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Opportunity of Using Feather Meal for Ruminant Feed Stuff Adiati, Umi; Puastuti, Wisri; Mathius, I W
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 1 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Feather, a waste product of chicken is a potencial protein source for animal feeds. The average production of feather is 6% of the life weight of the chicken. Broiler population in Indonesia in 2003 was 917,707,000; for DKI area was 1,360,000 while for West Java was 308,021,118. Research results indicate that chicken were slaughtered at 35 day of age with the range of body weight of 1 to 2.2 kg. The number of broiler slughtered every month in Jakarta is 4,679,500 head, resulted in feather of 350 ton/month while for Bogor area the number of slaughtered broiler is 1,255,000 head/month, produce feather of 135 ton/month. Feather meal can be used as protein source in ruminant feed as much as 40%. Key words: Feather meal, crude protein, ruminant feed stuff

The Processing Technology of Feather Meal and Its Use as a Protein Source in Ruminant Ration Puastuti, Wisri
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Feather meal protein contains high level of keratin, which consists of 14% disulphide cystine, therefore feather meal protein is difficult to be digested by proteolytic enzymes. Feather meal must be processed before being used in the ration, because the digestibility of unprocessed feather meal is very low (5.8%). There are four processing methods of feather meal, i.e. physical, chemical, enzymatic and microbiological. The aim of these processings is to alleviate or break down the bonds in the keratin such as disulphide, ionic, ester and hydrogen bonds. Processed feather meal is known as hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM). Although the processing methods of feather meal produce different quality of HFM, the utilization of HFM in ruminant ration results in a better response than conventional protein resources. HFM has higher level of crude protein content (74 â 92%), rumen undegradable protein (70%) and post rumiral digestibility (57 â 78%) than soybean meal has. The utilization of HFM in ration up to 8% of dry matter can substitute soybean meal and the use of 2 â 3% HFM improved milk production in dairy cow and daily gain in sheep and cattle. Â Key words: Hydrolyzed feather meal, protein, ruminant, processing technology

Manipulation of Bioprocess in Rumen to Improve Fiber Feed Utilization Puastuti, Wisri
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 4 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Ruminant has a unique digestive organ that has big capacity to digest fiber. The digestive process includes the interaction of feed, rumen microbe and animal itself. Fementative digestion gives an advantage for ruminant as majority of feed consists of fiber, i.e: cellulose, hemi cellulose and xylan. Rumen microbes have an important role to digest fiber. Rumen microbes could be manipulated by several strategies to increase microbial protein synthesis and microbial activity. Feed supplement could stimulate growth and activity of rumen microbes, while buffer could stabilize the rumen pH and also the fermentation. Defaunating agent was given to control the existence of rumen microfauna (protozoa) so increase the population of bacteria. Essensial amino acid was used as a growth factor of rumen microbe the amino acid or its precursor could be given as supplementation. Feeding probiotic could maintain anaerob condition in the rumen, and caused population and activity of rumen microbe increased. Addition of micro mineral or enzyme could improve the fermentation and feed degradation in the rumen, hence, improved feed intake and animal productivity. Â Key words: Rumen microbe, fiber source, manipulation, digestion

Potency and Utilization of Cocoa Pod Husk as an Alternative Feed for Ruminants Puastuti, Wisri; Susana, IWR
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is potential as an alternative source of feed for ruminants due to its quantity and quality. The availability of CPH in Indonesia during the harvest season is abundant and able to feed around 635,305 animal unit (AU) per year. Cocoa pod husk as a feedstuff which contains crude protein between 6.80-13.78%; NDF 55.30-73.90% and ADF 38.31-58.98% is a source of fiber and can replace grass. However, CPH also contains antinutritional compounds such as lignin, tannin and theobromine. In order to optimize the use of CPH as feed, treatments are needed to improve the nutritive value and digestibility, to reduce negative effects and to extend shelf life. Processing methods can be conducted physically, chemically and microbiologically. Processing can improve the nutritional value of CPH especially the protein content. Feeding livestock using processed CPH showed better weight gain than that of unprocessed CPH. Besides, the attempt to utilize CPH as feed can overcome the shortage of forage, especially during dry season and increase ruminant productivity around the area of cocoa plantations. Key words: Cocoa pod husk, alternative feed, processing, ruminant

