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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Fowl Cholera and Its Control Prospect With Locally isolated Pasteurella multocida Bivalent Vaccines Ariyanti, Tati; ., Supar
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Pasteurellosis or fowl cholera disease which associated with Pasteurella multocida group A and D infections occurred sporadically in many parts of the world, including in Indonesia. The pathogenic activity of P. multocida in chickens were based on lipopolysacharide (LPS) antigens associated with group A and D capsules, and the resistance factor of complement mediated bacteriolysis in animals. In order to reduce common bacterial infections, antibiotics were routinely used as feed additive or by drinking water, but fowl cholera cases still occur. Fowl cholera control by vaccinations have been used more than a hundred years ago by means of inactive vaccine, but imported inactive vaccine was reported not effective due to lack of cross protection against heterologous serotype. At present, manyÂ local P. multocida isolates from chicken and ducks from manyÂ areas in Indonesia were characterised for their antigenicity, immunogenicity and prepared as monovalent or bivalent vaccine. Only the monovalent vaccine prepared from BCC 2331 or DY2 demonstrated the presence of immunoprotection against homologous and heterologous challenged with live bacteria. The prototype bivalent vaccine consisting of BCC 2331 + DY2 demonstrated high degree of cross protection against challenged individual with or mixed of BCC 2331 + DY2 at average of 60 â 75% and 75 â 100%, respectively. Monovalent and bivalent vaccine prepared from other isolates including imported reference strains of P. multocida demonstrated no protection in experimentally vaccinated ducks and chicken against challenged with live bacteria of neither BCC 2331 nor with DY2. From these retrospective studies, it was concluded that the local isolates P. multocida designated Â as Â BCC Â 2331 Â and Â DY2 Â could Â be Â used Â as candidates Â of Â prototype Â vaccine Â or Â master Â seed Â vaccine Â but their effectiveness still need to be evaluated under field conditions.Â Key words: Pasteurella multocida, Indonesian isolates, inactive vaccines, fowl cholera

Development of Anthelmintic Resistance Detection Methods of Gastrointestinal Nematodes on Livestock Haryuningtyas, Dyah
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The intensive usage of anthelmintic in most of farms led to resistances of livestock gastrointestinal nematodes against anthelmintic. Â Many Â reports Â of Â resistance Â thatÂ increasedÂ every Â year Â happenÂ following Â the Â continuing Â helminth Â control programmes. The succesful implementation of helminth control programmes that designed to minimize the development of resistance in nematode populations depends on the availability of effective and sensitive method for its detection and monitoring. A variety of in vivo and in vitro tests have been developed for detecting nematode population resistance to the main Â anthelmintic groups. This paper will discuss the development of detection method of anthelmintic resistance based on conventional and molecular approach according to their strengths and weakness. Â Key words: Anthelmintic resistance, detection method, conventional, molecular, nematode

The Use of Bali Cattle on Local Feed Resources for Beef Cows Development in Indonesia Diwyanto, Kusuma; Priyanti, Atien
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Bali cattle as an animal genetic resource of Indonesia is one of the appropriate cattle breed to be developed in Indonesia. Intensification of breeding program using Bali cattle may solve one of the heifer supply shortage in the beef cattle industry. Technology innovation base on the local feed resources and the use of agricultural by products is needed to meet the demand of sustainable feed supply for beef cattle. This will be the main basic components on the complete feed formulation that is cheap and easily accessible for the farmers. The crop livestock systems innovation through the zero waste approach need to be implemented to yield the zero cost cattle raising system. The cow calf operation system will only be run sustainable if the feed cost and the use of external inputs can be minimized. The program need to be integrated by the grower and fattening (finisher) activities. The grower cattle activities, such as run by the Center Village Cooperation in East Nusa Tenggara Â could afford the farmers participation and had a significant contribution to the farmersâ household. The success of an introduction program is largely determined by the involvement of the farmers in the very beginning based on the local indigenous technology. There is a need to empower the farmers group based on the cooperative principles to increase bargaining power, information accessibility and communication effectiveness. This effort will also simultaneously conducted with the policy support on accessibility of micro finance through the agriculture credit scheme. Â Key words: Bali cattle, local feed, beef cattle business

