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INDONESIA
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal
Published by The Prodia Education and Research Institute
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Public Health
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 631 Documents
 60   61   62   63   64 
Ternary Solid Dispersion Improves Anti-cancer Activity of Alpha-mangostin Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Budiman, Arif; Yunita, Ellen Nathania; Rusdin, Agus; Marcelino, Jeremy; Amaliah, Salma; Aulifa, Diah Lia
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i1.3938

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Alpha-mangostin (AM) exhibits potent anti-breast cancer activity but its therapeutic effectiveness is constrained due to low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. Ternary solid dispersions (TSDs) were developed by adding another excipient to address these challenges. Nevertheless, limited studies have systematically evaluated whether improvements in dissolution and stability achieved through TSD systems are translated into enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity of AM. Therefore, TSD system of AM with Eudragit (EUD) and Poloxamer (POL) was developed, and in vitro cytotoxicity activity was evaluated as a preliminary proof-of-concept in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.METHODS: TSD of AM was prepared by solvent evaporation and characterized by Power X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. The pharmaceutical properties were evaluated by in vitro dissolution test using a standard paddle apparatus, while physical stability was assessed under two relative humidity environments. The in vitro anticancer efficacy was examined in MCF-7 breast cancer cell using an MTT assay.RESULTS: Amorphization of TSD was confirmed by a halo pattern with PXRD measurements and the absence of an AM melting peak in the DSC curve. FT-IR analysis revealed hydrogen bond interactions between the carbonyl group of AM and EUD/POL protons. TSD system significantly improved the dissolution profile and enhanced cytotoxic effects, reducing cell viability to 1.17% at 16 µg/mL with an IC50 of 7.11 μg/mL (CI 95%: 6.626-7.591).CONCLUSION: The TSD system significantly improved dissolution profile and in vitro cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, providing proof-of-concept for enhancing the biological performance of AM. KEYWORDS: alpha-mangostin, ternary solid dispersions, dissolution, MCF-7, cytotoxicity
The Impact of Organoid to Assembloid Technology in Biomedical Research Meiliana, Anna; Chouw, Angliana; Askandar, Retina Shyallala; Woran, Blessari Tesalonika; Latarissa, Irma Rahayu; Wijaya, Andi
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4052

Abstract

Organoids, three-dimensional, self-organized structures derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells, have revolutionized biomedical research by overcoming the inherent limitations of traditional 2D cultures and animal models. This review traces the evolution of organoid technology from initial studies to the contemporary "assembloid" phase, examining systemic inter-organ communication. The primary discovery of this review resides in the shift from descriptive modelling to a functional "Comparative Paradigm." A major perspective addressed is the transition from exclusively descriptive modelling to a functional 'Comparative Paradigm.' By merging developmental biology with bioengineering, a systematic framework is created to discover the most clinically relevant models, employing patient-derived 'avatars' to enhance personalized medicine and and high-throughput drug discovery. Ultimately, this review provides a systematic framework for identifying the most clinically applicable models by integrating developmental biology and bioengineering. The lack of vascularization, embryonic immaturity, and batch-to-batch repeatability issues remain major technical obstacles despite their potential. Finally, we explore potential future approaches in bioengineering, including the incorporation of 3D bioprinting, AI-driven imaging, and microfluidics (organ-on-a-chip). Organoid technology is a key component of next-generation medicine because it bridges the gap between "bench and bedside," providing previously unattainable insights into human biology and illness.KEYWORDS: organoids, stem cells, disease modeling, bioengineering, personalized medicine, assembloids, regenerative medicine; organ-on-a-chip, translational manufacturing
Collagen Restoration from Combined Radiofrequency Microneedling and Polydioxanone Filler in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Skin Aging Sinaga, Ruth Agustina; Paskaria, Cindra; Widowati, Wahyu
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4024

