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INDONESIA
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal
Published by The Prodia Education and Research Institute
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Public Health
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 651 Documents
 62   63   64   65   66 
In silico–guided Design and Endonuclease-Based Functional Validation of sgRNAs Targeting ERBB2 Transmembrane and Kinase Domains Gunsi, Via Susana; Dirgahyu, Anugrah Prima; Meitha, Karlia; Christianto, Antonius; Tan, Marselina Irasonia
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4048

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Erythroblastic oncogene B2 (ERBB2) overexpression promotes breast cancer progression through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Although CRISPR–Cas9 enables precise gene disruption, sgRNA efficiency is strongly influenced by target sequence and structural features, necessitating careful in silico design and validation. This study aimed to design and evaluate sgRNAs targeting the transmembrane- and tyrosine kinase–encoding regions of ERBB2.METHODS: Candidate sgRNAs were selected using CHOPCHOP, CRISPOR, and CRISPR RGEN, followed by secondary structure analysis with RNAfold to assess folding stability and scaffold integrity. sgRNAs were synthesized via in vitro transcription and assembled with Cas9 protein to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. In vitro endonuclease assays were performed using PCR-amplified ERBB2 fragments derived from SK-OV3 genomic DNA, corresponding to exon 22 (523 bp) and exon 25 (933 bp). sgRNAs targeting eIF4E1 served as positive controls.RESULTS: Two sgRNAs meeting all in silico criteria were selected. Secondary structure prediction confirmed that both sgRNAs possessed essential structural elements required for Cas9 interaction including the repeat–anti-repeat region and three stem–loop structures. In vitro endonuclease assays demonstrated that the sgRNA targeting exon 22 of ERBB2 successfully cleaved its target DNA, producing fragments of 266 bp and 257 bp. Similar cleavage activity was observed in the two control sgRNAs, which generated fragments of 384 bp and 303 bp, and 486 bp and 201 bp, respectively. In contrast, the sgRNA targeting exon 25 of ERBB2 exhibited no detectable cleavage activity.CONCLUSION: The sgRNA targeting exon 22 of ERBB2 demonstrated effective DNA cleavage activity in vitro, whereas the sgRNA targeting exon 25 showed no endonuclease activity.KEYWORDS: CRISPR–Cas9, endonuclease, ERBB2, in vitro, breast cancer, RNP, sgRNA
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) are Positively Associated with Sleep Duration in Children Aged 3–5 Years: A Preliminary Study Marsella Dervina Amisi; Dian Novita Chandra; Ninik Mudjihartini; Rini Sekartini
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4102

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Sleep is essential for children’s growth and development, yet sleep disturbances remain common among preschoolers. Insufficient sleep has been linked to cognitive impairments, behavioral problems, and increased risk of obesity. Nutritional factors, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, may play a role in sleep regulation. Although previous studies have suggested that Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with improved sleep outcomes, yet data on omega-3 status and its relationship with sleep duration among Indonesian preschoolers remain scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the association between Omega-3 fatty acids levels and sleep duration among preschool children in Indonesia.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 72 children aged 3–5 years old. Sleep duration and disturbances of subjects were assessed using the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire–Abbreviated (CSHQ-A). Omega-3 fatty acids levels, including α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, and DHA, were measures using gas chromatography.RESULTS: The median sleep duration was 11 hours (range 9–13.5 hours). Based on CSHQ-A scores, 93.1% of subjects experienced sleep disturbances. Mean total omega-3 fatty acid concentration was 225.47±80.9 µmol/L. Significant positive corelations were observed between sleep duration and total omega-3 fatty acid (r=0.298; p=0.011), EPA (r=0.233; p=0.049), and DHA (r=0.260; p=0.028).CONCLUSION: Omega-3 fatty acid levels, particularly EPA and DHA, were positively associated with sleep duration in preschool children. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the role of omega-3 in sleep regulation and underscore the importance of considering nutritional factors in efforts to improve sleep quality during early childhood.KEYWORDS: omega-3 fatty acids, DHA, EPA, ALA, sleep duration, preschool children
Elevated Sclerostin and P1NP Levels are Associated with Osteomalacia, Particularly Among Female Patients Ruqaya Ghassan Mahdi; Ekhlas Qanber Jasim
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4243

