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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Congenital Transmission of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) in Cattle and Buffalo in Indonesia ., Sudarisman
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Congenital transmissions of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle and buffalo in Indonesia have been found along time ago, primarily in animals treated with artificial insemination which semen came from the BHV-1 virus infected bull. The artificial insemination industry concerns with BHV-1 virus contamination of semen from healthy seropositive bulls with latent infections. Collection of semen from bulls maintained with a rigorous herd health program is an unlikely source of distribution of BHV-1 virus. Virus from the lesions in infected bulls can contaminate semen and causes a hazard to artificial insemination practices. Preventing the congenital transmission should be done at the artificial insemination centre through a standard procedure for semen production and the semen must come from a seronegative BHV-1 virus bull. Serological test for BHV-1 virus should be done every six months and PCR test should be conducted to the semen batch showed seropositive results and also to the bulls showed clinical signs of IBR. Virus isolation can be done from samples of suspected bulls. Bulls are potential sources of infection, thus keeping the seropositive or IBR infected bulls should be avoided. Such bulls can transmit the disease during breeding. Some female cattle can develop a latent infection that can be reactivated, and the disease can be transmitted to the male during breeding or in neonatal calves during late gestation or shortly after birth. Embryo transfer technique which is encouraged at this time is also a concern since its possibility infected with BHV-1 virus. Â Key words: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), semen, cattle, artificial insemination, buffalo

Scabies Vaccine is Required, but Difficult to be Made Tarigan, Simson
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Sarcoptes scabiei, the mite causing scabies, infests human and at least 40 species of animals. The losses associated with the disease as a public health burden and economic losses are enormous because its prevalence is very high. The current available control by treating individuals diagnosed to have the disease is both ineffective and unpractical. Besides, dissatisfaction with the pharmacological control is escalating due to the development of resistance in the mites and rejection by consumers for animals products contaminated with drug residues. Vaccination is considered to be most the attractive alternative control although the availability of vaccine is still a long way off. Control of scabies by vaccination is considered to be feasible since animals recovered from the disease posses protective immunity against mite reinfestation. In addition, despite the fact that the mites reside not deeper than the unvascularised stratum corneum and they are not blood sucking parasites, they do ingest their host immunoglobulin. Â Vaccine Â for scabies, Â as Â forÂ other Â ectoparasitic Â diseases, Â includes subunit vaccine Â developed Â from Â mite protective antigen produced by recombinant technology. Identification of sarcoptic protective antigen which comprise the first step in the vaccine development impede by the lability and low abundance of the protective antigen, and the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amount of mites. Identification of sarcoptic protective antigen by conventional biochemical technique, although the technique has been successful for other parasites, has been unsatisfactory for S. scabiei. Identifying the protective antigen just among proteins having vital functions in the survival of mites and accessible by the effector arms of the host immune system seems to be a more feasible alternative. The allergens and membrane proteins lining the digestive tract of the mites seem to fulfil the criteria. Â Key words: Sarcoptes scabiei, protective antigen, scabies vaccine

Ki Rinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M. King and H. Robinson): The Harmful Pastureâs Weed Prawiradiputra, Bambang R
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Ki rinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M. King and H. Robinson) is one of the important weeds in Indonesia. Originally from Central America, but now the weed spreads out tropical and sub-tropical countries. The weed is well grown in any kind of soil. The harmful effect of C. odorata on livestock in Indonesia first reported in 1971. They are four reasons to put this species as detrimental weed: (1) decreases carrying capacity, (2) poisons or probably causes death of livestock, (3) competitor with grasses or legumes Â crops, Â and Â (4) Â fire Â hazard Â especially Â in Â the Â dry seasons. Â Herbicides Â control Â isÂ not Â effective Â and Â it Â is Â not environmentally friendly. Other ways of controlling this weed are by slashing and biological control. Controlling C. odorata by combination of slashing and herbicides would be more effective than using herbicides only. The weed can be utilized as fertilizer or growth regulator to improve plant morphology and to increase the yield of some plants. Â Key words: Chromolaena odorata, weed, pasture, control, benefit

Freeze-Drying Spermatozoa as an Alternative Method for Rescuing Genetic Material of Animal Saili, Takdir
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 4 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Cryopreservation is one of the commonly methods used in spermatozoa preservation in which sperm is frozen and stored in the container of liquid nitrogen. The frozen sperm is still motile after thawing, so it is possible to use it in both artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization to produce an embryo. However, this technique needs a continuous supply of liquid nitrogen and a container as a place to store the frozen sperm. The advanced technique in microinjection has led the possibility of using immotile sperm to fertilize oocyte. Therefore, the sperm preservation method may be simplified because the motility of sperm has not been taken into consideration in fertilization compared to the previous method. Freeze-drying sperm is the proposed method in which the sperm is frozen and sublimated using freeze-drying machine to produce freeze-dried sperm. The freeze-dried sperm might be stored in room temperature or in refrigerator. Several reports have claimed that freeze-dried sperm is not motile but it still has capability to fertilize oocyte, even produces offspring, because its DNA remains intact. Â Key words: Cryopreservation, freeze-drying, sperm, oocyte