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress plays a central role in skin aging by promoting reactive oxygen species–mediated collagen degradation, fibroblast senescence, and dermal thinning. Although radiofrequency microneedling (RFM) and polydioxanone (PDO) filler individually stimulate collagen remodeling, evidence regarding their combined efficacy in oxidative stress induced skin aging models remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of combined RFM and PDO filler therapy in a D-galactose–induced oxidative stress model of skin aging.METHODS: Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=5): normal control (NC), aging control (AC), RFM monotherapy, PDO monotherapy, and combination therapy. Oxidative aging was induced by daily intraperitoneal injections of 50 mg/kg for 8 weeks, followed by a single post-induction treatment session. Skin samples were collected at 12 weeks post-treatment for histological assessment of dermal thickness (hematoxylin–eosin), collagen density (Masson’s trichrome), and fibroblast count.RESULTS: D-galactose significantly reduced dermal thickness, collagen density, and fibroblast count in AC compared with NC (p<0.001). All treatment groups showed significant improvement versus AC (p<0.05). Notably, only the combination therapy restored collagen density to a level comparable with normal skin (35.22 [28.74–40.35]% vs. 37.83 [33.11–40.69]%, p=0.124). The combination group also showed the highest increases in dermal thickness and fibroblast numbers among treatment groups.CONCLUSION: In this preclinical model, combined RFM and PDO filler therapy demonstrated enhanced restoration of dermal structure and collagen under oxidative stress–mediated skin aging, supporting its potential role in skin rejuvenation strategies.KEYWORDS: collagen density, dermal regeneration, D-galactose, oxidative stress, skin aging
Elevated Progestin-Related Immunoreactivity is Positively Associated with Bleeding Severity in Women with Intramural Uterine Fibroids Abd Alkareem, Tamara Ahmed; Jamai, Mataz J.; Sami, Mohammed Mahdi
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.3982

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Uterine fibroids is an intentional cause of recurrent uterus bleeding. As a synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is sequentially used as a medication for extensive uterine bleeding and have been broadly studied in gynecological field research. However, its role as a serum hormonal marker in fibroid-related bleeding remains poorly elucidated. Therefore, current study was conducted to evaluate serum progestin-related immunoreactivity (PRI) as biochemical parameter to examine its relation with the severity of bleeding in patients suffering from intramural uterine fibroids obtained among different menopausal statuses.METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 90 individuals with intramural uterine fibroids was conducted. Subjects were classified into a reproductive-age and post-menopausal. Blood samples were collected for biochemical parameter analysis, and clinical as well as anthropometric assessments were performed. MPA, serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and Vitamin D3 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). While fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were determined using the glucose oxidase–peroxidase.RESULTS: Circulating PRI, represented by MPA concentration, was markedly elevated in reproductive-age with mean of 4.57±1.45 compared with the postmenopausal group (1.30±0.59). In reproductive-age subjects, PRI levels showed a significant p<0.001 positive and strong association in comparison to bleeding duration, fibroid mass size, bleeding severity and body mass index (BMI) with r-values of 0.72, 0.53, 0.57, 0.67 respectively. A significant p<0.001 associations in postmenopausal group were seen between PRI and bleeding duration, bleeding severity, and BMI with r-values of 0.66, 0.53, 0.70 in that order. By contrast, the correlation between FBG and PRI was weak in both study groups, indicating a limited association between FBG and PRI.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that higher levels of PRI markedly linked with increasing severity of bleeding and longer bleeding duration in patient with intramural uterine fibroids across both study group, indicating that PRI levels reflects progestin-related immunoreactive signals associated with fibroid-related bleeding severity therefore might be potential as biochemical parameter.KEYWORDS: medroxyprogesterone acetate, intramural fibroids, uterine bleeding, reproductive age, postmenopause
Alnustone and Curcumin from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. as Potential Multi-Target Anti-Inflammatory Adjuvants in Pulpitis: An in silico Molecular Docking Study Sandra, Ferry; Djamil, Melanie Sadono; Natassya, Priska; Endriyana, Jessica; Pratitis, Visi Endah
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4083