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Osteomalacia is a bone metabolic disease resulting from inadequate mineralization due to vitamin D deficiency and disturbances in calcium and phosphate metabolism. To date, information on the combined assessment of traditional markers of mineral metabolism and bone turnover biomarkers in patients with osteomalacia remains scarce. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to assess the diagnostic value of biochemical and bone turnover markers for osteomalacia and to identify the potential gender-specific differences.METHODS: This case–control study included 100 subjects with osteomalacia and 100 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected, and serum levels of calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured using chemistry analyzer; vitamin D were and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured using immunofluorescence; while procollagen type 1 N-propeptide (P1NP), C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and sclerostin level were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnostic utility of the evaluated biomarkers was then subsequently assessed.RESULTS: Serum calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D were significantly reduced, while ALP and PTH concentrations were increased in osteomalacia subjects compared to control (p<0.001). Sclerostin concentrations were significantly higher in osteomalacia subjects than controls (p<0.003), especially in females than in males (p=0.021). P1NP levels were significantly altered in osteomalacia subjects compared with controls (p<0.001). Biochemical profiles were comparable across genders, except for sclerostin, which was significantly higher in females (p=0.021) and lower T-scores compared with males. BMI increased significantly with age (p=0.024). ROC analysis showed strong discriminatory ability of evaluated biomarkers within the study population.CONCLUSION: Elevated sclerostin and P1NP levels were associated with osteomalacia and may be useful biomarkers reflecting impaired bone formation, improving diagnostic accuracy when used alongside conventional markers. Sclerostin concentrations were considerably higher in female patients than in males, suggesting possible sex-related differences in bone metabolism.KEYWORDS: sclerostin, vitamin D, osteomalacia, mineralization, bone turnover biomarkers
Moringa oleifera Fruit Extract Improves Hypothalamic Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Reduces Glial Reactivity in Obese Wistar Rats Dian Ayu Paramitha; Ria Maria Theresa; Maria Selvester Thadeus; Muttia Amalia; Tiwuk Susantiningsih
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4038

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Obesity is linked to chronic low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress that may disrupt hypothalamic metabolic homeostasis. Excess nutrient intake activates inflammatory signaling and promotes glial reactivity, contributing to neuroinflammatory remodeling. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzymatic antioxidant marker reflecting hypothalamic defense capacity. However, whether natural antioxidants can simultaneously restore SOD activity and attenuate obesity-induced glial reactivity remains unclear. Among many natural antioxidant, Moringa oleifera is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties that may attenuate neuroinflammation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluated the effect of M. oleifera fruit extract (MOFE) on hypothalamic total SOD activity and histopathological features of glial reactivity in obese Wistar rats.METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal control, obese control, and two treatment groups. For obese control and treatment groups, obesity was induced for 8 weeks using a high-fat/high-sucrose diet. Fresh M. oleifera fruit pods were macerated to produce MOFE. Following the obesity-induction, the two treatment groups were treated with 500 and 1,000 mg/kgBW/day MOFE for 4 weeks. A hydroxylamine-based assay was employed to measure total SOD activity of hypothalamic tissue homogenate. Meanwhile, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) was used to stain hypothalamic sections for glial reactivity scoring.RESULTS: After the obesity induction, the obesity-induced rats showed elevated Lee Index, but after the treatment with 500 and 1,000 mg/kgBW/day MOFE, the Lee Index decreased for 26.61±3.53% and 26.32±0.93%, respectively, which is greater compared to obese control. MOFE administration was also able to improve hypothalamic SOD activity (64.75±1.29 U/mL and 65.78±0.74 U/mL). MOFE groups also exhibited predominantly milder histopathological changes and glial reactivity than obese controls.CONCLUSION: MOFE administration lowers Lee Index, improves hypothalamic SOD activity, reduces glial reactivity and improves neuroinflammation changes in obese rats, suggesting that MOFE might be potential agent for obesity-related oxidative-inflammatory brain injury. KEYWORDS: Moringa oleifera, obesity, oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase, hypothalamus, gliosis, Wistar rat
Theaflavin as Potential Multi-Target Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Periodontitis: An in silico Approach Ferry Sandra; Trijani Suwandi; Ricky Anggara Putranto; Maria Leny Raiyon; Albert Albert; Visi Endah Pratitis
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4255

