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Farendina Suarantika
Prodi Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi dan Sains, Universitas Islam Bandung, Indonesia
Chemistry Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Biosintesis Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Genjer M. Rifki Yusuf Alfarizi; Hilda Aprilia Wisnuwardhani; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 43 - 50
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24196

Abstract

Abstract. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely developed nanomaterials because of their potential antibacterial activity. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic reducing agents. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize AgNPs using (Limnocharis flava L.) leaf extract as a natural bioreducing agent and to evaluate their antibacterial activity. The extract was prepared by aqueous infusion and screened phytochemically for flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. AgNPs were synthesized using AgNO3 at different concentrations and extract ratios, followed by UV-Vis, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), FTIR, and agar well diffusion characterization. The optimum formulation was obtained at 2.5 mM AgNO3 with a 7:2:1 ratio of AgNO3:extract:PVA. Formation of AgNPs was indicated by a brown color and a maximum UV-Vis absorption at 430 nm. PSA showed a mean particle size of 125.9 nm and a PDI of 0.252 after sonication. FTIR indicated shifts in O–H, C=O, and C–O functional groups, suggesting their involvement in reduction and stabilization. Antibacterial testing showed inhibition zones of 2.8 mm against Escherichia coli and 2.7 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, indicating weak activity. These findings demonstrate the potential of L. flava leaf extract as a natural bioreducing agent for AgNP synthesis, although further optimization is needed to improve antibacterial efficacy. Abstrak. Nanopartikel perak (AgNPs) merupakan nanomaterial yang banyak dikembangkan karena berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri. Sintesis hijau menggunakan ekstrak tanaman menjadi alternatif yang lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan reduktor sintetis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis dan mengkarakterisasi AgNPs menggunakan ekstrak daun genjer (Limnocharis flava L.) sebagai bioreduktor alami serta mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakterinya. Ekstrak dibuat dengan metode infusa menggunakan air dan dilakukan skrining fitokimia terhadap flavonoid, tanin, dan senyawa fenolik. AgNPs disintesis menggunakan variasi konsentrasi AgNO3 dan perbandingan ekstrak, kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), FTIR, dan uji difusi sumuran agar. Formula optimum diperoleh pada AgNO3 2,5 mM dengan perbandingan AgNO3:ekstrak:PVA sebesar 7:2:1. Pembentukan AgNPs ditandai perubahan warna menjadi cokelat dan puncak serapan maksimum UV-Vis pada 430 nm. Hasil PSA menunjukkan ukuran partikel rata-rata 125,9 nm dengan nilai PDI 0,252 setelah sonikasi. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan pergeseran gugus fungsi O–H, C=O, dan C–O yang mengindikasikan keterlibatannya dalam proses reduksi dan stabilisasi. Uji antibakteri menghasilkan zona hambat 2,8 mm terhadap Escherichia coli dan 2,7 mm terhadap Staphylococcus aureus yang tergolong lemah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun genjer berpotensi sebagai bioreduktor alami dalam sintesis AgNPs, meskipun diperlukan optimasi lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan efektivitas antibakterinya.
Sintesis Tetrapeptida FIGP sebagai Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode SPPS Saskia Putri Anggreyani; Nety Kurniaty; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 105 - 112
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24552