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pulpitis is an inflammatory disorder of the dental pulp driven by activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling cascade and excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bioactive compounds from Curcuma xanthorrhiza have demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential, but their molecular interactions with key proteins involved in pulpal inflammation remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction profiles of major C. xanthorrhiza derived compounds with inflammation-related protein targets using an in silico molecular docking approach.METHODS: The active molecule (arcurcumae, germacrone, curcumin, xanthorrhizol, alnustone, and α-cedrene) were obtained from PubChem, while target proteins (TLR4, MyD88, IRAK-1, TRAF6, inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK), NF-κB, interleukin (IL)-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) were retrieved from the protein data bank. Toxicity and physicochemical properties were predicted using ProTox-3.0 and SwissADME. Active molecule and protein preparation was performed using PyRx and BIOVIA Discovery Studio, respectively. The molecular docking was conducted with CB-Dock 2.0 employing AutoDock Vina.RESULTS: Alnustone and curcumin exhibited the strongest multi-target binding affinities toward several key proteins involved in the TLR4/MyD88/IRAK-1/TRAF6/IKK/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Alnustone demonstrated particularly strong interactions with TLR4 (-9.0 kcal/mol), IRAK-1 (-8.7 kcal/mol), NF-κB (-7.3 kcal/mol), TNF-α (-8.3 kcal/mol), and IL-6 (-6.1 kcal/mol), while curcumin showed high binding affinity to TRAF6 (-8.3 kcal/mol) and IL-1β (-8.6 kcal/mol). Interaction analyses indicated stable ligand–protein complexes supported by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-alkyl contacts within the active binding sites.CONCLUSION: Alnustone and curcumin displayed relatively strong multi-target binding to key proteins in the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, supporting their possible potential as adjunctive anti-inflammatory agents for pulpitis and warranting further experimental validation.KEYWORDS: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, molecular docking, pulpitis, NF-κB, anti-inflammatory
Chrono-Resistance Training Optimizes Hippocampal Oxidative Balance, Reduces Visceral Fat, and Enhances Memory in Healthy Rats Model: Preliminary Findings Anuar, Nur Aisyah; Abdul Karim, Norwahidah; Mohd Nazri, Nurul Hazlini Suhaida; Laililnizan, Muhammad Halil Fikri; Ibrahim, Farah Wahida; Fairof, Muhammad Hafiz Zuhdi; Ahmad Abdullah, Amirul Hafiz; Joseph, Daren Kumar; Al-Saraf, Hameed Ali; Rajab, Nor Fadilah; Mat Ludin, Arimi Fitri
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4099

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Exercise acts as a non-photic zeitgeber and reduces visceral adiposity, a key source of oxidative stress that impairs hippocampal integrity and cognitive function. Excess visceral fat promotes systemic redox imbalance, compromising hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. Early oxidative disturbances preceded overt pathology and may contribute to neurodegenerative risk, and exercise may alleviate its risk. However, the metabolic and cognitive outcomes are rarely assessed together in resistance exercise models. Therefore, this study investigated chronoresistance training effects on visceral fat, hippocampal oxidative status, and spatial memory in healthy rats.METHODS: Wistar rats were assigned to Early-active Control (EC), Early-active Exercise (EE), Late-active Control (LC), and Late-active Exercise (LE). Exercise was performed three times per week for 8 weeks along a 180-cm ladder-climbing track. Before and after the exercise protocol, the rats’ grip strength, visceral fat mass, and spatial memory (Y-maze) were assessed. Hippocampal oxidative markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were also measured with thiobarbituric-acid-reactive-substances (TBARS) assay and modified Ellman method, respectively.RESULTS: At week-8, LC showed greater grip strength than EC (p=0.002), while EE maintained higher strength than EC (p<0.001). LC reduced visceral fat compared with EC (p<0.001), with further reductions in EE (p<0.001). Hippocampal MDA was lower in EE and LC than LE (p≤0.002), whereas GSH was highest in EE (p<0.001). Spatial memory declined in EC (p=0.004) but improved in LC (p=0.015), with LC outperforming EC (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Rats assigned to EE chrono-resistance training shows better results in improving grip strength, adiposity, and redox balance, whereas LC chrono-resistance training shows better results in preserving spatial working memory. This suggests that chrono-resistance training improves metabolic and hippocampal redox outcomes and modulates memory, indicating that exercise timing shapes metabolic–brain adaptations.KEYWORDS: chrono-exercise, grip strength, hippocampus, memory cognition, oxidative stress, visceral fat
Vitamin D and Magnesium Combination Lowers High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-12, Renin, and Carotid Vessel in Diabetic Rats Rahayu, Rachmi Fauziah; Zahrah, Fathimah Afifah; Anugrah, Tessa Septian; Yudhani, Ratih Dewi; Yueniwati, Yuyun; Irawan, Amelia Tjandra; Kusumaningrum, Sulistyani; Fauzi, Adam; Wasita, Brian; Wiyono, Nanang; Muthaminah, Muthaminah; Sholikah, Tri Agusti; Wardhani, Lusi Oka; Suyatmi, Suyatmi; Yarso, Kristanto Yuli; Pesik, Riza Novierta; Siswanto, Febby Gunawan
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4061

