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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Is There Any Chance for Crop and Livestock Integration in Indonesia? Bambang R Prawiradiputra
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 3 (2009): SEPTEMBER 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The integration of livestock and crops, especially food crops, or recently known as crop-livestock systems is very familiar in Indonesia as well as in South-East Asia. The system has been practiced for decades and still carrying out until now. In Indonesian traditional farming system, livestock plays an important role in the system. In Indonesia, there are five types of farming system namely extensive farming, non-intensive farming, intensive farming, very intensive farming and conservation farming system. However, there are some constraints in each system. This paper describes some constraints in Indonesian farming systems especially in crop-animal systems, such as land, manpower, money, technology, informations and farmer organization. Key words: Integration, farming systems, crops, livestock, constraints

The Character of Influenza Virus the H7 Subtype and Alert to Novel Influenza Virus H7N9 Subtype Virus NLP Indi Dharmayanti; Bahri S
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 23, No 3 (2013): SEPTEMBER 2013
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Influenza virus subtype H7 influenza viruses as well as other influenza virus geographically divided into two distinct genetic lineages, North American (H7N2, H7N3) or Eurasian (H7N7 and H7N3). Unlike the AI virus subtypes H5, since 1997 until now, all the infections caused by the H5 virus has Neuraminidase subtype 1 but H7 subtype of AI virus that transmitted successfully to humans have variety of Neuraminidase, so it seems compatible with H7 subtype. In poultry, the H7 subtype of AI virus typically causes mild symptoms, although there are also several outbreaks caused by this subtype virus, so it did not cause panic and active surveillance activities to identify this virus. It is very different from the H5N1 virus which caused many deaths and losses in poultry that infected with H5N1 virus so that it can be identified quickly. In April 2013, China reported a new AI virus is novel H7N9 which resulted in several people died. The world became aware of the H7N9 virus spreading to outside from China, it takes vigilance to be able to anticipate the disease, including Indonesia. Analysis of novel H7N9 virus showed that all genes of the virus is of avian origin, and the three other genes of the virus are reassorment from six internal genes of the AI virus A (H9N2) A/brambling/Beijing/16/2012, HA gene derived from A/duck/Zhejiang/12/2011 (H7N3), and NA genes thought to have come from A/wildbird/Korea/A14/2011 (H7N9). Epidemiological studies show that 77% of people infected by H7N9 have direct or indirect contact with animals including poultry when visiting or working in live poultry markets. Novel H7N9 virus was also found in pigeons, chickens, and environmental that have high genetic similarities with the novel H7N9 virus that infects humans. Until now (May 2013), a novel H7N9 virus has not been identified in Indonesia, so as a precaution and because the symptoms caused by the H7N9 virus is not visible (mild symptom) in poultry so that the necessary actions as follows: 1) Active surveillance (market traditionally, backyard chicken including pigeons), 2) Updating method of diagnosis, and 3) The study of human-animal interface, and 4) the study of AI complete virus genome to detect novel influenza viruses, including influenza H7N9 novel virus. Key words: Subtype H7 of Avian Influenza virus, China, novel H7N9, virus reassortant

Toxocariasis in Animals and The Risks in Human Being S Endah Estuningsih
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 3 (2005): SEPTEMBER 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Toxocariasis is usually caused by infection of Toxocara cati to cats, T. canis to dogs and T. vitulorum to cattle or buffaloes. The disease is not recognized and often underestimated by the owners or farmers. Toxocara is a pathogenic gastrointestinal worm and the larva could attack internal organs, cause diarrhea and kill the animals if the disease is not seriously handled . Some species of Toxocara is not only danger to the animals but it could also infect the human being . In human infected by with Toxocara, the larval can cause visceral larval migrans and resulting in symptom such as vomiting. Ocular larval migrans can also result from infection, which causes permanent eye damage in human. Prevention of toxocariasis could be done by avoiding contamination of the environment from eggs, coming from infected animals and also by treating with anthelmintic regularly. Key words: Toxocariasis, Toxocara cati. T. canis, T. vitulorum

Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Encephalitis Darminto .; Sjamsul Bahri; Muharam Saepulloh
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 1 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Outbreak of encephalitis, which killed more than 80 people in Malaysia, invited public attention throughout the world, especially stakeholders in animal husbandry and veterinary practices. The disease was initially diagnosed as Japanese-B- encephalitis (JE) which was transmitted to human from infected pigs. Recently, the causal agent of the outbreak has been identified as morbilivirus which was called Hendra-like Virus or Nipah Virus. Indonesia as neighboring country to Malaysia needs to take anticipation to prevent the occurrence of similar outbreak. For anticipation, it is required to understand all diseases, which cause encephalitis, especially the zoonotic diseases. From many infectious diseases of animal, only 17 diseases which are able to cause encephalitis, 9 of them are zoonotic diseases: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), Japanese-B-encephalitis (JE), Murray valley encephalitis (MVE), Louping-ill, Rabies and Equine morbilivirus (EMV) and Nipah Virus. The viral agents and the mode of transmission to human are discussed in this publication. All those encephalitic zoonoses, except Rabies and JE, are exotic to Indonesia. So it is required to keep the free status of Indonesia to those diseases by strict quarantine measures. All imported animals to Indonesia should be confirmed free from those diseases based on the laboratory examination. Key words: Encephalitis, zoonosis, nipah virus

