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Konversi
Published by Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
ISSN : 23023686     EISSN : 25413481     DOI : -
Core Subject : Education,
Education
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 263 Documents
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Synthesis of biochar from fronds palm waste as a support for CaO catalyst Oktariandi, Vito; Helwani, Zuchra; Akbar, Irfan Sarhadi; Rizky, Muhammad Dian; Anjani, Putri; Perdana, Rendy Putra; Amri, Amun
Konversi Vol 13, No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v13i2.20242

Abstract

Production palm oil-based biodiesel production itself has been widely developed in Indonesia to replace fuel because the palm oil commodity has the greatest potential for biodiesel for biodiesel production. The use of catalysts affects the production of biodiesel because it can accelerate the production of biodiesel which is needed. Materials that has the potential to be part of the catalyst is activated carbon from palm frond waste palm. Palm frond waste has great potential and is supported by its lignocellulosic component. lignocellulose component, so it can be utilized as activated carbon. Research This research has variations in the procedure, namely pyrolysis temperature variations of 450°C and 500°C, pyrolysis time of 15 minutes and 20 minutes as well as the base used in impregnation, namely NaOH and KOH. The catalyst that has been The synthesized catalyst was characterized using XRD and BET analysis. XRD testing XRD testing obtained the smallest particle size on the 500°C CaO/NaOH/Biochar catalyst with a pyrolysis time of 15 minutes amounting to 26.925732 nm and in the BET test, the smallest particle size was obtained. BET testing obtained the largest catalyst surface area on CaO/NaOH/Biochar catalyst 500°C with pyrolysis time of 15 minutes amounted to 8.1626 m2/g.
Producing chitosan from shellfish waste and its application as a natural coagulant in water purifiers Achmad, Feerzet; Azizah, Rifka Noor; Daulay, Yuliana; Yuniarti, Reni; Suharto, Suharto; Suhartono, Suhartono; Noorsaly, Siti Rizkyna
Konversi Vol 13, No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v13i2.19882

Abstract

Waste from simping shellfish (Amusium pleuronectes) shells can pose environmental hazards if waste levels exceed the threshold. This research aims to produce chitosan from shellfish, specifically simping shells, for the purification of raw water. The optimal dosage for both chitosan and alum coagulants in water samples with bay river turbidity (49.5 NTU) is 1 ppm, resulting in a turbidity removal percentage of 99%. The optimum pH for chitosan coagulant (1 ppm) is 6.32, and for alum coagulant (1 ppm) is 8. For bay river water with an initial turbidity of 49.5 NTU, the optimal dose of chitosan coagulant is 1 ppm, achieving a turbidity removal percentage of 99%. Producing chitosan from shellfish waste as a natural coagulant for water purification offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective solution that enhances water quality, reduces seafood industry waste, and provides a safe alternative to chemical coagulants, with potential applications in various fields.
Synthesis of poly aluminium chloride (PAC) from aluminum cable waste through the polymerization process Gemilang, Surya; Athobarani, Akmal; Sari, Ni Ketut; Lestari, Rowina
Konversi Vol 13, No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v13i2.19288

Abstract

Cable waste is classified as inorganic waste that is difficult to decompose. Aluminum cable waste has good coagulant properties if it can be synthesized into Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) because the active aluminate groups can aggregate suspended materials in water into flocks during the coagulation-flocculation process in water purification. PAC is made by hydrolyzing aluminum samples with a 33% HCl solution. The sample is then left for one day to complete the hydrolysis process. After the formation of the AlCl3 solution, polymerization is carried out by adding a Na2CO3 solution. In the research conducted, the best result was a turbidity reduction value of up to 2.96 NTU with the addition of 30 ml of AlCl3 monomer and a Na2CO3 initiator with a concentration of 7N. After optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in the Design Expert 13 software, the most optimal result for the synthesized PAC was found to reduce wastewater turbidity to 2.609 NTU with variables of 25.992 ml of AlCl3 monomer volume and 5.248N of Na2CO3 initiator concentration. Based on this research, the concentration of the initiator has a significant effect on the ability of the monomer to bind into a PAC polimer chain.
Characterization of essential oil from red citronella leaves (Cymbopogon nardus L.) Wicaksono, Akhmad Permadi; Afandi, Fadila Ardiansyah; Wira, Guardiola Rosa; Adzani, Mayla Fayzza; Erliyanti, Nove Kartika
Konversi Vol 13, No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v13i2.20129