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, accelerating atherosclerosis development marked by elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-12 (IL-12). Diabetes often causes significant vascular changes, which can be represented by carotid tunica intima thickening and elevated renin level. Metformin, which remains as the standard therapy, has limited vascular effects. Vitamin D and magnesium exhibit vasoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties; however, their combined effects on diabetic vascular injury remain unclear. This study evaluated the effects of vitamin D and magnesium combination on serum hs-CRP, IL-12, renin, and carotid tunica intima thickness in diabetic rats.METHODS: Wistar rats were diabetic-induced by 45 mg/kg streptozotocin and 110 mg/kg nicotinamide. Following the induction, the rats were subsequently assigned to receive no treatment, metformin, or a combination of vitamin D and magnesium. Healthy rats were also included as control. Blood sample was collected after 21 days of treatment. Serum hs-CRP, IL-12, and renin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the carotid tunica intima thickness was assessed by Doppler ultrasound.RESULTS: Diabetic rats showed significant increases hs-CRP, IL-12, renin level, and intima thickness (p<0.001) compared to control. Both metformin and combination of Vitamin D and magnesium reduced these parameters, with combination of Vitamin D and magnesium showing the greatest improvement. Carotid intima thickness in the combination of Vitamin D and magnesium group was comparable to normal controls, indicating marked vascular protection.CONCLUSION: Vitamin D and magnesium combination provided superior glycemic, anti-inflammatory, and vascular protective effects compared to metformin alone. This adjunctive strategy might have potential in preventing vascular complications in diabetes.KEYWORDS: diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, hs-CRP, IL-12, atherosclerosis
Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Fruit Extract Decrease Malondialdehyde, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Caspase 3 Levels May Improve Infertility in Endometriosis Mice Brahmana, Ivanna Beru; Soetrisno, Soetrisno; Purwanto, Bambang; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini; Wasita, Brian; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Pangestu, Mulyoto; Cempaka, Rita; Lestariningsih, Sri; Wulandari, Eka Tri; Maesaroh, Siti
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.2736

