JURNAL MAGISTER HUKUM UDAYANA
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana adalah jurnal ilmiah hukum yang mempublikasikan hasil kajian bidang hukum yang diterbitkan secara online empat kali setahun (Februari-Mei-Agustus-Nopember). Redaksi menerima tulisan yang berupa hasil kajian yang berasal dari penelitian hukum dalam berbagai bidang ilmu hukum yang belum pernah dipublikasikan serta orisinal. Jurnal ini selain memuat tulisan / kajian dari para pakar ilmu hukum (dosen, guru besar, praktisi dan lain-lain.) juga memuat tulisan mahasiswa Magister Ilmu Hukum baik yang merupakan bagian dari penulisan tesis maupun kajian lainnya yang orisinal. Tulisan yang masuk ke Redaksi akan diseleksi dan direview untuk dapat dimuat
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Penegakan Hukum terhadap Eksploitasi Anak sebagai Pengemis Jalanan di Kawasan Kuta
I Made Adiguna Majuarsa;
A.A.A.N. Tini Rusmini Gorda
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p16
This study aims to determine and understand law enforcement against parents as perpetrators of child exploitation and to determine legal protection for children who are exploited as beggars in the Kuta area. The type of research used is empirical legal research, using primary and secondary data collected by interview, documentation and observation techniques, and analyzed by qualitative juridical techniques presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of the study show that law enforcement against parents as perpetrators of child exploitation in the Kuta area has so far been limited to administrative sanctions in the form of verbal warnings, criminal sanctions should be given to beggars (the same person) who are caught again. The Badung Regency Government through the Satpol PP apparatus to implement preventive legal protection routinely conducts patrols to monitor the emergence of beggars in the Kuta area. The repression is only limited to giving administrative sanctions in the form of verbal warnings to people who exploit their children, and children who are victims of exploitation get protection while in court handling in accordance with the Law on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami penegakan hukum terhadap orang tua sebagai pelaku eksploitasi anak dan untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum terhadap anak yang dieksploitasi sebagai pengemis di wilayah Kuta. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum empiris, dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder yang dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi, dan dianalisis dengan teknik yuridis kualitatif disajikan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian bahwa penegakan hukum terhadap orang tua sebagai pelaku eksploitasi anak wilayah Kuta hingga saat ini sebatas pemberian sanksi administratif berupa teguran lisan, seharusnya diberikan sanksi pidana untuk pengemis (orang yang sama) yang tertangkap kembali. Pemerintah Kabupaten Badung melalui aparat Satpol PP untuk mengimplementasikan perlindungan hukum yang bersifat preventif rutin mengadakan patroli pemantauan terhadap munculnya pengemis di wilayah Kuta. Secara represif hanya sebatas pemberian sanksi administratif berupa teguran lisan kepada orang yang melakukan eksploitasi kepada anaknya, dan anak-anak korban eksploitasi mendapatkan perlindungan saat dalam penanganan pengadilan sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban.
Model Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional Pendekatan Hukum Adat Bali
A.A.Istri Ari Atu Dewi;
AA Istri Eka Krisnayanti;
Dewa Ayu Dian Sawitri
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p07
This aim of this study was to identify, analyze and elaborate the arrangements regarding the protection of Traditional Cultural Expression in Indonesia as well as the model of the role of the Village to protect TCE in Bali. This study was a normative legal research using statutory approach and conceptual approach. The study indicated that in Indonesia, TCE is protected under the Copyright Law, namely in the provisions of Article 38 of the UUHC as well as through the Article 15 of the Cultural Promotion Law. In international law, protection against TCE is implicitly stipulated in Article 15 paragraph (4) of the Berne Convention 1967 and with regard to the model of setting the role of customary villages to protect traditional cultural expression in Bali can be done by applying a model of synergy and coordination between Customary Villages, Communities, Ministers and TCE through the establishment of “awig-awig” or “pararem”, which specifically regulates the protection of TCE in Bali. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi, menganalisis dan mengelaborasi pengaturan mengenai perlindungan terhadap Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional di Indonesia serta model pengaturan peranan Desa dalam upaya perlindungan Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional di Bali. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statutory approach) dan pendekatan konsep (conceptual approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam tatanan hukum nasional di Indonesia, EBT dilindungi berdasarkan UUHC, yaitu pada ketentuan Pasal 38 UUHC serta melalui Pasal 15 UU Pemajuan Kebudayaan. Dallam hukum internasional, perlindungan terhadap EBT diberikan secara implisit sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 15 ayat (4) Konvensi Berne 1967 dan dalam kaitannya dengan model pengaturan peranan desa adat dalam upaya perlindungan ekspresi budaya tradisional di Bali dapat dilakukan dengan menerapkan model sinergi dan koordinasi antara Desa Adat, Masyarakat, Pemerintah dalam memebri perlindungan dan pelestarian EBT melalui pengaturan dalam “awig-awig” atau “pararem” yang secara khusus mengatur mengenai perlindungan EBT yang ada di Desa Adat.
