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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Distillerâs Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS) for Animal Feed Tangendjaja, Budi
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Distillerâs Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is co-product from dry milling of ethanol industry after removal of ethanol and CO2. From every 25.4 kg (1 bushel) of corn, it can produce around 7.7 kg of DDGS. DDGS offers an opportunity for cost savings in animal feed rations, and will be available in abundant quantities in coming years. DDGS has been traded in many parts of the world with 27% protein, 9 â 10% fat and < 7% fiber. Although DDGS is mainly used for feeding ruminant, more DDGS are used for monogastric animals such as swine and poultry and recently an interest to be used for aquaculture. Recent studies by University of Arkansas indicated that Metabolizable Energy value of DDGS for poultry is 2850 kcal/kg. It was also reported that DDGS can be included up to 15% in broiler feed without affecting performance and higher level of inclusion was possible for finisher broiler. On swine diet, Digestible and Metabolizable Energy of DDGS is equal to corn and much higher value than that reported by NRC 1998. DDGS is a good source of protein, fat, phosphorus and energy for lactating dairy cows. Distillerâs grains can be included in dairy cow diets up to 20% of the ration without decreasing dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat and protein percentage. For beef cattle, it can effectively be used as an energy source and be fed up to 40% of ration with excellent growth performance, carcass and meat quality. For aquaculture, DDGS can be used up to 30% in freshwater fish such as catfish and tilapia and up to 20% in trout; it can also be used to feed shrimp up to 10%. However, in order to use DDGS for animal feeding, several quality factors include physical, chemical and biological should be considered especially in formulating a diet. DDGS quality may vary depending on the origin and corn quality, processing condition especially drying temperature and time and amount of solubles being added to distillerâs grains. Â Key words: DDGS, feed, protein, energy

Environmental Awareness on Beef Cattle Technology Bamualim, Abdullah M; Thalib, A; Anggraeni, Y N; ., Mariyono
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The acceleration program to meet beef self sufficient in 2010 is expected to increase animal protein consumption of Indonesian people in order to be equal with other countries as well as to improve the livestock farmerâs income. The main objective of the program is to increase cattle population. Since the availability of forage and grassland is limited, beef cattle development is driven to the crop and plantation integration approach by using their by-product as cattle feed. Crop and plantation by-products, generally are considered to be fiber source with high lignocelluloseâs and low nutritive value. Feeding high fiber would increase methane gas production, and faeces and grass cultivation also contributed on greenhouse emission. Methane is one of the main greenhouse gases contributed by agriculture sector; increasing beef cattle population using high fiber feed is predicted to increase methane production. Good management is expected to improve productivity and to reduce methane production on livestock. Some efforts could be done such as good feeding management and nutrition manipulation, environment friendly Â cattleÂ wasteÂ management,Â improvingÂ management onÂ roughageÂ cultivation, Â andÂ improvingÂ managementÂ onÂ cattle production. Â Key words: Beef cattle, agricultural by product, methane, global warming

Toxoplasmosis of Goat and Sheep in Java Iskandar, Tolibin
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease, caused by Toxoplasma gondii attacking goat, sheep, and wild animals. This disease is zoonosis and widely distributed in many districts of Java and as a zoonotic disease. Cat is the definitive host of T. gondii, while sheep, goats, and humans are the intermediate hosts. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Java was between 7 to 84%, with an average of 42.9%. It occurs through out of the year and causes abortions and infertilities of infected animals. All breeds of goat and sheep, male and female are susceptible to T. gondii infections. In cat, T. gondii produces three types of infectious forms, i.e.: tropozoite, cyst, and oocyst, but in intermediate host, it produces tropozoite and cyst forms. The development of T. gondii in definitive host is by sexual and asexual, while in intermediate host only by asexual only. Toxoplasmosis in livestocks is subclinical signs and difficult to diagnose. The confirmation diagnose of T. gondii infection in animals should be conducted by laboratory examinations of the parasite on peritoneal fluid, heart muscles, skelet muscles and brain samples. Serological tests for antibody detection can be done by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Toxoplasmosis is difficult to be controlled; the use of pyrimethamine drugs only kills tachyzoite form, but does not kill the cyst. Once the animals are infected, they would become carriers and sources of infections. Â Key words: Toxoplasmosis, goat, sheep