Emission of Methane From Enteric Fermentation: National Contribution and Factors Affecting it in Livestock Haryanto, Budi; Thalib, A
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 4 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Changing in atmosphere condition is affected by the quantity of gases produced from all activities on the earth. Gases that have effects Â onÂ global Â warming Â are Â CO2, Â N2O, Â H2O, Â and Â CH4Â (methane). Â Among Â other Â sources Â of Â methane Â are Â enteric fermentation of organic material from ruminants and feces decomposition. Methane production from ruminants is affected by several factors such as breed/type of animal, feed quality, environmental temperature and physiological status of the animal. Energy as methane in ruminants may reach 2 to 15% of the total energy consumption. To reduce the emission of methane from ruminants, it is necessary to apply a strategic feeding system for more efficient utilization of feed. Â Key words: Methane, global warming, ruminants, rumen fermentation

The Role of InterferonâTau (IfnâÏ) in The Reproduction Handling of Female Ruminant Depamede, Sulaiman Ngongu
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 4 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

In ruminants, interferon-tau (IFNâÏ)Â is well known as an important pregnancy factor. Interferon-tau as antiluteolytic cytokine is secreted from the tropoblast during the time of implantation. About 10 â 15% of pregnancy losses in cows were possibly due to the lack of IFNâÏ to maintain corpus luteum. Interferon-tau induces some early pregnancy factors which are expressed around 15 days post insemination. This has led that IFNâÏ to be a strong candidate for the development of ruminant early pregnancy tests. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literatures on the roles of IFNâÏ in biology reproduction as well as researches that have been carried out on reproductive biotechnology especially in regards to the development of early pregnancy test for ruminant. It can be concluded that administration of IFNâÏ is able to improve reproductive performance of female ruminants experimentally. Interferon-tau and its derivates can be used to develop a rapid test for early pregnancy diagnostic. Â Key words: Interferon-tau, early pregnancy test, ruminant

Research and Development on Animal Feed in Malaysia Zahari, M Wan; Wong, H K
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 4 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The growth of the non-ruminant sector to selfâsufficiency in meat and eggs has been matched by massive importation of feed. Thus, a major thrust to reduce the burden of feed imports is to increase the use of indigenous feed resources and intensify research to look for alternatives and substitutes. Over the past 3 decades, local researchers have reported on the availability nutritive content, optimal inclusion levels and treatment methods to enhance nutrient value of many locally available feed ingredients in practical poultry rations. The list includes evaluation and utilization of feed rice, palm kernel cake (PKC), broken rice, bran, sorghum, cassava, sago, fishmeal and commercial grain corn production; but the goal of import substitution and self- sufficiency is still unfulfilled. Although PKC, feed rice, local maize and specialty fats has potential to be viable energy feed sources and local fish meal is a promising protein feed source, more large scale Research and Development (R & D) is needed. In the ruminant sub-sector, emphasis is towards maximizing use of locally available agro-industrial byproducts and crop residues for the production of cost-effective feeds. The utilization of local feed resources is highly dependent on the supply of agro- industrial byproducts or crop residues from the oil palm and rice industries. In order to encourage a sustainable ruminant industry in Malaysia, local feed production has to be maximized and strengthened. Current emphasis is towards the development of practical and low-cost feeds for various classes of livestock species, particularly by utilizing local forages, tree fodders, crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts. This paper highlights the research and development on animal feed in Malaysia over the last three decades and discusses various aspects of livestock feeding. Â Key words: Feed, resources, indigenous, ruminant, non-ruminant

Manipulation of Bioprocess in Rumen to Improve Fiber Feed Utilization Puastuti, Wisri
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 4 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Ruminant has a unique digestive organ that has big capacity to digest fiber. The digestive process includes the interaction of feed, rumen microbe and animal itself. Fementative digestion gives an advantage for ruminant as majority of feed consists of fiber, i.e: cellulose, hemi cellulose and xylan. Rumen microbes have an important role to digest fiber. Rumen microbes could be manipulated by several strategies to increase microbial protein synthesis and microbial activity. Feed supplement could stimulate growth and activity of rumen microbes, while buffer could stabilize the rumen pH and also the fermentation. Defaunating agent was given to control the existence of rumen microfauna (protozoa) so increase the population of bacteria. Essensial amino acid was used as a growth factor of rumen microbe the amino acid or its precursor could be given as supplementation. Feeding probiotic could maintain anaerob condition in the rumen, and caused population and activity of rumen microbe increased. Addition of micro mineral or enzyme could improve the fermentation and feed degradation in the rumen, hence, improved feed intake and animal productivity. Â Key words: Rumen microbe, fiber source, manipulation, digestion

