tanaman Lada Harni, Rita; Munif, Abdul
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 3, No 3 (2012): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah Dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
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Penyakit kuning merupakan penyakit penting pada tanaman lada di Indonesia. Kerugian akibat serangan penyakit kuning dapat menurunkan produksi sampai 32%. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh penggunaan agens hayati dari kelompok bakteri dan jamur endofit untuk mengendalikan penyakit kuning yang disebabkan oleh Meloidogyne incognita, Radopholus similis pada tanaman lada. Penelitian dilakukan di kebun lada petani di daerah Petaling, Bangka. Bakteri endofit yang digunakan merupakan isolat endofit yang diisolasi dari akar tanaman lada dan beberapa isolat bakteri dan jamur endofit koleksi yang potensinya telah diuji. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) 7 perlakuan dengan 5 ulangan. Tanaman lada percobaan berumur 15 bulan diperlakukan dengan isolat endofit (MER7, AA2, ANIC, TT2, dan TRI) dan nematisida karbofuran digunakan sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan agens hayati endofit dapat menekan kejadian penyakit kuning dan populasi nematoda di dalam akar.  Selain itu perlakuan agens hayati endofit dapat meningkatkan jumlah bunga per ruas dan bobot basah lada pada panen I. Isolat yang paling potensial adalah ANIC dan TRI (Trichoderma), yang keefektifannya sama dengan nematisida kimia karbofuran.  The Use of Endophytic Biological Agents to Control of Yellow Disease in Black PepperABSTRACT There are increasingly efforts to control the yellow disease in black pepper through application of biological agents endophytic along with the dangers of pesticide uses and awareness of environmentally friendly agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of endophytic biological agents (bacteria and fungi) on the disease caused by nematodes of M. incognita and R. smilis. The study was conducted on the farmer garden located at Petaling, Bangka. A randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 5 replications was used in this study.  The black peppers were treated with endophytic isolates (MER7, AA2, ANIC, TT2, TRI) and carbofuran, chemical nematicide, as control (not treated). The endophytic agents used in this study were isolated from roots of black pepper and some selected endophytic collections. The results showed that some endophytic agents were able to suppress the incidence of yellow disease and nematode populations in the roots, and increase in the number of flowers and fresh weight of  black pepper berry. The promising isolates being able to control the disease are ANIC and TRI (Trichoderma) on which their effectiveness are similar to the carbofuran.
Pengaruh Umur Batang Bawah Terhadap Persentase Keberhasilan Okulasi Hijau pada Tiga Klon Karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Agr.) Heryana, Nana; Saefudin, Saefudin; Sobari, Iing
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 1, No 2 (2014): Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar
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Perbanyakan karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Agr.) dengan okulasi cokelat membutuhkan waktu yang lama dalam pembibitannya, sedangkan perbanyakan dengan okulasi hijau belum banyak dilakukan karena tingkat keberhasilan masih sangat rendah. Salah satu faktor yang diduga berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan okulasi hijau adalah umur bibit batang bawah. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan umur batang bawah terhadap persentase keberhasilan okulasi hijau pada tiga klon karet. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan (KP.) Pakuwon, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar pada bulan Januari-Desember 2013. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan petak terbagi, tiga ulangan dan ukuran petak 25 pohon. Petak utama adalah jenis klon batang bawah, terdiri dari 3 klon, yaitu K1 = AVROS 2037, K2 = PB 260, dan K3 = GT 1. Anak petak adalah umur batang bawah terdiri dari 4 taraf, yaitu U1 = 4 bulan, U2 = 5 bulan, U3 = 6 bulan, U4 = 7 bulan. Okulasi dilakukan dengan cara membuka kulit batang bawah, kemudian entres dimasukkan ke dalam jendela sayatan hasil pembukaan. Pengikatan sambungan dilakukan dengan menggunakan plastik khusus dengan cara dililitkan dari bawah ke atas. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap persentase keberhasilan okulasi hijau pada umur tiga minggu setelah okulasi (MSO). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan okulasi hijau pada tanaman karet dipengaruhi oleh umur batang bawah. Untuk Klon PB 260 dan GT 1, makin tua umur batang bawah sampai maksimum 7 bulan di polybag maka semakin meningkat persentase keberhasilan okulasi, sedangkan pada klon AVROS 2037 belum memperlihatkan perbedaan yang nyata.Kata kunci: Hevea brasiliensis, umur batang bawah, klon, keberhasilan okulasi hijauPropagation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Agr.) using brown budding need a long time in the nursery, whereas the propagation usinggreen Budding has not yet been done due to the success rate is still very low. One of the factorthat might influence the successfulness of green budding is rootstock age.. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different age of rootstock on the percentage of green budding success in three rubber clones. The experiment was conducted at the Pakuwon experimental station (ES), Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute, from January-December 2013. The research was done using split plot design with three replications, and the plot size is 25 trees. The main plot was the type of clones used for rootstock that comprised of 3 clones: K1 = AVROS 2037, K2 = PB 260, and K3 = GT 1. Meanwhile, the subplots were rootstock age consists of 4 levels, namely: U1 = 4 months, U2 = 5 months, U3 = 6 months, U4 = 7 months. Observations were made on the percentage of green budding success at 3 weeks old after grafting . The results showed that the success of the green budding on the rubber plants is influenced by the age of rootstock. The use of rootstock up to 7 months old in polybag in PB 260 dan GT 1 clones would increase the percentage of grafting success, whereas AVROS 2037 clone did not show any significant different. 
Preferensi Petani terhadap Adopsi Teknologi Lada Hibrida Tahan Penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang ( BPB ) Listyati, Dewi; Hasibuan, Abdul Muis; Setiyono, Rudi T
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 3, No 2 (2012): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah Dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
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Indonesia merupakan salah satu produsen utama lada dunia dan komoditas ini telah dijadikan sebagai salah satu andalan ekspor dari subsektor perkebunan. Akhir-akhir ini  produktivitas lada terus mengalami penurunan yang salah satu penyebab utamanya adalah akibat serangan penyakit busuk pangkal batang. Oleh karena itu, inovasi teknologi lada hibrida tahan penyakit busuk pangkal batang diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis preferensi petani untuk mengadopsi lada hibrida tahan penyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Lampung Utara pada bulan Juli-Oktober 2010. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan model persamaan struktural. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden sangat tertarik untuk mengadopsi lada hibrida tahan BPB karena diharapkan lebih menguntungkan dan belum ada varietas lada yang tahan terhadap serangan penyakit busuk pangkal batang. Faktor kelembagaan yang diindikasikan oleh peran kelompok tani dalam mengadvokasi anggotanya untuk mengadopsi lada hibrida tahan BPB serta bantuan pemerintah untuk mengembangkan lada hibrida tahan BPB merupakan faktor kunci yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peluang adopsi lada hibrida tahan BPB oleh petani. Farmer Preference of Technology Adoption of Hybrid Pepper That Resistant to Foot Rot DiseaseABSTRACT Indonesia is one of black pepper main producing countries in the world. The commodity has become the main export commodity from estate crops subsector for the country. Recently, there is however a trend of declining in its productivity, because of pest and disease attack, especially foot-rot disease. An innovation of hybrid blcak pepper that has resistant to foot-rot disease is expected to become a solution to rising productivity of the crop. This research aimed to analyze farmers’ preference to adopt hybrid black pepper that has resistant to foot-rot disease. This research was conducted at North Lampung District, form July-October 2010. The analysis used was descriptive method and structural equation model. Analysis showed that most of farmers were interested in adoption of hybrid black pepper that has highly resistant to foot-rot disease since there is no black pepper variety that has been released having resistant to the disease. Institutional factors are indicated by farmer group activities in advocating their members to adopt hybrid blcak pepper, and governmental assistances to develop it are key factors that have a significant effect in adoption of the technology for farmers.