The Role of Dairy Cattle Husbandry in Supporting The Development of National Dairy Industry Anggraeni, Anneke; Iskandar, Sofjan
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An intensive development in Indonesian dairy industry has expanded over two decades. During this period, the structure of the national dairy industry has progressed completely. The capacity of the national fresh milk production, however, has been able to supply only 35% of domestic milk demand. The milk domestic demand is predicted to be continous due to the increases in the national population and their welfare. Raising temperate dairy breed (Holstein-Friesian) under tropical climate has resulted many deteriorates in productivity. More inferiority has been found under a semi-intensive management at small dairy farms. The existence of various changes in the global trade regulation for agriculture commodities has been a considerable factor directly affecting the future development of the national dairy industry. Increasing efficiency of various determinant components of the national dairy industry is required to produce domestic fresh milk in a good quality at a competitive price. This paper is dealing with the status of various determined factors especially for dairy livestock components to improve the future national dairy industry prospectively, involving for the national dairy cattle population, domestic milk yield, productivity of dairy cattle, breeding system and supporting reproduction technology. More over, other essential factors providing for dairy institution as well as distribution and marketing domestic milk production are also described. Â Key words: Dairy cattle husbandry, small dairy farms, national dairy industry

Conservation of Poultry Germplasm Through Cryopreservation of Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) Setioko, A R
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Indonesia has abundantly available genetic potential of local poultry that needs to be conserved for future use of poultry development. Live conservation of poultry, both in-situ and ex-situ, would be very expensive and has a risk of mortality due to diseases such as avian influenza. Cryopreservation of Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs), which are progenitor of eggs and spermatozoa, provides an alternative way to preserve both male and female genetic materials in poultry. PGCs in poultry can be specifically harvested from blatoderm or blood embryo, and preserved in a liquid nitrogen similar to sperm, ovum and embryo in large ruminant. Technique for producing germline chimeric chicken has been established by transferring PGCs into the circulated blood embryo where the original PGCs have been removed or inactivated. Mating of germline chimeras yields offsprings that are derived entirely from the donor stock. Conservation of genetic materials of Indonesian indigenous poultry through preservation of PGCs could be used for future poultry improvement. Â Key words: Genetic resources, conservation, poultry, PGCs, chimera

Key Performance Indicators for Indonesiaâs Small Holder Dairy Farmers Moran, John
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

This paper presents a series of Key Performance Indicators to help Indonesian farmers identify the possible causes for their poor farm performance and profitability. When assessing farm profitability, these indicators can be split into two types, those diagnosing problems with feeding management and those with herd management. Too many stock on limited land is a common feature on Asian dairy small holdings. Unlike other forms of livestock, milking cows have very high nutrient requirements, therefore high quality forages and purchased concentrates are essential for profitable dairying. Milk income less feed cost is one of the simplest and easy to measure indicators of farm profitability and the quickest to respond to small changes in farm practices. Problems with herd management can be diagnosed using measures such as the proportion of cows actually milking in the herd or their peak yield and persistency of production. There are also simple indicators of herd reproductive performance and of health and growth of young stock that assist in searching for the underlying causes of poor farm profitability. Â Key words: Key performance indicator, dairy farmer, small holder, Indonesian

Characterisation and Identification of Avian Influenza Virus (AI) Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLP I
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Avian Influenza is caused by Influenza A virus which is a member of Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza A virus is enveloped single stranded RNA with eight-segmented, negative polarity and filament or oval form, 50 â 120 by 200 â 300 nm diameters. Influenza A viruses have been found to infect birds, human, pig, horse and sometimes in the other mammalian such as seal and whale. The viruses are divided into different subtypes based on the antigenic protein which covers the virus surface i.e. Haemaglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). In addition, the nomenclature of subtype virus is based on HA and NA i.e HxNx, for example H5N1, H9N2 and the others. According to pathogenic, it could be divided into two distinct groups, they are Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI). The Avian Influenza viruses have been continuously occurred and spread out in some continents such us America, Europe, Africa and Asian countries. The outbreak of Avian Influenza caused high mortality on birds and it has been reported that in human case Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 virus has caused several deaths. To anticipate this condition, an effort to prevent the transmission of Avian Influenza is needed. These strategic attempts include biosecurity, depopulation, vaccination, control of virus movement, monitoring and evaluation. Laboratory diagnostic plays an important role for successful prevention, control and eradication programs of Avian Influenza. Recently, there are two diagnostic methods for Avian Influenza. They are conventional (virological diagnosis) and molecular methods. The conventional method is usually used for initial diagnostic of Avian Influenza. The conventional method takes more time and more costly, whereas the molecular method is more effective than conventional method. Based on the available diagnostic technique, basically diagnostic of Avian Influenza is done by serology test, isolation and identification as well as pathogenicity test. Â Key words: Avian Influenza, Characterisation, Identification, Laboratory Diagnostic