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive periodontal tissue destruction and dysregulated inflammatory responses. Current therapies mainly target bacterial infection but are often less effective in controlling inflammation. Tea (Camellia sinensis) contains bioactive polyphenols with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising alternative therapeutic candidate. However, molecular interactions of tea-derived compounds with inflammation-related proteins through molecular docking remain unclear. This study evaluate the binding affinity and interaction profiles of tea-derived compounds with inflammation-related to periodontitis protein targets using molecular docking.METHODS: Ligand and protein structures were retrieved from public databases and prepared using standard optimization protocols. Toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties were predicted using ProTox-3.0 and SwissADME, respectively. Molecular docking was performed using CB-Dock 2.0 with AutoDock Vina, and ligand-protein interactions were analyzed using Discovery Studio.RESULTS: All tested compounds, including catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), theaflavin, and thearubigin showed low predicted toxicity. Theaflavin showed the strongest binding affinity across multiple targets, particularly against IRAK-4 (−9.8 kcal/mol), TLR4 (−9.2 kcal/mol), and IKK-β (−9.5 kcal/mol), supported by stable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions.CONCLUSION: Among all compounds, theaflavin exhibit strong multi-target binding potential against key inflammatory proteins in periodontitis, followed by EGCG and thearubigin. These findings support their potential as alternative or adjunctive anti-inflammatory agents, although further in vitro and in vivo validation are required.KEYWORDS: periodontitis, tea polyphenols, theaflavin, molecular docking, inflammation, NF-κB pathway
Gynura procumbens Leaf Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia, Oxidative Stress, and Pancreatic Islet Damage in Diabetic Rats Evelyn Angie; Ermi Girsang; Refi Ikhtiari
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4134

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Conventional antidiabetic drugs, while effective, are often associated with adverse effects, secondary failure, and high costs, particularly in developing countries. This has driven interest in complementary plant‑based therapies. Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Southeast Asia for diabetes and metabolic disorders, however scientific evidences supporting this use have not been elucidated well. In this study, G. procumbens leaf extract (GPLE) was assessed whether it could lower glucose, restore antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduce the oxidative marker malondialdehyde (MDA), suppress pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and improve pancreatic structure in diabetic rats.METHODS: Twenty eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal rats, untreated diabetic rats, and diabetic rats given 500 or 1000 mg/kg of GPLE orally for 14 days. Blood glucose, SOD, GPx, and MDA were measured by spectrophotometry, while IL‑6, IL‑8, and TNF‑α were measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pancreas sections were stained with H&E.RESULTS: Administration of both extract doses significantly lowered fasting blood glucose by approximately 66% relative to the untreated diabetic control group (p<0.05). The administration of 1000 mg/kg GPLE increased SOD activity by 107% and GPx activity by 488%, while reducing MDA by 95% (p<0.05). Proinflammatory cytokines were markedly suppressed IL‑6 by 76%, IL‑8 by 76%, and TNF‑α by 79% at the high dose. Histological examination showed that treated rats had nearly normal islet morphology, reduced vascular congestion, and almost no lymphocytic infiltration.CONCLUSION: GPLE demonstrates promising antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities alongside structural pancreatic preservation in a preclinical model. These findings suggest its potential as a candidate for further exploration in complementary metabolic therapies.KEYWORDS: antioxidants, diabetes mellitus, Gynura procumbens, histopathology, inflammation, oxidative stress
Temozolomide Resistance is Associated with Upregulated MICB mRNA Expression and Protein Secretion in Human Glioblastoma Cells Kevin Johanes Kawengian; Septelia Inawati Wanandi; Febriana Catur Iswanti; Remizar Alpaddli
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4250