Protein efficiency of hydrolyzed feather meal substitution in sheep ration Puastuti, Wisri; Mathius, I Wayan
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The use of protein ration in ruminant is affected by the characteristic of protein. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of protein of hydrolyzed feather meal (HBA) in ration for growing sheep. Twenty-five young rams of 7-8 months old with an average body weight of 21.16 Â± 2.47 kg were used in this study. This study was conducted for 12 weeks based on randomized block design (5x5). The control treatment (R0) contained 72% of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and 15% total crude protein (CP), whereas R1-R4 treatments were fed on improved ration containing 75% TDN and 18% CP where HBA was used to substitute feed protein and as by pass protein source. The HBA substitution was carried out in 5 levels, namely: R0 = grass + concentrate with 0% HBA; R1 = grass + concentrate with 1.1% HBA; R2 = grass + concentrate with 2.2% HBA; R3 = grass + concentrate with 4.4% HBA and R4 = grass + concentrate with 8.5% The result showed that an increase of CP in ration and HBA substitution might increase CP consumption (P<0.01) but CP digestibility were not affected. HBA substitution increased (P<0.01) the average daily gain (ADG) from 90.91 g/head (R0) to 125.33 g/head (R1-R4) or increased 37.86%, but it did not affect the efficiency of protein ration. The respons of HBA substitution levels in ration (x) to ADG followed the equation, ADG = 1.641x2 + 15.778x + 99.372 (r2 = 72.37%). It is concluded that 8.5% HBA substitution in ration can substitute 100% soybean meal, and 2.2% HBA substitution in ration gives the best efficiency to support daily gain. Key Words: Protein, Feather Meal, Substitution, Sheep

Cacao pod based ration supplemented with organic Zn: Growth responce on sheeps Puastuti, Wisri; Yulistiani, Dwi; Mathius, I Wayan; Giyai, Fransiscus; Dihansih, Elis
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 4 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Cacao pod can be used as feed to replace grass. The aims of study was to evaluate the growth response of sheep fed on cacao pod based rations to replace grass and supplemented with organic Zn. Fresh cacao pod was chopped to the size of 1-2 cm. In untreated cacao pod (without ammoniation), chopped cacao pod was dried then milled, while in ammoniated cacao pod, the chopped cacao pod was mixed with urea, 1.5% (w/w) and kept in anaerobic conditions for 7 days. After 7 days it was dried and milled. Both, without ammoniated and ammoniated cacao pod were used for ration formulation. The rations were formulated in iso protein and iso energy (16% CP and 70% TDN). The study used 25 male lambs Sumatera Composite breed at age 7-8 months old with average body weight 18.8 Â± 2.86 kg. Experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with number of animal in each group was 5. Five treatment rations evaluated were: R = grass + concentrate (positive control); K = cacao pod + concentrate; KZ = cacao pod + concentrate + organic Zn; KU = cacao pod ammoniated + concentrate; KUZ = cacao pod ammoniated + concentrate + organic Zn. The treatment rations were offered for 10 weeks. The results showed that the consumption of cacao pod based rations was higher (P < 0.05) than the grass-basal ration (75.19 g/kg BW0,75 vs 70.22 g/kg BW0,75). Suplementation of Zn organic to ammoniated or untreated cacao pod resulted in no significant difference in DM, and CP intake. DM, OM, CP digestibility and N retention were relatively similar among the fifth rations from 53.13 to 63.91%, from 54.69 to 66.49%, from 66.0 to 79.28% and from 9.5 to 13.4 g/h respectively. R ration had similar NH3 levels with KU ration (21.57 mM vs 22.94 mM) but higher than the K, KZ and KUZ ration (16.45 mM, 16.62 mM and 13.61 mM). VFA concentration showed no difference among treatments (from 140.32 to 179.76 mM). Sheep fed ration R had similar ADG with K and KZ (92.19 g/h vs 83.13 g/h; 93.44 g/h) but higher than the ration KU and KZ (73.44 g/h and 61.72 g/h). From this study can be concluded that grass-based rations can be replaced by the cacao pod based rations supplemented with organic Zn and resulted in relatively similar ADG of 92.19 g/h vs 93.44 g/h. Key Words: Cacao Pod, Ammoniation, Organic Zn, Sheep