Abstract

Abstract. Free radicals trigger oxidative stress that contributes to various diseases, so antioxidants are required to counteract them. Previous research reported that the tetrapeptide Phenylalanine-Isoleucine-Glycine-Proline (FIGP) isolated from the skin of bluefin leatherjacket (Navodon septentrionalis) fish possesses antioxidant activity, but the limited yield obtained through isolation restricts its further application. This study aimed to synthesize FIGP using Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS), to characterize the synthesized product, and to evaluate its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Synthesis was carried out on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin through reactor conditioning, resin swelling, sequential coupling of Fmoc-protected amino acids (proline, glycine, isoleucine, phenylalanine) using HATU/HOAt/DIPEA, Fmoc deprotection, chloranil testing, and cleavage from the resin using TFA:TIS:Mili-Q (38:1:1). The crude peptide was characterized by reverse-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry, and antioxidant activity was expressed as the IC50 value. Synthesis was successfully performed with a resin loading value of 0.5 mmol. HPLC characterization indicated that sample purity was still low, as several minor peaks were observed, while mass spectrometry confirmed the formation of FIGP with a peak at m/z 431 [M−H]⁻. The DPPH assay yielded an average IC50 of 1522.525 ppm, indicating very weak or negligible antioxidant activity. Further purification using column chromatography with a C18 stationary phase and additional NMR characterization are recommended to confirm the purity and structure of the tetrapeptide. Abstrak. Radikal bebas dapat memicu stres oksidatif yang berperan dalam berbagai penyakit sehingga diperlukan antioksidan untuk menetralisirnya. Penelitian sebelumnya melaporkan bahwa tetrapeptida fenilalanin-isoleusin-glisin-prolin (FIGP) hasil isolasi dari kulit ikan bluefin leatherjacket (Navodon septentrionalis) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, namun keterbatasan hasil isolasi membatasi pemanfaatannya lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis FIGP menggunakan metode Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS), mengkarakterisasi produk sintesis, serta mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidannya dengan metode DPPH. Sintesis dilakukan pada resin 2-klorotritil klorida melalui tahapan pengkondisian reaktor, pengembangan (swelling) resin, pengkoplingan berurutan asam amino terlindungi Fmoc (prolin, glisin, isoleusin, dan fenilalanin) menggunakan reagen HATU/HOAt/DIPEA, deproteksi Fmoc, uji kloranil, dan pemutusan peptida dari resin menggunakan TFA:TIS:Mili-Q (38:1:1). Krud peptida yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi menggunakan KCKT fase terbalik dan spektrometri massa, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan dinyatakan sebagai nilai IC₅₀. Sintesis berhasil dilakukan dengan nilai loading resin sebesar 0,5 mmol. Karakterisasi KCKT menunjukkan bahwa kemurnian sampel masih rendah karena terdapat beberapa puncak minor, sedangkan spektrometri massa mengonfirmasi terbentuknya FIGP dengan puncak m/z 431 [M−H]⁻. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH menghasilkan nilai IC₅₀ rata-rata sebesar 1522,525 ppm, yang menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan sangat lemah atau tidak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan melakukan pemurnian menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan fase diam C18 serta karakterisasi lanjutan menggunakan NMR untuk memastikan kemurnian dan struktur tetrapeptida.
Sintesis Tripeptida (Asp–His–Gly) Menggunakan Metode (SPPS) sebagai Kandidat Aktivitas Antioksidan Muhamad Adziana Ramadhan; Nety Kurniaty; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 113 - 120
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24563

Abstract

Abstract. Bioactive peptides have attracted considerable attention due to their potential antioxidant activity. This study aimed to synthesize the Asp–His–Gly tripeptide using the Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) method, characterize the synthesized product, and evaluate its antioxidant activity. The tripeptide was synthesized on 2-chlorotrityl chloride (2-CTC) resin using the Fmoc strategy through coupling, deprotection, capping, and cleavage steps. The crude peptide was characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), while antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay at 517 nm. HPLC analysis indicated that the synthesized product still contained several impurity peaks. The mass spectrum exhibited a dominant peak at m/z 385. The synthesized tripeptide showed weak antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 421.783 ppm, which was lower than that reported for the Asp–His–Gly peptide obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of chickpea protein. The SPPS method successfully synthesized the Asp–His–Gly tripeptide; however, further optimization of coupling, deprotection, and purification is required to improve product purity and antioxidant activity. Abstrak. Peptida bioaktif merupakan senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis tripeptida Asp–His–Gly menggunakan metode Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS), mengkarakterisasi produk sintesis, serta mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidannya. Sintesis dilakukan pada resin 2-klorotritil klorida (2-CTC) dengan strategi Fmoc melalui tahapan pengkoplingan, deproteksi, capping, dan cleavage. Produk sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT) dan spektrometri massa (MS), sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan diuji menggunakan metode DPPH pada panjang gelombang 517 nm. Kromatogram KCKT menunjukkan masih adanya beberapa puncak pengotor, sedangkan spektrometri massa menghasilkan puncak dominan pada m/z 385. Tripeptida hasil sintesis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan lemah dengan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 421,783 ppm, lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan peptida Asp–His–Gly hasil hidrolisis enzimatik protein kacang arab. Metode SPPS berhasil menghasilkan tripeptida Asp–His–Gly, namun diperlukan optimasi tahap pengkoplingan, deproteksi, dan pemurnian untuk meningkatkan kemurnian serta aktivitas antioksidan.
Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Kadar Fenol dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun Cincau Hijau Daya Fadillah; Bertha Rusdi; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 129 - 138
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24579