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) is often limited by chemoresistance, which is correlated with cancer immune evasion caused by the dysregulation of natural killer group 2 member D ligands (NKG2DL). While suppression of NKG2DL facilitates cancer progression, how chemoresistance regulates NKG2DL expression remains unclear. This study was conducted to examine the association of TMZ resistance with the expression and secretion of the NKG2DL subtype, MHC class I chain-related protein B (MICB), in human GBM cells.METHODS: An experimental in vitro study was conducted using TMZ-sensitive (U87MG) and intrinsically TMZ-resistant (T98G) human GBM cell lines. MICB mRNA expression was analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Surface protein expression and extracellular secretion of MICB were measured using flowcytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively.RESULTS: Repeated TMZ exposure successfully induced resistance in U87MG-R (+TMZ) cells, yielding significantly higher cell viability (p<0.01) and slower proliferation rates compared to parental U87MG cells. Following 2-days TMZ treatment, both intrinsically resistant T98G and adaptively resistant U87MG-R (+TMZ) cells, demonstrated a significant increase in MICB mRNA levels (p<0.05 and p<0.0001, respectively) and extracellular secretion of soluble MICB protein (p<0.01 and p<0.01, respectively), compared to TMZ-sensitive counterparts. Conversely, MICB surface protein level after 2-days TMZ treatment was significantly reduced in both T98G (p<0.0001) and U87MG-R (+TMZ) (p<0.01) cells relative to the respective U87MG cells.CONCLUSION: GBM cell resistance to TMZ was associated with an upregulation of MICB mRNA transcription and extracellular protein secretion, and concurrently with a suppression of MICB expression on the cell surface. These conditions may lead to a cellular adaptive mechanism to develop resistance to TMZ and may represent a strategic route to evade native host immune. KEYWORDS: glioblastoma multiforme, temozolomide, cancer chemoresistance, MHC class I chain-related protein B (MICB), natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D)
TGFB1 rs1800470 Polymorphism is Associated with Circulating TGF-β1 Levels and Left Ventricular Geometry in Hypertensive Patients Hendri Susilo; Daphne Cheryl Marvella; Lala Mila Avinda; Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu; Limperis Kaldis; Rafail C. Christodoulou; Elena E. Solomou; Platon S. Papageorgiou
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4105

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a major mediator of myocardial fibrosis and cardiac remodeling in hypertension. TGFB1 (rs1800470) and MTHFR (rs1801133) are known for their roles in TGF-β1 regulation and cardiovascular remodeling, with MTHFR rs1801133 potentially influencing TGF-β1–mediated fibrosis through homocysteine metabolism. However, genetic determinants and relationship of these polymorphism with left ventricular (LV) structure remain unclear in the Indonesian population. Clarifying these associations may improve risk stratification and precision care. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the associations of these polymorphisms and TGF-β1 levels with LV remodeling in essential hypertension.METHODS: Sixty-four adults subjects with essential hypertension were included in this cross-sectional study, and their blood samples were taken. Genotyping of the MTHFR and TGFB1 genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing. Serum TGF-β1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while LV mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were assessed by echocardiography.RESULTS: TGFB1 rs1800470 was significantly associated with higher TGF-β1 levels (p=0.013). In the recessive model, TT homozygotes had higher TGF-β1 than CC+CT carriers (β=1.444; standardized β=0.353; p=0.004). TGF-β1 correlated with LDL cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.302; p=0.015 and r=0.277; p=0.027). The TT genotype was associated with higher RWT under recessive and overdominant models (p=0.021 and p=0.028).CONCLUSION: TGFB1 rs1800470 is associated with circulating TGF-β1 concentrations in essential hypertension, suggesting a potential role in hypertensive cardiac remodeling.KEYWORDS: hypertension, TGFB1 polymorphism, TGF-β1, cardiac remodeling, left ventricular geometry, myocardial fibrosis
Molecular Characterization of HLA-B27 in Anterior Uveitis: Integrated Serological and Genetic Analysis Reveals Elevated Antigen Levels and Variants Concentrated in Exons 2 and 3 Shinta Stri Ayuda Nur Setyaningsih; Arief Akhdestira Mustaram; Angga Fajriansyah; Patriotika Muslima; Elfa Ali Idrus; Muhammad Hamzah Syaifullah Azmi; Elsa Gustianty; Ernawati Arifin Giri-Rachman; Marselina Irasonia Tan
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4239