Implementation of Consignment in Land Acquisition: Case Study of PLTU Batang
Reni Anggriani;
Galang Rizki Putratama
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p12
Land is the most important means of development because the soil basically does not experience growth or increase in numbers. The development of the times has made the availability of land lower because more and more people need land. On the other hand, the land is necessary to carry out the construction of steam power plants for public use. The problem is how the government can carry out the construction of power plants, especially the construction of the Batang power plant. The purpose of this study is to find out how the implementation of land acquisition for the public interest of pltu in Batang.The research method used is an empirical and normative approach. Land acquisition for the pltu in Batang is carried out by consignment to end the involvement of land acquisition for public use at the Batang power plant. Consignment is carried out in solving problems through stages in order to provide a sense of justice for all parties. this is based on the applicable regulations related to land acquisition for public use.
Chemical Castration Sanctions in an Ethical Perspective
Yovita Arie Mangesti
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p03
Chemical castration is an additional sanction imposed on perpetrators of sexual violence against children. This sanction was imposed as an implementation of the child protection law. This additional sanction is threatened with the consideration that every act of sexual violence leaves a psychological trauma for the child that affects the child's growth and development in his life. This study is normative legal research with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a philosophical approach to analyse the Child Protection Act and the PP Chemical Castration. A philosophical approach is used to examine ethical and legal aspects as the implementation of the protection of human dignity. The results of the research from the ethical perspective concluded that the imposition of chemical castration sanctions is unethical (unethical), this is a paradox with the aim of restorative justice theory as a new vision in criminal law enforcement. With a legal, conceptual, and scholastic approach to the Implementation Regulations for Chemical Castration with ethical perspective parameters, the imposition of additional sanctions is unethical and in line with restorative justice that prioritizes human values ??for perpetrators, victims, and implementers of chemical castration. The imposition of sanctions must pay attention to the principle of respect for human values ??as a whole person (respect for person) and the principle of access to justice (justice for all).
Ketentuan Pidana Administrasi (Administrative Penal Law) Dalam Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan setelah Diundangkannya UU Cipta Kerja
Hajriyanti Nuraini;
Nadia Astriani;
Yulinda Adharani
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p08
The enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation with the aim to facilitate the course of investment in Indonesia has an impact on environmental law enforcement in Indonesia. This study aims to find out how the changes in administrative penal law in the environmental field are related to changes in the direction of environmental law enforcement in Indonesia after the enactment of the Job Creation Law. This study uses normative law methods with literature study techniques which are then analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results of this study explain that the changes in the administrative penal law under Law Number 32 Year 2009 renders the direction of environmental law enforcement in Indonesia to regress and ineffective in environmental protection and management. This is because most of the provisions for violations of administrative environment law after the enactment of the Job Creation Law apply administrative sanctions first. Besides that, the imposition of criminal sanctions on violations of administrative law only applies to violations of administrative law that have an impact on the environment. The changes to these provisions do not take into account the characteristics of pollution and damage to the environment that did not appear when the violation occurred but appeared many years later. Diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja dengan tujuan untuk mempermudah jalannya investasi di Indonesia berimbas terhadap penegakan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perubahan ketentuan pidana administrasi pada bidang lingkungan dalam kaitannya dengan perubahan arah penegakan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia setelah diundangkannya UU Cipta Kerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan teknik studi kepustakaan yang lalu dianalisis dengan teknik analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa dengan diubahnya ketentuan pidana administrasi pada Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 mengakibatkan arah penegakan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia menjadi mundur dan tidak efektif dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Hal tersebut dikarenakan sebagian besar ketentuan pelanggaran hukum administrasi di bidang lingkungan setelah diundangkannya UU Cipta Kerja menerapkan sanksi administratif terlebih dahulu. Selain itu, pemberian sanksi pidana pada pelanggaran hukum administrasi hanya berlaku bagi pelanggaran hukum administrasi yang memberikan dampak terhadap lingkungan hidup. Perubahan mengenai ketentuan tersebut tidak memperhatikan karakteristik dari pencemaran dan kerusakan hidup yang tidak muncul saat pelanggaran tersebut terjadi namun muncul setelah bertahun-tahun kemudian.