Pengaruh Fermentasi terhadap Citarasa Kopi Luwak Probiotik Rubiyo, Rubiyo; Towaha, Juniaty
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 4, No 2 (2013): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
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Semakin tingginya permintaan akan kopi luwak, menyebabkan produksinya tidak bisa hanya mengharapkan dari hewan luwak liar maupun luwak budidaya. Salah satu alternatif adalah dengan penggunaan mikroba probiotik yang hidup pada saluran pencernaan hewan luwak yang dapat menghasilkan kopi terfermentasi dengan citarasa dan aroma yang khas. Penelitian produksi kopi luwak probiotik Robusta secara mikrobiologis untuk mendapatkan kualitas citarasa terbaik telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Provinsi Bali dari bulan Maret hingga Desember 2012. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan teknik periode fermentasi probiotik yang tepat dalam menghasilkan kualitas citarasa dan aroma kopi Robusta yang mendekati kualitas kopi luwak Robusta asli. Fermentasi dilakukan dalam 2 tahap, yaitu (1) fermentasi dilakukan dengan mikroba probiotik yang diisolasi dari intestum tenue (usus halus) luwak dan (2) fermentasi dilakukan dengan mikroba probiotik yang diisolasi dari caecum (usus buntu) luwak. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah P1=fermentasi tahap I selama 4 hari dan tahap II selama 4 hari, P2=fermentasi tahap I selama 5 hari dan tahap II selama 5 hari, P3=fermentasi tahap I selama 6 hari dan tahap II selama 6 hari, P4=fermentasi tahap I selama 7 hari dan tahap II selama 7 hari, dan sebagai pembanding P5=biji kopi luwak Robusta asli dari pembudidaya luwak. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa produksi kopi luwak secara probiotik merupakan cara pembuatan kopi luwak yang jauh lebih praktis daripada produksi kopi luwak melalui budidaya luwak. Kopi luwak probiotik Robusta yang mempunyai citarasa terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan P3 dengan total skor citarasa 79,92, dengan citarasa yang sedikit lebih baik dibandingkan kopi luwak Robusta asli. Kata Kunci: Kopi luwak, produksi, probiotik, RobustaThe higher demand for civet coffee, causing production can not only expect from wild civet and civet cultivation. One alternative is to use probiotic microbes that live in the civet digestive that can produce fermented coffee with flavor and distinctive aroma. Research on the production of Robusta probiotic civet coffee microbiological to get the best flavor quality has been carried out in the laboratory of BPTP in Bali Province from March to December 2012. The objective of this research was to determine the appropriate probiotic fermentation period to produce flavor and aroma quality of Robusta coffee which are approaching the quality of the original Robusta civet coffee. Fermentation is done in 2 phases: the first phase, the fermentation is done with probiotic microbes isolated from intestum tenue of cive; and second phase, the fermentation is done with probiotic microbes isolated from the caecum of civet treatments examined are P1 = first phase fermentation for 4 days and second phase for 4 days; P2 = first phase fermentation for 5 days and second phase for 5 days; P3 = first phase fermentation for 6 days and second phase for 6 days; P4 = first phase fermentation for 7 days and second phase for 7 days, and as a comparison P5 = original Robusta civet coffee. The results found that civet coffee production in probiotic is a way of making a much more practical than production of civet coffee cultivation. The best flavor of Robusta probiotic civet coffee is obtained in P3 treatment with a total score of cupping test is 79,92, has a slightly better flavor than original Robusta civet coffee. 