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Anterior uveitis is the most common form of intraocular inflammation and an important cause of visual morbidity worldwide. Human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) is a well-established immunogenetic risk factor; however, its molecular diversity remains insufficiently characterized in Indonesian populations. This study was conducted to characterize HLA-B27 at both the serological and genetic levels by quantifying serum antigen levels and identifying sequence variations in the HLA-B27 gene associated with anterior uveitis in Indonesian patients.METHODS: Thirteen anterior uveitis patients who were clinically evaluated through the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) criteria were involved in this study. Blood sample was collected from subjects, and serum HLA-B27 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genomic DNA was analyzed using combined Sanger and Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Variant calling and annotation were performed using a custom bioinformatics pipeline.RESULTS: Serum HLA-B27 antigen levels were significantly higher in anterior uveitis patients than in healthy reference controls. Sequence analysis identified 43 patient-exclusive variants after exclusion of shared polymorphic changes, from which 13 recurrent or potentially functionally relevant variants were prioritized for downstream analysis. These variants were predominantly distributed within exons 2 and 3 and comprised single-nucleotide substitutions, coding-region insertion–deletion events, and one promoter-region insertion. Several coding variants resulted in amino acid substitutions, while adjacent compensatory indel pairs were also identified among exon 2 frameshift-associated variants.CONCLUSION: Anterior uveitis is associated with both elevated circulating HLA-B27 antigen levels and sequence variation within functionally important regions of the HLA-B27 gene, particularly exons 2 and 3. The identified missense substitutions, coding-region indels, and promoter insertion suggest potential effects on peptide binding, molecular stability, immune interaction, intracellular protein handling, or transcriptional regulation.KEYWORDS: anterior uveitis, HLA-B27, genomic variants, peptide-binding groove, protein misfolding
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation: Structural, Optical, in vitro Antibacterial, and Cytotoxicity Properties Ali M. Ahmed; Muna B. Mustafa; Doaa Hameed Kadhim; Mustafa Adnan Zaidan; Russul M. Shehab
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i3.4156

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly synthesized by chemical methods; however, these methods often involve toxic chemicals that may limit their biomedical applications. In contrast, pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) is a clean and chemical-free technique capable of producing highly pure AgNPs. Yet, only limited studies have investigated the structural, optical, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity properties of AgNPs synthesized by PLAL. Therefore, this study was conducted to synthesize pure AgNPs using pulsed laser ablation and evaluate their biomedical activity against bacterial strains and MCF-7 cells.METHODS: The synthesis of AgNPs was done by PLAL technique, and the characterization of nanoparticles were further determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was tested with agar well diffusion method and the cytotoxicity effect was evaluated with MTT assay against the MCF-7 cells.RESULTS: TEM analysis showed semi-spherical AgNPs with an average particle size of 31 nm. XRD analysis showed that the structure was crystalline face-centered cubic with an average crystallite size of 16.8 nm. Peak value of the SPR was recorded at 405 nm and the optical band gap was 2.28 eV. Concentration dependent antibacterial activity was observed for the AgNPs and inhibition zones of 17 mm against Streptococcus mutans and 18 mm against Lactobacillus spp. at highest concentration. Moreover, concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells was observed, reaching a maximum inhibition of about 69% at 1000 µg/mL and IC₅₀ of about 90 µg/mL.CONCLUSION: The synthesized AgNPs showed favorable structural and optical characteristics, along with antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Both effects were concentration-dependent, indicating their potential for further biomedical applications.KEYWORDS: silver nanoparticles, laser ablation, antibacterial activity, MCF-7, cytotoxicity

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