Hak Politik dan Hak Pilih Tentara Nasional Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia
Komang Yopi Pardita;
I Made Wirya Darma
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p13
The purpose of this study was to analyze the regulation of political rights and voting rights of the Indonesian National Armed Forces in the perspective of positive law in Indonesia and to examine the regulation of the political rights and voting rights of the Indonesian National Armed Forces in the perspective of human rights. This study used a normative legal research method using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach and an analytical approach. The study indicated that the political rights and voting rights of the Indonesian National Armed Forces have changed from time to time. This can be observed by examining the 3 (three) periods of power in Indonesia, which include the Old Order, New Order and Reformation. Until now, the limitation of the Indonesian National Armed Forces political rights and voting rights is regulated explicitly in Law Number 7 of 2007 which stipulates that Indonesian National Armed Forces members do not exercise their right to vote. These restrictions indicate that there is no legal synchronization between the conception of human rights in the context of a democratic society in Indonesia and the restrictions on political rights and the Indonesian National Armed Forces voting rights. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa pengaturan hak politik dan hak pilih Tentara Nasional Indonesia dalam perspektif hukum positif di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengkaji mengenai pengaturan hak politik dan hak pilih Tentara Nasional Indonesia dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini menggunakna metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan konsep (conceptual approach) dan pendekatan analisis (analytical approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hak politik dan hak pilih TNI telah mengalami perubahan dari masa ke masa. Hal ini dapat dicermati dengan menelaah 3 (tiga) periode kekuasan di Indonesia yang meliputi Orde Lama, Orde Baru dan Reformasi. Hingga saat ini, pembatasan hak politik dan hak pilih TNI ditatur secara tegas pada UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2007 yang menentukan bahwa anggota TNI tidak menggunakan haknya untuk memilih. Pembatasan tersebut menunjukkan tidak adanya sinkronisasi hukum antara konsepsi HAM dalam kontek masyarakat demokratis di Indonesia dengan pembatasan hak politik dan hak pilih TNI.
The Crime of Murder of Parents and Families in the Reform of Indonesian Criminal Law
I Gusti Agung Kiddy Krsna Zulkarnain;
Eko Soponyono
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p04
This study aims to describe and analyze the regulation of the crime of murder of parents and families in Indonesian criminal law today and in the future. This study uses a normative legal research method with the statute approach, the conceptual approach and the comparative approach. The results of this study, firstly, the crime of murder of parents and families, is not explicitly regulated in the current Indonesian criminal law. The formulation of the offense of murder in the current Criminal Code (Article 338 and Article 340) is only aimed at taking the lives of others without distinguishing who is the object/target. Second,The formulation of the September 2019 New Criminal Code Concept has accommodated the concept of criminal law reform with a value-oriented approach, related to the inclusion of cultural values of respect, appreciation and protection of the dignity of parents and families as embodied in Article 464 paragraph (2). In this article, it has been distinguished who is the object/target of the crime of murder and it is also used as a reason for the aggravation of the crime. Until now, the New Criminal Code has not been ratified. Criminal law reform will not run optimally, if it has not been taken with a policy approach. The existence of the Bulgarian Criminal Code and the French Criminal Code can also be used as benchmarks or legal comparisons, thus enriching the formulation of the crime of murder of parents and families in the New Criminal Code Concept in the future.