Optimizing The Use of Cassava Plant and its Byproduct as Ruminant Feed Antari, Risa; Umiyasih, U
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 4 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An alternative to overcome the lack of feed is to use local feed resources. Cassava (Manihot utilissima) is a tropical plant that grows easily in all types of soil. At the time of harvest, the price is relatively cheap. Cassava has a low nutritive value, especially in crude protein, but it is a potential source of energy. The research to optimize the use of cassava as feed is by enrichment of its nutritional value, production of single cell protein or supplementation with other feed ingredient. Cassava leaves or hay contain high protein level so that it can be used as protein source. However, its utilization is limited by anti nutritive compounds, such as cyanide acid and linamarin. It can be overcome by physical, chemical and biological treatments as detoxification. The use of cassava in livestock feed requires a formulation strategy to obtain the optimal productivity. Â Key words: Byproducts, cassava, feed, cattle

Transforming Swamp Buffaloes to Producers of Milk and Meat Through Crossbreeding and Backcrossing Cruz, L C
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 3 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

There are two major types of water buffaloes in the world, the riverine type and the swamp type. The total number of Swamp buffalo is 37.6 M and represents 21.8% of the worldâs buffalo population. The swamp buffaloes have played a major role in draft animal-dependent farming system. But intensified rice production became more pronounced in irrigated areas and this has led to increased utilization of small farm machineries, displacing significantly the draft buffaloes for land tillage. To some extent, the introduction of tractors for land preparation and transport for corn, sugarcane and other crops in production areas has similar effect. Utilization of the existing population of swamp buffaloes to meet the growing domestic demand for milk and meat, against the background of increasing farm mechanization, is a good reason to transform the huge number of draft animals into producers of milk and meat. According to the UNDP/FAO-assisted project in the Philippines carried from 1982 to 1998, that crossing swamp buffalo and riverine buffaloes, despite the differences in chromosome numbers, is producing crossbreds with high growth rate potentials and milk production abilities several folds over the swamp buffalo parents. The known fact that swamp and riverine buffaloes have different chromosome number, the diploid chromosome number of the swamp buffalo is 48 and that of the river buffalo is 50. When crossbreeding between the 2 buffalo types occur, males and females of the F1 generation are heterozygous for the fusion and are apparently fertile with chromosome 2n = 49. Three-way crossbred hybrids were obtained by (native buffalo x Murrah x Nili Ravi) or (native buffalo x Nili Ravi x Murrah). They had two chromosome categories viz. 2n=49 and 2n=50, respectively. Crossbreeding Swamp with Riverine Breed is done for quality beef. Most of the NT produced TenderBuff is farm-bred or purchased from other suppliers as swamp buffalo yearlings and growth out for a further 8 â 16 months to achieve target weights on the pastures. The reproductive performance of F1 females produced out of crossing Murrah buffalo and Philippine carabao are not different. Assessment of the fertility of F1 bulls was made on the basis of the pregnancy rate obtained from AI on Philippine carabaos using frozen semen. The data indicated that there was no significant difference between the pregnancy rate of the Philippine carabaos inseminated with either Murrah buffaloes or F1 frozen semen. However, a signigicant difference on conception rate was observed (P < 0.05) compared to hybrid with 2n = 50 chromosomes. The calving rate of hybrids with 2n = 49 chromosomes decreased by 17.77 â 17.89% and the total calves reduced by 1.33 â 1.54 heads from the first calving to age of 11 years. The fundamental initiative that is most consistent with the envisaged improvement in the productivity of the carabao is the establishment of germplasm pools from where superior materials can be obtained on a sustainable basis such as Gene Pools for Selected Native Philippine Carabao (PC), Gene Pool for Riverine Buffalo for Meat Improvement, Gene Pool for Improvement for Milk Production. From the above point of view, the future will see sustained and more intensive efforts to pursue the goal of transforming genetically the traditionally draft animal to producer of milk and meat and eventually establishment of viable and progressive buffalo-based enterprises.Â Key words: Swamp buffalo, crossbreeding, backcrossing

Alternative Raw Materials for Animal Feed Alimon, A R
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 3 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The increase in world fuel prices in the last few years has charged the global animal feedstuffs. In Malaysia, the feed industry is dependent on the importation of corn and soybean meal as the poultry and swine industries are almost totally based on corn soya bean meal diets. However, there are many byproducts and coproducts available in Malaysia as alternatives to corn or soy bean. Since Malaysia has more than 4 million hectares of oil palm plantation and after processing for the oil, large quantities of several byproducts are produced. This paper describes several available byproducts and co products in Malaysia, their nutritive value and their problems. Â Key words: Byproducts, non conventional feed, Malaysia

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INDONESIA