The Use and Effect of Carbamate Insecticide on Animal Health and Products ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The use of carbamate in Indonesia is relatively new, in particular after prohibition on the use of most organochlorines (OC). Carbamates that commonly Â used for agricultural activities are carbofuran (Furadan), aldicarb (Temik) and carbaryl (Sevin). When properly used, they will provide benefit, but misuse of insecticides would affect productivity, poisoning, public health problems, environmental contamination and residues in foods. A monitoring result of carbamate used in Java indicates that carbofurans were detected in soils (0,8 â 56,3 ppb); water (0,1 â 5,0 ppb); rice (nd â 5,0 ppb); soybeans (1,2 â 610 ppb); animal feed (12 â 102 ppb); beef (110 â 269 ppb); and sera of beef cattle (167 â 721 ppb). The residue level was above the maximum residue limits (MRL) released by Indonesian Standardization Agency (Badan Standardisasi Nasional) in some samples. The presence of carbofuran in foods should be taken into account since the carbofuran is regarded highly toxic for public and animal health. This paper describes the toxicity of carbamate, clinical signs of poisoning, residue in foods and environment, handling of poisoning and residue control. Â Key Words: Carbamate, toxicity, residue, food, environment

Utilization of Jatropha curcas Seed Meal and its Limitation as Feed Ingredient Wina, Elizabeth; IWR, Susana; Pasaribu, Tiurma
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

One of the alternatives to solve the problem of less fossil energy is to utilize plant as a new source of energy, i.e Jatropha curcas, known as physic nut. This plant has been promoted as a source of energy as its seed contains high level of oil which can be used as biodiesel. The meal produced after pressing the seed will become a by product which contains high level of protein but also contains several anti nutritive factors or toxic compounds. This causes a problem to utilize this seed meal for animal feed. This paper descibes the nutritional quality and anti nutritive factors of jatropha seed meal, detoxification of jatropha seed meal and its utilization as feed ingredient and the problem of its utilization. Jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient has to go through a combination process of detoxification. There is a need to find a cheap and easy detoxification technology to produce a safe and high nutritional quality of jatropha seed meal for animal. Â Key words: Jatropha curcas, anti nutritive factors, detoxification, utilization, problem

Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Perspective and Limitation Purwantari, N D
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The demand of chemical fertilizer, N in particular will be increasing until 2020. In Indonesia, the demand of fertilizer from 1999 â 2002 increased 37.5 and 12.4% for urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. At the same time, the price of this fertilizer is also increasing and it can not be afforded by the farmer. Other problem in using chemical fertilizer is damaging to the soil and environment. One of the problem solvings for this condition is to maximize biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). BNF is the fixation of N atmosphere by association between soil bacteria rhizobia and leguminous plant. BNF is sustainable and environmentally friendly in providing nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, it would reduce the requirement of chemical nitrogen fertilizer for the plant. Gliricidia sepium fixes 170 kg N/ha/12 months, equivalent with 377 kg urea, Sesbania sesban 179 kg N/ha/10 months, equivalent 397 kg with urea, soybean 26 â 57 kg/2 months equivalent with 57 â 126 kg urea. The amount of N2- fixed varies, affected by species, environmental and biological factors. There are some limitations in applying this technology. The effect of N contribution is very slow at the beginning but in the long term, it would be beneficial for plant production and at the same time, maintain condition of physical and chemical of soil, soil microbes and therefore soil fertility.Â Key words: Legume, rhizobia, fixation, N2 atmosphere, fertilizer

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