Pengaturan Tentang Saksi Keluarga Pada Perkara Perceraian Akibat Perselisihan Secara Terus-Menerus
Ida Ayu Tri Astuti Purwasari;
I Ketut Mertha
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p09
This study aims to find out and briefly about the Arrangement of Family Witnesses in Divorce Cases Due to Continuous Disputes. This study uses normative legal methods. The arrangement of family witnesses in providing information in divorce cases due to continuous disputes, namely a conflict of norms between Article 22 paragraph (2) of the Marriage Regulation and Article 1910 of the Civil Code. Based on the principle of lex superior derogat legi inferiori in resolving the problem of conflicting norms between Article 22 paragraph (2) of the Marriage Regulation and Article 1910 of the Civil Code, the basis will be Article 1910 of the Civil Code, which determines that the family is considered incompetent in giving testimony in case. The legal consequences of divorce in Indonesia on property during marriage, if you pay attention to the explanation of Article 37 officially do not provide positive legal uniformity on how to divide joint property in the event of a divorce. Furthermore, the way of dividing joint property in the provisions of the law and submitting it to the law that lives in the community where the divorce and household are located. If we return to the explanation of Article 37, then the regulation has shown a description of how to divide joint property, namely "Divided the distribution based on religious law if the religious law is a living legal awareness in regulating divorce procedures. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan memahami Pengaturan Tentang Saksi Keluarga Pada Perkara Perceraian Akibat Perselisihan Secara Terus Menerus. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif. Telah terjadi konflik norma pada pengaturan saksi keluarga dalam memberikan keterangan atau kesaksian pada proses perkara perceraian akibat perselisihan secara terus menerus yaitu, antara Pasal 22 ayat (2) PP Perkawinan dengan Pasal 1910 KUHPerdata. Betapa pentingnya kesaksian dari para saksi bagi suatu perkara, sehingga harus tercipta suatu kepastian hukum terkait hal tersebut. Berdasarkan Asas Preferensi Hukum, khususnya Asas Lex Superior Derogat Legi Inferiori, Pasal 1910 KUHPerdata dijadikan dasar atau sebagai pedoman dan acuan, dimana Pasal 1910 KUHPerdata menentukan bahwa keluarga dianggap tidak cakap dalam memberikan kesaksianya dalam perkara perceraian, dalam makna lain bahwa keluarga dilarang untuk bersaksi dalam perkara perceraian yang memiliki hubungan sedarah dengan pihak yang berperkara. Akibat hukum daripada perceraian di Indonesia terhadap harta benda selama perkawinan, apabila merujuk pada Pasal 37 UU Perkawinan memang tidak ditemukan keseragaman hukum positif tentang bagaimana pembagian harta bersama apabila terjadi perceraian. Maka, pembagian harta bersama setelah perceraian akan berpedoman dengan hukum yang hidup dan tumbuh di lingkungan masyarakat dimana perceraian dan rumah tangga tersebut berada. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan ketentuan dari penjelasan Pasal 37 UU yang pada intinya menyatakan bahwa, harta benda bersama setelah adanya perceraian, pembagiannya berpedoman pada aturan hukum agama jika hukum agama itu merupakan kesadaran hukum yang hidup dalam mengatur tata cara perceraian.
Urgensi Perjanjian Kerahasiaan (Non-Disclosure Agreement) Terhadap Pekerja yang Pindah Kerja ke Perusahaan Kompetitor
I Komang Heryawan Trilaksana;
Dewa Gde Rudy
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p14
Main purpose of this journal is for get a win-win solution to legal problems by the company who wants company secrets to remain safe even though there are former employees who will work in competing companies, but so as not to limit the human rights of workers to choose jobs according to their wishes and has been protected by law, and what is the urgency and application of a confidentiality agreement if it was not previously contained in the work agreement. Normative research method is used on this journal, with the approach used is the approach to applying the law and the conceptual approach. The results obtained are that the company cannot prohibit workers who will change jobs even though they move to competing companies, this is because the law has classified freedom of choice of work as a human right. Indeed, the work is still in the work agreement, so the worker is obliged to provide a higher wage until the working period ends. In addition, in order to protect confidential company information, a solution can be applied is quality of the confidentiality clause from work agreement, because it is considered better than the non-competition clause which reduces the rights of workers in choosing jobs that they can, and if they have not been previously included in the work agreement, they can do it. adding a confidentiality clause in the addendum to the agreement or making a separate agreement but still