Development of Local Pig in Indonesia Bayu Dewantoro Putro Soewandi; Chalid Talib
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 25, No 1 (2015): MARCH 2015
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Indonesia is a country that has the largest swine germplasm in the world and having five out of eight species, but the population of local pig has been decreasing toward extinction. This paper describes characteristic of local pig and factors that cause endangered of germplasm and strategy to prevent the declined population. One of the factors that causing decreased of local pig population is due to its lower productivity. Government policies for the development of local pigs have not been planned yet because of the socio-cultural barriers. Therefore, establishment of the genetic resource conservation for local pig area is required. In addition, local pig preservation activities can be integrated with the promotion of cultural heritage and local traditions. Development strategy should be planned to increase local pig value, including (1) Build a genetic resource conservation area in the outer islands in Indonesia for wild pigs; (2) Preserving local pigs to develop local pig farms by community; and (3) Integrating maintenance of local pig farm with cultural activities through the establishment of village/tourist area. Keywords: Local pig, characteristic, development

Immunopathogenecity of Different Types of Toxoplasma Gondii Didik T Subekti; Nurfida K Arrasyid
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 3 (2006): SEPTEMBER 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii . The disease was widely found in high prevalence around the world . Seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Indonesia was 43 - 88% while toxoplasmosis in animals was reported 6 - 70%. In the past, clinically manifestation of toxoplasmosis only occurred in individu which has immunodeficient or immunosupression . Recently, more evident showed that individu which has immunocompetent was also able to develop clinical signs when infected by pathogenic T gondii (type I of T gondii) . In fact, the pathogenicity of T. gondii depends on the type or closet which originated from their clonal population . Each type has different implication on clinical immunopatho genesis . In this paper, the differences of biological character, immunopathogenicity and their clinical implication of T gondii clonal population structure are reviewed. Key words : Toxoplasma gondii, clonal population, immunopathogenecity

The Veterinary Microbal Germ Plasm Applicability on Animal Husbandry Development: The Future Expectation of Enterotoxigenic, Enteropathogenic and Verotoxigenic Locally Isolated Escherichia Coli Vaccines for Controlling Neonatal Colibacillosis in Piglets and Calves Supar .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 11, No 1 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are the major causes of neonatal diarrhoea in piglets and calves. The prevalence of diarrhoeal cases and mortality in neonatal piglets were reported to occur between 13 to 44% and 12 to 32% respectively. Similar problems were observed in neonatal dairy calves, at which the diarrhoeal cases and mortality were reported at an average of 20 to 30% and 24% respectively. ETEC containing either K88, K99, F41 or 987P fimbrial antigen isolates were commonly associated with piglet diarrhoea, whereas ETEC bearing K99, F41 or K99F41 fimbrial antigens associated with calf diarrhoea. Both of the ETEC isolates were known to exhibit multiple resistance between 4 to 6 antibiotic drugs, or even up to 9 to 15 antibiotic drugs commonly used in the field. These indicated that antibiotics were no longer effective to be used to treat and to control piglet and calf diarrhoea associated with ETEC. Inactivated multivalent ETEC vaccine containing K88, K99, F41 and 987P antigens was developed from local isolates and adjuvanted with alumium hydroxide gel at final concentration of 1,5% and cell concentration was equal to the number 10 of the McFarland tubes standard. Two doses of 2 ml vaccine were subcutaneously injected into pregnant sows at 6 weeks and 2 weeks before expected date of forrowing. New born piglets were allowed to suckle their own mother under field conditions. Similar vaccine was prepared from ETEC K99, F41, K99F41 and verotoksigenik E. coli (VTEC) field isolates originated from calves with diarrhoea as described above. Two doses of 5 ml ETEC vaccine were injected subcutaneously of pregnant dairy cows of 6 weeks and 2 weeks before expected date of calving. Calf born from vaccinated cow was given colostrum of its owm mother by the milk man. A killed whole cell multivalent ETEC vaccine containing K88, K99, F41 dan 987P injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously into pregnant sows induced antifimbrial IgG and IgA responses both in serum which was predominated by IgG, and in the mammary secretions were both IgA and IgG. In other words such vaccines provided passive protection to piglets which be able to suckle colostrum at birth. Similar antibody responses were demonstrated in dairy cows vaccinated with ETEC containing K99, F41 fimbrial antigens and E. coli producing verotoxin antigen (VTEC). Vaccine field trials to control piglet neonatal colibacillosis in swine that two doses of multivalent vaccine given four weeks apart in pregnant sows at late gestation provided dramatically reduced piglet diarrhoea and mortality from 30% (unvaccinated) to 5% (vaccinated). The use of 2 doses of ETEC K99, F41 and VTEC in pregnant dairy cows at late gestation reduced the calf diarrhoea and mortality from 13.0% annualy (before vaccine application) to 0.7% (vaccine application period). The two types of vaccine (multivalent ETEC for pigs and ETEC+VTEC for cattle) demonstrated a good prospect, since these whole cell vaccines are highly efficacious in controling neonatal piglet and calf diarrhoea and mortality. These vaccines could be used to replace antibiotic therapy in the future. The ETEC, EPEC and VTEC local isolates are preseved at the Balitvet culture colection (BCC) Bogor. Key words: Piglets, calves, microbial germ plasm, ETEC, EPEC, VTEC, colibacillosis, vaccines, field control