Peningkatan Produksi dan Pengembangan Kakao ( Theobroma cacao L. ) di Indonesia Rubiyo, Rubiyo; Siswanto, Siswanto
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 3, No 1 (2012): Buletin Riset Tanaman Rempah Dan Aneka Tanaman Industri
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Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara pengekspor biji kakao terpenting di dunia. Tahun 2010 Indonesia menduduki posisi sebagai pengekspor biji kakao terbesar ketiga dunia dengan produksi biji kering 550.000 ton. Pada tahun tersebut dari luas 1.651.539 ha areal kakao, sekitar 1.555.596 ha atau 94% adalah kakao rakyat. Hal ini mengindikasikan peran penting kakao baik sebagai sumber lapangan kerja maupun pendapatan bagi petani. Di samping itu, areal dan produksi kakao Indonesia meningkat pesat pada dekade terakhir, dengan laju 5,99% per tahun. Namun demikian, seiring dengan semakin luasnya daerah pengembangan kakao, akhir-akhir ini produksi dan produktivitas kakao di Indonesia terus mengalami penurunan yang sangat berarti. Selain tingkat produktivitas yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan potensi klon atau bahan tanam yang ada, aspek mutu juga mengalami penurunan. Menurunnya mutu dan daya hasil tersebut dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor antara lain serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman seperti infeksi penyakit dan serangan hama penggerek buah kakao (PBK), bahan tanam kakao yang diusahakan, penanganan pasca panen, dan sistem usahatani. Teknologi yang tersedia untuk mendukung peningkatan produksi dan pengembangan kakao antara lain bahan tanaman unggul, informasi kesesuaian lahan, teknologi perbanyakan bahan tanaman, teknologi pengendalian hama dan penyakit utama, teknologi sambung samping dan sambung pucuk, teknologi pengolahan hasil dan teknologi pengembangan industri kakao. Bahan tanaman unggul memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam usahatani kakao di Indonesia. Saat ini telah dihasilkan beberapa  klon unggul kakao dengan produktivitas di atas 2 ton/ha/th, beberapa di antaranya juga mempunyai sifat tahan terhadap hama dan penyakit utama kakao. Pengendalian hama dan penyakit tersebut, saat ini telah diimplementasikan model pengendalian secara terpadu yang melibatkan komponen bahan tanam unggul resisten terhadap hama dan penyakit, teknologi budidaya serta kriteria lahan yang sesuai untuk tanaman kakao. Produktivitas dan mutu hasil kakao sangat ditentukan oleh kualitas bahan tanam. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan mutu hasil kakao dapat dilakukan dengan teknik klonalisasi dengan cara sambung samping. Teknik sambung samping telah terbukti mampu memperbaiki produktivitas dan mutu kakao rakyat. Teknologi sambung samping telah diadopsi oleh para petani pekebun khususnya untuk merehabilitasi tanaman tua dan tanaman kurang produktif. Selain itu, teknologi pengolahan hasil dan pengembangan industri hilir juga telah banyak tersedia antara lain teknologi fermentasi, teknologi pengolahan limbah, dan teknologi diversifikasi produk. Agar usahatani kakao dapat berkembang sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, ke depan diperlukan upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan pengembangan penanganan hasil dan produk kakao di Indonesia. Improvement and Development Production of Cocoa in IndonesiaABTRACT Indonesia is known as important exporting country of the worlds cocoa beans. In 2010 Indonesia is the third largest world exporter of cocoa beans with production estimated 550,000 tons of dry beans. From1,651,596 ha in Indonesia, approximately 1,555,539 ha or 94% is managed by smallholders. This indicates an important role of cocoa both as a source of employment and income for farmers. In addition, the acreage and production of cocoa Indonesia increased rapidly in the last decade, a rate of 5,99% per year. Cocoa crop is non-oil export commodity which is very important in the estate sub-sector. Aside from being a source of state divisa, cocoa trees in Indonesia is a source of income and employment to estate farmers. Along with the vast development of new cocoa areas in Indonesia, the recent production and productivity of cocoa in Indonesia continues to a significant decline. In addition to a smaller level of productivity compared to the clone or plant material potency, the quality aspect also decreased. The decline in the quality and yield are influenced by many factors, among others, the attacks of infectious diseases and pests such as cocoa fruit borer Conophomorpha cramerella, plant materials, post harvest and farming systems. Technology available to support increased production and development of cocoa among other superior cacao plant materials, information, suitability of land for cocoa, the technology of plant propagation materials, technology major pest and disease control, side-grafting technology and continued shoots, processing technology and technological development of the cocoa industry. Superior cocoa plant material plays a very important role in cocoa farms in Indonesia. At present it has produced some excellent cocoa clones with productivity above 2 tons/ha/yr, some of which also have properties resistant to pests and major diseases of cocoa. To control pests and diseases have now implemented an integrated control model that involves components of superior planting materials that are resistant to pests and diseases, cultivation technology, and the criteria for suitable land for cocoa plants. Productivity and quality of cocoa is largely determined by the quality of planting material. One effort to improve cocoa productivity and quality results can be done with the clonalisasion technique by side-grafting. Side-grafting technique has been shown to improve cocoa productivity and quality of the people. Side-grafting technology has adopted by farmers to rehabilitate crop planters, especially older and less productive plants. Besides processing technology and the development of downstream industries have also been widely available among other  fermentation technology, processing technology and waste  product diversification technology. In order cocoa farming can be developed in the future, the next necessary efforts is to improve product development and processing of cocoa.