Abstract

Citronella leaves are generally processed using conventional methods to obtain its essential oil. UMAE (Ultrasound-Microwave Assisted Extraction) method can be a replacement of conventional methods. UMAE is an extraction process assisted by ultrasonic waves and microwaves. NaCl solution can be used as a solvent in the UMAE method due to its large dielectric constant value. This research aimed to examinethe effect of microwave power and salt concentration on the characteristics of citronella leaf essential oil (density, refractive index, color, and solubility in alcohol). The extraction method used in this research was Ultrasound Microwave-Assisted Extraction (UMAE). The solvent and material used in this research were NaCl salt solution and Red Citronella Leaves (Cymbopogon nardus L.). The first stage carried out in this research was pre-treatment assisted by ultrasonic waves for five minutes at a temperature of 35 ᵒC, solvent concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% (w/v). The second stage was microwave-assisted extraction with a microwave power of 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 Watts. The best results were produced at a concentration of 4% NaCl salt solution and 450Watt microwave power with yellow color, density value 0.8898 g/mL, refractive index 1.456, and solubility in alcohol 1:2. Overall, the quality of citronella leaves essential oil was in range of SNI 06-3953 1995. Therefore, the Red Citronella Leaves (Cymbopogon nardus L.) in the future can be considered as the alternative resource of citronella essential oil due to its good characteristics, among many varieties of citronella plants.
Regeneration of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in CO2 methanation Melati, Rima; Junaidi, Robert; Zamhari, Mustain
Konversi Vol 13, No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v13i2.19951

Abstract

CO₂ emissions are one form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to global warming. CO₂ contributed 175.62 million tons in 2021, impacting greenhouse gas levels. One strategy to reduce the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere is to convert CO₂ gas into useful chemicals. One example of this is the hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce methane, which can serve as an alternative to LPG. The aim of this research is to produce methane gas by developing a fixed bed reactor in a simple manner. The catalyst Ni/Al2O3 with 20 grams and five regenerations could produce CH₄ up to 49.73% compared to 39.06% for those with 10 grams. However, the H2 gas remaining is higher for those with 10 grams (1.454 ppm compared to 1.042 ppm). Also, The CO2 gas remaining is higher for those with 10 grams (58.18% compared to 47.92%). The results of this study can be the basis for developing energy policies, encouraging investment in clean energy technologies, and supporting the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for energy sustainability and resilience.
Effect of flow rate and condenser cooling water temperature on product yield of coconut trunk sawdust pyrolysis liquid smoke B, Srisitisugiastuti; Aladin, Andi; Syarif, Takdir; Wiyani, Lastri
Konversi Vol 13, No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v13i2.20676

Abstract

Liquid smoke is a product resulting from the pyrolysis of biomass waste that contains chemical compounds with various applications, such as food preservatives, natural pesticides, and raw materials for the chemical industry. Liquid smoke is a by-product of simultaneous pyrolysis. To maximize the yield of liquid smoke while minimizing mass loss that could potentially pollute the environment, the simultaneous pyrolysisreactor needs to operate under optimal condensation conditions. This study observed two condensation parameters: the flow rate and the cooling water temperature of the condenser, using the case study of pyrolysis of biomass waste from coconut trunk sawdust. Pyrolysis was conducted at a temperature of 400°C for 2.5 hours, varying the flow rate of the cooling water in the condenser (1, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 liters/minute)and the temperature of the cooling water (10°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C). A multivariable nonlinear mathematical model was obtained, relating the yield of liquid smoke (y; %) to the water temperature parameter (x1) and the flow rate of the cooling water in the condenser (x2), which is expressed as y = 6.68 + 1.89x1 – 0.04x1² – 0.41x1x2 + 13.06x2 – 0.89x2². It was concluded that the optimal condensation conditions consist of a flow rate and cooling water temperature of 2 liters/minute and 20°C, respectively, yielding a maximum of 36% liquid smoke, 33% charcoal, and a minimum mass loss of 31%. Based on the coefficient values in the obtained mathematical model, it can also be concluded that the more dominant parameter affecting the yield of liquid smoke is the flow rate of the cooling water in the condenser, with a coefficient value of 13.06. An effective condensation system can enhance the conversion efficiency of pyrolysis vapour into liquid smoke and minimize potential pollution, demonstrating significant potential in processing biomass waste into valuable products, such as liquid smoke and charcoal, while being more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient.
Sustainable bio energy: the potential of Ni-Fe/NZA as a catalyst for pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse waste (Saccharum officinarum L.) for bio-oil production Tanjung, Muhammad Hafiz; Larasaty, Anisya; Habibie, R. Fikry Nanda; Ilmi, Assyifa Aini; Sufi, Sutan Badarudin; Bahri, Syaiful; Nugraha, Muhammad Imam
Konversi Vol 13, No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v13i2.19988

Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuels and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions have sparked public concern. Along with the problems occurred, the need for energy continues to increase, while energy source reserves are decreasing. This research was conducted with an aim to determine the effect of the addition of Ni-Fe/NZA catalyst on bio-oil yield from the pyrolysis process of sugarcane bagasse waste. Chemical analysis was carried out using GC-MS instrument and physical analysis was carried out using a pycnometer, viscometer, pH meter, and bomb calorimeter. The results showed that the bio-oil produced had better quality as evidenced by a series of chemical and physical analysis, so bio-oil can be used as a renewable alternative fuel with dominant compounds in the form of furfural and acetic acid. The highest bio-oil yield was obtained at 1% catalyst weight percentage and at the temperature of 400℃ of 48.1%. The density of bio-oil had a range of 0.93-1.01 gr/mL, bio-oil viscosity ranged from 25.75-30.01 cP and Bio-oil pH ranged from 2.62-3.27. The fastest first drop of bio-oil was obtained at 105℃. The calorific value had a range of 20.26-27.05 MJ/kg. It can then be concluded that Ni-Fe/NZA has great potential as a catalyst in the pyrolysis process and improves the quality of bio-oil produced in the development of sustainable technology.
Development of antioxidant-rich edible film using eggshell and tapioca flours with kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) extract Ma'rifah, Yulia Nurul; Adawiyah, Mariatul; Ariwibowo, Sigit; Nata, Iryanti Fatyasari; Juwita, Rinna; Vo, Duc-Thang
Konversi Vol 14, No 1 (2025): APRIL 2025
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v14i1.22280