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, which often causes infertility, is characterized by a complex interplay between oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. Currently, the most effective therapy used for endometriosis is hormonal treatments, however it has many common side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative treatments for endometriosis, including herbal ingredients. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contains flavonoids with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which have potency to improve fertility in endometriosis cases. However, assessments of whether P. macrocarpa might have any effect on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in relation to endometriosis are still limited. This study was conducted to identify the effect of P. macrocarpa fruit ethanol extract (PMFEE) in improving infertility by assessing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis parameters in endometriosis mice model.METHODS: Female Balb/C mice were endometriosis-induced, and treated either with 6.5 µg/day Letrozole, 7.5 mg/kgBW/day PMFEE, or 15 mg/kgBW/day PMFEE for 14 days. Heatlhy mice were also included as control. Mice were necropsied, then the uterus and fat tissue around the uterus was collected. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as oxidative stress marker, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as inflammatory marker, and Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: In uterus, MDA and TNF-α levels were significantly different among all groups (p<0.05). PMFEE both at 7.5 and 15 mg/kgBW/day lowered MDA and TNF-α compared to the healthy mice and mice receiving Letrozol. Meanwhile, Caspase-3 levels were quite indifferent among groups, showing that PMFEE was able to maintain the Caspase-3 levels in the endometriosis-induced mice.CONCLUSION: PMFEE reduces the MDA and TNF-α, also maintains Caspase-3 levels in the uterus of endometriosis-induced mice, suggesting it might have potential to improve fertility in endometriosis mice.KEYWORDS: Phaleria macrocarpa, endometriosis, infertility, MDA, TNF-α, Caspase-3
Elevated TLR4 as Potential Biomarker for RMT-positive Subclinical Tuberculosis Priyono, Riski Irawan Putra; Handono, Kusworini; Djajalaksana, Susanthy; Santosaningsih, Dewi
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4066

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Subclinical tuberculosis (TB) is often underdiagnosed due to the limited sensitivity of sputum-based diagnostics. Host-response biomarkers, particularly pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), offer a potential alternative. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) are involved in the early recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and may reflect initial immune activation under conditions of low bacillary burden and absent clinical symptoms. However, their diagnostic value in subclinical TB remains unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate their potential as biomarkers for subclinical TB.METHODS: Eighty-eight asymptomatic adults with a radiographic suspicion of pulmonary TB were classified into rapid molecular test (RMT)-positive and RMT-negative groups based on GeneXpert MTB/Rifampicin (RIF) results, which served as the reference standard. Blood samples were collected from the subjects, and their serum levels of TLR4, SR-B1, and DC-SIGN were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: TLR4 levels were significantly higher in the RMT-positive group (p=0.011), whereas SR-B1 and DC-SIGN showed no significant differences. TLR4 was the only biomarker with strong correlation with subclinical TB status (r=0.861, p<0.001). Based on logistic regression results, TLR4 was identified as the superior predictor with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.937, 91.3% sensitivity, and 89.8% accuracy. Combining SR-B1 and DC-SIGN with TLR4 did not materially improve diagnostic performance over the TLR4-only model.CONCLUSION: TLR4 is a promising biomarker associated with RMT-positive status among individuals with suspected subclinical TB, with strong diagnostic performance. Patients with both RMT-positive results and elevated TLR4 levels may require closer monitoring for potential progression to active disease.KEYWORDS: subclinical tuberculosis, PRRs, TLR4, SR-B1, DC-SIGN, tuberculosis biomarker
The Role of PCSK9 Inhibition and Small Interference RNA (siRNA) in The Management of Dyslipidaemia and ASCVD Santoso, Anwar; Dwiputra, Bambang
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 18, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v18i2.4041

Abstract

Compelling evidence linking low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction to decreased mortality has positioned LDL-C lowering as a central strategy in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Nonetheless, despite widespread statin use, an estimated 10–20% of individuals at high or very high cardiovascular risk fail to attain guideline-recommended LDL-C targets. This persistent treatment gap underscores the need for more potent and durable lipid-lowering strategies, particularly among patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and those with established ASCVD whose LDL-C levels remain inadequately controlled despite optimized combination therapy, including statins, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies. Inclisiran, a first-in-class small interfering RNA agent, addresses this unmet need by selectively inhibiting hepatic synthesis of PCSK9, thereby enhancing low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) recycling and accelerating LDL-C clearance. Nevertheless, thus far, no cardiovascular outcome trial (CVOT) has been available. With a convenient twice-yearly dosing regimen, inclisiran consistently achieves LDL-C reductions exceeding 50% and demonstrates a favourable tolerability profile, offering an effective and patient-friendly advancement in dyslipidaemia management.KEYWORDS: dyslipidaemia, ASCVD, PCSK9 inhibition, siRNA, inclisiran 

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