Penguatan Kelembagaan untuk Peningkatan Posisi Tawar Petani dalam Sistem Pemasaran Kakao Listyati, Dewi; Wahyudi, Agus; Hasibuan, Abdul Muis
Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Vol 1, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

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Abstract

Kelembagaan petani kakao masih sangat lemah sehingga membuat posisi tawar petani menjadi lemah menghadapi sistem pasar yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kelembagaan yang ada di sentra produksi kakao Sulawesi Tenggara serta merumuskan strategi penguatan kelembagaan untuk meningkatkan posisi tawar petani dalam sistem pemasaran kakao. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni-Oktober 2012 di Kabupaten Kolaka, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara dengan metode survey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat model kelembagaan, yaitu model Gapoktan Harapan Jaya (GHJ), Gapoktan Kakao Bina Karya (GKBK), Gapoktan Kakao Maju Makmur (GKMM), dan tanpa gapoktan (TGKT). Dari empat model tersebut, model GHJ telah berkembang menjadi koperasi dan lebih baik dari yang lainnya dalam menjalankan fungsinya, yaitu dalam pemilihan pengurus, pemberian reward and punishment, penyedia sarana produksi dan pembiayaan, serta pengolahan hasil dan pemasaran. Model ini berperan mengadvokasi petani agar melakukan proses fermentasi biji kakao melalui rangsangan selisih harga. Untuk lebih menguatkan posisi tawar petani, dikembangkan konsep Model Kelembagaan Kakao yang merupakan kemitraan antara organisasi petani dengan industri pengolahan serta beberapa elemen terkait lainnya, yaitu petani/kelompok tani/gapoktan/asosiasi petani, industri pengolahan kakao, lembaga pembiayaan, lembaga penyuluhan, pemerintah, perguruan tinggi/lembaga litbang dan instansi terkait. Dalam model ini, asosiasi petani memegang peran penting sebagai lembaga pemasaran bersama yang berada di tingkat Kabupaten untuk memperkuat posisi tawar petani terhadap industri pengolahan/eksportir.Kata Kunci: Model kelembagaan, petani kakao, harga, industri, pengolahan kakaoInstitutional cocoa farmers is still very weak that cause low bargaining position of farmers in existing market system. The objectives of this study were to analyze the existing institutional in Southeast Sulawesi as cocoa production centers and to formulate the institutional model in improving bargaining position of farmers in the cocoa marketing system. The survey conducted in June-October 2012 at Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The results showed that there were four models of farmer’s institution, namely Gapoktan Harapan Jaya (GHJ), Gapoktan Kakao Bina Karya (GKBK), Gapoktan Kakao Maju Makmur (GKMM) and no farmers group. Of the four models, GHJ models are better than the others in carrying out its functions such asin the election of the board, giving reward and punishment, providing of agricultural inputs, financing, processing and marketing. This model had developed into a cooperative. In addition, this model also plays a role in advocating farmers to make the process of fermentation of cocoa beans, so that the price can be slightly higher than non-fermented, the price difference considered as the advantages for farmers. To strengthening the bargaining position of farmers, the concept of institutional models of cocoa which is a partnership between farmers and the processing industry organizations as well as several other institutions have been developed. At this model, farmers association has important roles to strengthen farmer’s bargaining to the industrial/exporter.

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