Abstract

Abstract. This study aimed to compare the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extracts of green grass jelly leaves obtained by maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and to determine the more effective extraction method. The results showed that the extraction yield obtained by maceration and UAE was 13.603% and 10.63%, respectively. The total phenolic content of the maceration and UAE extracts was 35.855 ± 3.08 mg GAE/g extract and 60.348 ± 6.177 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The IC₅₀ values of antioxidant activity for the maceration and UAE extracts were 119.29 ± 11.384 mg/L and 82.117 ± 1.975 mg/L, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in total phenolic content (p = 0.004) and antioxidant activity (p = 0.005) between the two extraction methods. These findings indicate that UAE is more effective than maceration in producing higher total phenolic content and stronger antioxidant activity in 70% ethanol extracts of green grass jelly leaves. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kadar fenol total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol 70% daun cincau hijau hasil ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dan Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), serta menentukan metode yang lebih efektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen ekstrak hasil maserasi sebesar 13,603%, sedangkan ekstrak hasil UAE sebesar 10,63%. Kadar fenol total ekstrak hasil maserasi dan UAE berturut-turut sebesar 35,855 ± 3,08 mg GAE/g ekstrak dan 60,348 ± 6,177 mg GAE/g ekstrak. Nilai IC₅₀ aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak hasil maserasi sebesar 119,29 ± 11,384 mg/L, sedangkan ekstrak hasil UAE sebesar 82,117 ± 1,975 mg/L. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada kadar fenol total (p = 0,004) dan aktivitas antioksidan (p = 0,005) antara kedua metode. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, metode UAE lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan metode maserasi dalam menghasilkan kadar fenol total dan aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih tinggi pada ekstrak etanol 70% daun cincau hijau.
Uji Cemaran Mikroba pada Sediaan Toner Tanpa Izin Edar BPOM Fatimah Ghaida Muthmainnah; Farendina Suarantika; Bertha Rusdi
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 155 - 162
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24609

Abstract

Abstract. Toners are water-based cosmetic products that are highly susceptible to microbial contamination if manufacturing, storage, and distribution processes are not adequately controlled. This study aimed to analyze microbial contamination in facial toners without BPOM marketing authorization based on Total Plate Count (TPC) and Yeast and Mold Count (YMC). A descriptive experimental study was conducted using six samples consisting of five non-BPOM-registered toners and one BPOM-authorized toner as a comparator. Samples were selected purposively according to BPOM registration status, price, customer rating, packaging condition, and online marketplace availability. TPC was determined using Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), whereas YMC was evaluated using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) by the pour plate method. The results showed that all samples had TPC and YMC values below the BPOM maximum microbial contamination limit of <10³ CFU/mL. Therefore, all toner samples complied with the microbiological quality requirements for cosmetic products based on TPC and YMC parameters. Further studies are recommended to identify preservative or solvent components that may influence the microbial contamination test results. Abstrak. Toner merupakan kosmetik berbasis air yang memiliki risiko tinggi mengalami cemaran mikroba apabila proses produksi, penyimpanan, dan distribusinya tidak memenuhi persyaratan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis cemaran mikroba pada sediaan toner tanpa izin edar BPOM berdasarkan parameter Angka Lempeng Total (ALT) dan Angka Kapang Khamir (AKK). Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif eksperimental terhadap enam sampel yang terdiri atas lima toner tanpa izin edar BPOM dan satu toner berizin edar BPOM sebagai pembanding. Sampel dipilih secara purposive berdasarkan status registrasi BPOM, harga, rating pembelian, kondisi kemasan, dan sumber pembelian melalui toko daring. Pengujian ALT dilakukan menggunakan media Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), sedangkan AKK menggunakan media Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) dengan metode pour plate. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh sampel memiliki nilai ALT dan AKK di bawah batas maksimum cemaran mikroba yang ditetapkan BPOM, yaitu <10³ CFU/mL. Dengan demikian, seluruh sampel memenuhi persyaratan mutu mikrobiologi kosmetik berdasarkan parameter ALT dan AKK. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi komponen pengawet atau pelarut yang berpotensi memengaruhi hasil pengujian cemaran mikroba.
Sintesis Senyawa Tripeptida Valin-Asparagin-Prolin sebagai Kandidat Antioksidan dengan Menggunakan Metode SPPS Sabila Yufita Maharami; Nety Kurniaty; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 331 - 338
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24828