Ruminal fermentation response and nitrogen retention from sheep fed rumen undegradable protein Puastuti, Wisri; Yulistiani, D; Mathius, I.W
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The utilization of rumen undegradable protein, could increase supply of amino acids in small intestine to meet host protein requirement. To increase the utilization of feed protein, feed protein source which is highly degradable should be protected from degradation in the rumen. The objective of the study was to increase nitrogen retention through substitution of fish meal protein with soy bean meal protected by banana stem juice observed from rumen fermentation activities. The study used 18 late pregnant Sumatera Composite breed ewes. Rations consisted of fresh chopped elephant grass, supplemented with a commercial concentrate and mineral block in the form of Comin plus and different types of protein supplement as treatment diets. The type of protein supplements were: soya bean meal (RK), soy bean meal protected with banana stem juice (RKT) and fish meal (RTI). Treatment diets were offered during late pregnancy (from two months before to two months after partus), two weeks adaptation period was carried out before data recording. Design of the study used randomized complete block design. Results of the study show that rumen ammonia concentration in sheep fed on RKT was not significantly different either from RTI or from RK, however, the nitrogen retention was significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments (4.92 g/h vs 12.52 g/h; 17.11 g/h). Total VFA production or the proportion of C3, iC4, iC5 and nC5 was not significantly different (P > 0.05), however, proportion of C2 and nC4 was significantly different between diet treatment. Methane emission was higher (70.3 mM or 37.2% higher from total energy VFA) in diet RKT which is indicated that fermentation system was not efficient. It can be concluded the higher rumen ammonia concentration and lower nitrogen retention in protected soy bean meal supplement indicated that soy bean meal protected by banana stem juice in the ration was not able to substitute fish meal protein which is resistance from degradation in the rumen. Key Words: Sheep, Rumen Fermentation, Rumen Undegradable Protein

Evaluation of nutritive value of palm kernel cake fermented with molds as source of protein in ruminant Puastuti, Wisri; Yulistiani, Dwi; Susana, IWR
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14334/jitv.v19i2.1043

The objective of the research was to improve the nutritive value of PKC through fermentationÂ and to evaluate its degradation characteristics in the rumen and post rumen digestibility as a protein feed source for ruminants. PKC was fermented using Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viridae and Aspergillus oryzae. To evaluate the in sacco rumen degradability, 2 rumen fistulated females Fries Holstein 3.5 years old were used. Samples were incubated in the rumen for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Determination of dry matter (DM) degradation characteristics value and crude protein (CP) in the rumen was calculated based on formula y = a + b (1 - e-ct). The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that fermentation increased protein content of the PKC by 79.21% with the highest increase from fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae (88.34%). DM and CP degradability âin the rumen and post rumen of fermented PKC was affected by type of mold used for fermentation. Fermentation increased the amount of water soluble DM (a) of fermented PKC with average of 46.7%, but the value of insoluble but degradable fraction in the rumen (b) was decreased. Fermentation by molds resulited in the reduction of fractionÂ of insoluble CP but degradable (b) in the rumen by 50.42%. PKC fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae resulted in the higest CP degradability in the rumen and post rumen. It can be concluded that PKC has a high contentÂ of degradable CP in the rumen even without fermentation. Protein source from PKC fermented using Aspergillus oryzae categorized as the best source of feed protein in terms of increasing CP content and digestibility. Key Words: Palm Kernel Cake, Fermentation, Protein, Digestibility

Responses of young rams to level of hydrolised feather meal subtitution in ration Puastuti, Wisri; Mathius, I-Wayan
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Feather meal contains more than 90% protein that most of this protein (70%) are ruminally undegradable, therefore it is a potential source of by pass protein. The study was done to evaluate the response of young rams to hydrolised feather meal (HBA) substitution in ration. Twenty five young rams aged 7-8 months, with average body weight of 21.16 Â± 2.47 kg were used in this study. This study was conducted based on ramdomized block design and the rams were grouped into 5 groups based on body weight. The ration consisted of 30% grass and 70% feed supplement on dry matter basis. Feed supplement of the control diet (R0) contained 72% of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and 15% ofÂ total crude protein (CP), whereas R1-R4 were the improved rations that contained 75% of TDN and 18% of CP. HBA was used to substitute feed protein and as by pass protein source. The HBA substitution was done in 5 levels, namely: R0 = grass + feed supplement with 0% HBA; R1 = grass + feed supplement with 1.1% HBA; R2 = grass + feed supplement with 2.2% HBA; R3 = grass + feed supplement with 4.4% HBA and R4 = grass + feed supplement with 8.5% HBA. The study was conducted for 12 weeks. The results showed that the increase of CP in ration and HBA substitution did not affect dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) consumption, as well as DM, OM and CP digestibility. The substitution of HBA in ration significantly increased CP consumption of ram fed R1, R2, R3 and R4 compared to R0 (143.86; 142.58; 147.46; 134.43 vs 109.98 g/head). The level of NH3-N in rumen fluid was significantly (P<0.01) affected by CP in the ration and HBA substitution. On the other hand total VFA and molar volatile fatty acids were not different except for molar isobutirat. The value of N retention and average daily gain (ADG) were affected (P<0.05) by level of CP and subtitution HBA in ration. The highest ADG value was resulted by rams received R2 diet (133.77 g/head). It was concluded that 2.2% HBA substitution in ration gave the best response on consumption, digestion, rumen fermentation, N retention and ADG. Key Words: Hydrolised Feather Meal, Substitution, Ram

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