Congenital Transmission of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) in Cattle and Buffalo in Indonesia Sudarisman .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 1 (2007): MARCH 2007
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Congenital transmissions of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle and buffalo in Indonesia have been found along time ago, primarily in animals treated with artificial insemination which semen came from the BHV-1 virus infected bull. The artificial insemination industry concerns with BHV-1 virus contamination of semen from healthy seropositive bulls with latent infections. Collection of semen from bulls maintained with a rigorous herd health program is an unlikely source of distribution of BHV-1 virus. Virus from the lesions in infected bulls can contaminate semen and causes a hazard to artificial insemination practices. Preventing the congenital transmission should be done at the artificial insemination centre through a standard procedure for semen production and the semen must come from a seronegative BHV-1 virus bull. Serological test for BHV-1 virus should be done every six months and PCR test should be conducted to the semen batch showed seropositive results and also to the bulls showed clinical signs of IBR. Virus isolation can be done from samples of suspected bulls. Bulls are potential sources of infection, thus keeping the seropositive or IBR infected bulls should be avoided. Such bulls can transmit the disease during breeding. Some female cattle can develop a latent infection that can be reactivated, and the disease can be transmitted to the male during breeding or in neonatal calves during late gestation or shortly after birth. Embryo transfer technique which is encouraged at this time is also a concern since its possibility infected with BHV-1 virus. Key words: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), semen, cattle, artificial insemination, buffalo

Sustainable Livestock Production in The Perspective of National Food Security Policy Tjeppy D Soedjana
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 23, No 1 (2013): MARCH 2013
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

This paper presents an overview of the role that livestock play in various dimensions of food security. Food security is defined as a state of affairs where all people at all times have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Availability, accessibility, and affordability of individuals to consume food according to their respective socio-economic conditions are important dimensions. It describes the place of livestock products in human nutrition, the contribution of livestock to the national food supply and the way that livestock can affect food access, as a direct source of food and a source of income. Access to food is the most basic human right, especially for Indonesia with more than 240 million people with annual growth of 1.3%. To secure food availability, a sustainable food production growth more than 2% per year, including animal protein sources, is needed. It is necessary to strengthen food supply by maximizing available resources; improve food distribution system to guarantee a stable food supply and public access; encourage diversified food consumption; and prevent as well as resolve food scarcity. Furthermore, within the national objectives for self-sufficiency in rice, corn, soybean, and white sugar, the current annual percapita consumption of livestock products has reached 6.96 kg (meat), 7.3 kg (eggs) and 16.5 kg (milk), which indicates good progress to stimulate sustainable domestic livestock production. Key words: Food security, sustainability, livestock production

Performance of Mule Ducks as Meat Producer and Their Problems Argono Rio Setioko
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 1 (2003): MARCH 2003
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Mule duck, a crossing between muscovy and common duck has a potential as a meat producer. Muscovy and common ducks are available in the villages throughout the country and they have not been utilized optimally for meat production. Mule duck in the villages is a crossing naturally between local drake and muscovy duck. Commercially this duck can be developed through intermating between muscovy drake and common ducks using artificial insemination technique, since the differences in the body size and natural mating resulted in low fertility. In Taiwan, mule ducks (crossing between muscovy and Pekin duck) have been commercially managed and this duck could reach 4 kg at 9 week of age. Beside fast growing bird, mule ducks have better carcass quality (bigger brest meat and low fat) compared to common duck and muscovy. In France, mule ducks are generally used to produce fatty liver that is very common food. To produce bigger fatty liver, it needs mule duck weight ranges from 4.1 to 4.2 kg at 12 weeks. Fatty liver obtained from mule ducks was reported to be 702 grams compared to 560 grams from muscovy and 793 grams from swan. Nervertheless, fertility is one of the major problems. It was reported that fertility rate was only about 40%. In addition, the dark collor of feathers makes the collor of carcass becomes unattractive. Both problems could be overcome through intensive and continued selection programmes. Key words: Mule, meat, duck, muscovy

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