in one unit in the agreement. Tujuan dari penulisan jurnal ini adalah untuk mendapatkan win-win solution terhadap problematika kepastian hukum oleh pihak perusahaan yang menginginkan rahasia perusahaan tetap aman meskipun terdapat mantan pekerjanya yang akan bekerja di perusahaan kompetitor, akan tetapi agar tetap tidak membatasi hak asasi dari pekerja untuk memilih pekerjaan yang sesuai kehendaknya dan telah dilindungi oleh undang-undang, serta bagaimana urgensi juga penerapan perjanjian kerahasiaan apabila sebelumnya tidak termuat dalam perjanjian kerja. Adapun metode penelitian di sini menggunakan metode hukum normatif, serta pendekatannya menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penulisan ini menjelaskan bahwa pihak perusahaan tidak dapat melarang pekerja yang akan pindah kerja meskipun pindah kerja ke perusahaan kompetitor sekalipun, hal tersebut dikarenakan undang-undang telah mengklasifikasikan kebebasan memilih pekerjaan sebagai hak asasi manusia. Apabila memang pekerja tersebut masih dalam ikatan perjanjian kerja, maka pekerja wajib memberikan ganti kerugian sejumlah upah pekerja hingga masa kerjanya berakhir. Selain itu guna melindungi informasi perusahaan yang bersifat rahasia solusi yang dapat diaplikasikan adalah mencantumkan klausul kerahasiaan dalam perjanjian kerja, karena dianggap lebih baik dari klausul non kompetisi yang mengurangi hak pekerja dalam memilih pekerjaan yang dikehendakinya, dan apabila memang belum termuat sebelumnya dalam perjanjian kerja maka dapat dilakukan penambahan klausul kerahasiaan dalam addendum perjanjian maupun membuat perjanjian kerahasiaan secara terpisah namun masih dalam satu kesatuan dalam perjanjian kerja.
Perlindungan Karya Cipta Video Dalam Rangka Proses Pembelajaran Online: Perspektif Hak Ekslusif Pencipta
Rafika Amalia;
Putu Aras Samsithawrati
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) Vol 11 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : University of Udayana
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DOI: 10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p05
The purpose of this study is to analyze the regulation on the ownership of the exclusive right of a video, as copyright work, created by scholars in the online learning process and its protection system. This study uses a normative legal research method with the statute as well as analytical and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that normatively the video created by scholars in online learning is not included under the scope of Articles 35 and 36 Law 28,2014 (Copyright Law). However, if the video created by the scholar is the result of an assignment in online learning under the leadership and supervision that involves a process of guidance, direction, or correction from the person who designed and assigned it (lecturer), it can be interpreted that the video meets the criteria of Article Copyright Law, where the Author is the person who designed the work, in this case, the lecturer. Meanwhile if the video (created from the assignment in the online learning process) aims to increase the creativity and thought of the scholars and where the originality and ideas are entirely the results of the intellectual creativity of the scholars, it can be interpreted as fall under Article 1(2) Copyright Law. Thus, the scholars can be considered the Author who has exclusive rights to the video. The copyright protection system adheres to an automatic protection system, where recording is not an obligation but it is important to implement it. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaturan kepemilikan hak eksklusif atas karya cipta video yang dihasilkan para penstudi dalam proses pembelajaran daring dan sistem perlindungannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan Perundang-Undangan dan Analisis Konsep Hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara normatif, karya cipta video yang dihasilkan para penstudi dalam proses pembelajaran daring tidak termasuk dalam lingkup Pasal 35 dan 36 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 (UUHC). Namun, jika video yang dibuat penstudi tersebut dihasilkan dari suatu penugasan pembelajaran daring di bawah pimpinan dan pengawasan yang melibatkan proses bimbingan, pengarahan, ataupun koreksi dari orang yang merancang sekaligus menugaskan (dosen) maka dapat ditafsirkan karya cipta video itu memenuhi kriteria Pasal 34 UUHC dimana Pencipta adalah orang yang merancang Ciptaan, dalam hal ini dosen. Sedangkan jika video yang dihasilkan dari penugasan dalam proses pembelajaran daring untuk meningkatkan kreatifitas dan olah pikir para penstudi dimana originalitas dan idenya adalah seutuhnya hasil kreatifitas intelektual penstudi maka dapat ditafsirkan memenuhi unsur Pasal 1(2) UUHC. Dengan demikian Penstudi dapat dianggap sebagai Pencipta yang memiliki hak eksklusif atas video tersebut. Sistem perlindungan hak cipta menganut automatically protection system, dimana pencatatan bukanlah kewajiban namun penting untuk dilakukan.