Bovine Tuberculosis, A Zoonotic Disease ., Tarmudji; ., Supar
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 4 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Bovine tuberculosis is caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis). This species is one of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, can infect wide range of hosts: cattle and other domesticated animals, wild mammals and humans (zoonotic). M. bovis bacterium from infected hosts can be transmitted to other susceptible animals and humans through respiratory excretes and secretion materials. Humans can be infected with M. bovis by ingested M. bovis contaminated animal products, unpasteurised milk from tuberculosis cows or through respiratory route of contaminated aerosol. Bovine tuberculosis at the first stage does not show any clinical sign but as the disease progress in the next stage which may take several months or years, clinical signs may arise, suh as: fluctuative body temperature, anorexia, lost body weight, coughing, oedema of lymph nodes, increased respiratory frequencies. Pathological lesion of bovine tuberculosis is characterised by the formation of granulomas (tubercles), in which bacterial cells have been localised, most in lymph nodes and pulmonum, but can occur in other organs. The granulomas usually arise in small nodules or tubercles appear yellowish either caseus, caseo-calcareus or calcified. In Indonesia, bovine tuberculosis occurred in dairy cattle since 1905 through the imported dairy cows from Holland and Australian. It was unfortunate that until recently, there were not many research and surveilances of bovine tuberculosis conducted in this country, so the distribution of bovine tuberculosis is unknown. Early serological diagnosis can be done on live cattle by means of tuberculin tests under field conditions. Confirmation can be done by isolation and identification of excreted and secreted samples from the slaughter house. Antibiotic treatment and vaccination were uneffective, therefore the effective control of bovine tuberculosis is suggested by tuberculin tests and by slaughtering the selected positive reactors. Â Key words: Bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, zoonotic disease

Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis: Its Implication for Diagnosis and Development of Local Isolate Vaccine for Poultry Ariyanti, Tati; ., Supar
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 4 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Genus Salmonella consists of more than 2,400 serovars, which can be identified by means of serological method based on the variation of their somatic (O), flagellar (H) and capsular antigens (Vi). Salmonella serovars which are able to cause disease in animal or domestic animal are limited, such as: S. pullorum and S. gallinarum which are well adapted to poultry, cause fowl typhoid,Â S. cholerasuis causes disease inÂ swine.Â S. typhimurium andÂ S. enteritidis can infectÂ all animalsÂ andÂ humans.Â S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis could be isolated from salmonellosis of poultry, meat, milk and eggs. The prevalence of those isolates within the last two decades tends to increase. Pathogenic Salmonella serovars can infect both animals and humans, colonize the intestinal epithelial cells lead to diarrhoea. Salmonella spp. may enter the lower layer of epithelial cells and the lymphoid vascular system. Humoral antibody and cell mediated immunity responses may develop. Extraintestinal shedding or dissemination of Salmonella spp. may occur and multiply, this may cause latent infections and spread to the environment. Serologic diagnosis of infected animals can be done by means of serum or whole blood agglutination tests with whole cell antigen or ELISA with LPS coated tray, might demonstrate cross reactions among serovars within the one group. ELISA antibody by using fimbrial SEF14 antigen demonstrated specific diagnosis of S. enteritidis infection. The use of S. enteritidis inactive vaccines stimulates high humoral antibody response and protection against challenged homologous serovar within one group (D). The secretoryÂ antibodyÂ in mucosal surface of intestine and cell mediated immunity were not stimulated after vaccinationÂ with inactive Salmonella vaccine. InactiveÂ vaccinesÂ (local isolate of S.Â enteritidis) whichÂ wasÂ developed and evaluated on experimental layer chicken produced protection against challenged homologous and may be used to control vertical transmission salmonellosis through eggs and can be used to improveÂ the safety of animal food products for human consumption. Â Key words: Salmonella enteritidis, antigenicity, immunogenicity, diagnosis, vaccines for poultry