Abstract

One of the major challenges in the food industry in the limited shelflife products. A promising approach to address this issue is the use of edible films-thin, consumable layers that protect food from environmental factors such as moisture, oxygen, and humidity. This study aimed to evaluate edible films based on varying ratios of chicken eggshell flour and tapioca flour, determine the optimum concentration of Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) extract as an antioxidant source, and assess the films’ physical, chemical, and application properties. Edible films were prepared using eggshell flour (0-30% w/w), tapioca flour (5 g), distilled water (93.5 mL), Kelakai extract (0-10% v/v), and glycerol (1.5 g). The mixture was heated to ±96°C at 1000 rpm for 40 minutes, cast into 20 × 10 cm molds, and dried at 50°C for 24 hours. The best formulation—10% eggshell flour with 5% Kelakai extract—produced a film with 0.174 mm thickness, 1.5 MPa tensile strength, 27.4% elongation, and water vapor transmission rate of 10.0278 g/m²·h. FT-IR analysis revealed C-H, O-H, and C=O functional groups. Antioxidant activity showed 5.19% scavenging activity after 10 minutes. The film successfully preserved sausage for 7 days, demonstrating its potential to extend shelf life and serve as an eco-friendly packaging alternative.
Valorization of cassava peel starch into functional liquid glucose via acid-catalyzed hydrolysis using sulfonated carbon catalyst and red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extract Wulandary, Indah Retno; Laila, Noor; Dewi, Yuniza Shentiya; Ma'rifah, Yulia Nurul; Nata, Iryanti Fatyasari; Hadtimin, Ahmad Farhan
Konversi Vol 14, No 2 (2025): OCTOBER 2025
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v14i2.24329

Abstract

The growing gap between sugar consumption and domestic product in Indonesia Highlights the need for alternative sweeteners derived from renewable resources. This study investigates the synthesis of functional liquid glucose from cassava peel starch through hydrolysis catalyzed by sulfonated carbon derived from palm empty fruit bunches (TKS-SO3H) and the enhancement of its antioxidant properties by red ginger extract. The TKS-SO3H catalyst was prepared via carbonization at 350 C followed by sulfonation at 180 C, yielding an H+ ion concentration of 1.745 mmol/g. Hydrolysis was conducted at 100 C for 60 minutes with a catalyst loading of 5% (b/v) and starch concentration ranging from 2.5 to 7.5%. The optimum glucose concentration of 4.14 mg/mL was achieved at 5% starch concentration, demonstrating the effective catalytic performance of TKS-SO3H. subsequently, liquid glucose was combined with red ginger extract in various volume ratios (1:1-1:4 v/v) to assess antioxidant capacity using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The formulation with a 1:4 glucose-to-ginger ratio exhibited the highest scavenging activity of 48.63% after 10 minutes, indicating a significant enhancement of functional properties. The findings suggest that cassava peel, an agricultural by-product, can be utilized as a sustainable feedstock to produce bifunctional liquid glucose using an environmentally benign heterogeneous catalyst, contributing to the development of value-added and health-oriented sweeteners.
Analysis of protein content of deffated black soldier fly (BSF) maggot flour with variations in drying temperature Sanjaya, Ari Susandy; Nurjanah, Tera; Johnson, Christiano; Nugroho, Rudy Agung; Firmansyah, Dudi Adi; Wibowo, Arief C.
Konversi Vol 14, No 1 (2025): APRIL 2025
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v14i1.20735

Abstract

This study aims to determine the protein content in maggot flour based on differences in drying temperatures. Maggots or black soldier fly larvae are currently known for their high protein content and have the potential as a substitute for animal feed. The flouring process is carried out by drying the maggots and then extracting the drying results to obtain flour. This study was conducted by drying maggots with temperature variations of 60 ℃, 90 ℃, and 120 ℃ for 3 hours. Dried maggots were also used with a different process, namely the roasting method as a comparison. The results of the study showed that the higher the drying temperature, the more flour would be produced during the extraction process. Protein content testing was carried out using the Kjeldhal method. The results of this study showed that with a drying temperature of 120 ℃, flour had the highest average protein content of 22.63% while with a temperature of 60 ℃ it had the lowest protein content of 16.25%. Other results also showed that drying with the roasting method could provide a difference in protein content of 18.45%. The decrease in protein levels during the roasting process itself can occur as a result of the protein denaturation process that occurs during the drying process.

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