Utilization of Probiotic-Fermented Rice Straw as Ruminant Feed Thalib, Amlius
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 4 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Agriculture in Indonesia is dominated by a rice-based farming system where ruminants are kept as saving and to provide draft power. The productivity of ruminants under this farming system is relatively low. The low productivity is mainly due to inadequate supply of feed. As the agriculture is a rice-based farming system, rice straws become potential crop residues existing in almost all areas in Indonesia. Many studies on the utilization of rice straw as ruminant feed have been conducted. Rice straw has very low nutritive values, especially its crude protein content and digestibility. A lot of treatments have been applied to improve the Â nutritional Â valuesÂ particularly Â the Â digestibility Â value, Â that is, Â by Â means Â of Â physical,Â chemical Â and Â biological treaments. In recent studies, the efficiency of rice straw utilization for ruminants was improved by supplementation of probiotic. The aim of probiotic addition is to enhance the ability of rumen microbes to digest the rice straw in the rumen by their synergistic effect. The methods of probiotic addition can be introduced into rice straw through fermentation process or mixed with the concentrates. This paper exposes the utilization of probiotic-fermented rice straw for ruminant animals and their storage system. Â Key words: Rice straw, fermentation, probiotic, ruminants

The Use of Local Breed for Milk Production in Indonesia Sutama, I Ketut
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 4 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Buffalo (river and swamp), Hissar cattle and Etawah grade (PE) goats are three breeds of potential livestock which can be developed as dairy animals in Indonesia to increase national milk production. Riverine buffaloes (Murrah) are found only in North Sumatera province. Hissar cattle are found in a relatively small number in Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara and North Sumatera Â provinces. Â Swamp Â buffaloes Â and Â PE Â goats Â are mostly Â foundÂ in Â Java. Â Under Â traditional Â management system in Indonesia, potential milk production of buffaloes varied 0.5 â 2.25 l/day, while Hissar dan PE goats produced milk of 2 â 5 l/day and 0.5 â 2 l/day, respectively. These animals are well adapted with local environmental conditions, hence, become their biological strengths. In some areas, the farmers are familiar in rearing these animals, so that development of buffalo, Hissar and PE production will be easier to be implemented. It is still required to disseminate the relevant information in order to support the improvement of people nutritional status and increase farmersâ income. Â Key words: Buffalo, Hissar, PE goat, milk

Boerka Goat: A Meat Type Goat of Boer X Kacang Crossbred Ginting, Simon P; Mahmilia, Fera
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The world goat population has for three main types, namely meat goats, dairy goats and fiber goats. In Indonesia, goat meat is produced mainly the Kacang goat, a small-size type with low growth rate, but prolific. The development of new goat breed with Â larger Â mature Â weightÂ andÂ greater Â growthÂ rateÂ is important Â to Â promote Â and Â increaseÂ the Â goat Â meat productionÂ and consumption as well. The acceleration of meat goat production in Indonesia need to be stimulated due to the large potential of the international market. The healthy goat meat due to its higher polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio compared to those of beef or lambs should be more promoted to encourage the consumption rate. The Boerka goat which has been developed by mating the male Boer goat to Kacang does has good characteristics of meat goat type. The average birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 6, 9, 12, 18 months old, and mature weight of Boerka goats are greater 33 â 48% compared to those of Kacang goat. The average pre-weaning (0 â 90 days) and post-weaning growth rate (3 â 12 months) of Boerka in average are 39 and 46%, respectively higher than those of Kacang goats. Under intensive management system, the kidding interval is 233 days, equal to that of Kacang goat. Carcass characteristics such as carcass weight and length are greater in Boerka compared to Kacang goat. The pH and protein content of carcass are comparable, while the fat content is lower in Boerka carcass. It is important to design proper schemes for the dissemination of this Boerka goats to stakeholders. These schemes should be able to provide the Boerka goats in a sustainable pattern, so that the production, supply and quality of this crossbred goat could be maintained continuously. Several alternative schemes based on the nucleus-based breeding principles are proposed and discussed. Â Key words: Goat, meat type, crossbreeding, development

Processing and Nutritional Value of Corn By-Product as Ruminant Feed Umiyasih, Uum; Wina, Elizabeth
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Corn is a commodity that can be used as food or feed since in some areas, it sometimes replaces rice as the staple food and is also required as feed ingredient especially for poultry. There are several kinds of by-products produced after corn harvest and fromÂ cornÂ based industry. Â TheseÂ by-products areÂ very Â potentialÂ toÂ be usedÂ asÂ ruminantÂ feed.Â NutritionalÂ qualityÂ ofÂ corn by-products varies but is not high enough to be used as a sole diet. To optimize its utilization, by-products quality should be improved and should be supplemented by other feed ingredients. Simple preservation technology of corn by-products should be continously disseminated and done by farmers to provide sustainable feed for their livestock during dry season. Â Key words: Corn by-products, feed, ruminant

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Indonesian Center for Animal Science Research and Development Jl. Raya Pajajaran Kav E-59 Bogor 16151 Bogor Indonesia

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Jawa barat

INDONESIA