Abstract

Abstract. Peptides are bioactive molecules composed of two to approximately twenty amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds. Bioactive peptides offer numerous benefits, one of which is their antioxidant activity. The combination of hydrophobic and polar amino acids, such as valine, asparagine, and proline in the Val–Asn–Pro tripeptide, is known to provide a balance between solubility and optimal free radical scavenging ability. Peptide synthesis can be performed using the SPPS (Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis) method, which produces peptides efficiently and rapidly; therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the antioxidant activity of the SPPS-synthesized Val-Asn-Pro tripeptide with that of a natural tripeptide derived from grain fermentation. The testing method involved synthesizing the tripeptide and then characterizing the synthesis product using MS and KCKT, which yielded an m/z value of 329 and a retention time of 20.078 minutes as the highest peak. Following characterization, antioxidant testing was performed using the DPPH method, yielding an IC50 value of 338 µg/ml, indicating that the antioxidant activity of the Val–Asn–Pro tripeptide is very weak, but better than that of the Val–Asn–Pro tripeptide derived from grain fermentation. Abstrak. Peptida merupakan molekul bioaktif yang tersusun dari dua hingga sekitar dua puluh residu asam amino yang dihubungkan melalui ikatan peptida. Peptida bioaktif memiliki banyak manfaat salah satunya sebagai antioksidan. Kombinasi asam amino hidrofobik dan polar, seperti valin, asparagin, dan prolin dalam tripeptida Val–Asn–Pro, diketahui memberikan keseimbangan antara kelarutan dan kemampuan penangkapan radikal bebas yang optimal. Sintesis peptida dilakukan melalui metode SPPS (Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis) yang menghasilkan peptida secara efisien dan cepat sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan hasil sintesis tripeptida metode SPPS Val-Asn-Pro dengan tripeptida alami hasil fermentasi biji-bijian. Metode pengujian dilakukan dengan sintesis tripeptida kemudian karakterisasi hasil sintesis menggunakan MS dan KCKT yang menghasilkan nilai m/z sebesar 329 dan waktu retensi 20,078 menit sebagai puncak tertinggi. Setelah karakterisasi, dilakukan uji antioksidan dengan metode DPPH dan didapat nilai IC50 sebesar 338 µg/ml yang menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antioksidan tripeptida Val–Asn–Pro sangat lemah, namun lebih baik dari pada tripeptida Val–Asn–Pro dari fermentasi biji-bijian.
Sintesis Senyawa Tetrapeptida YLVN sebagai Kandidat Antioksidan Reni Rahayu; Nety Kurniaty; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 433 - 440
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25047

Abstract

Abstract. Free radicals can induce oxidative stress that contributes to various health disorders; therefore, effective antioxidant compounds are required. The tetrapeptide Tyrosine-Leucine-Valine-Asparagine (YLVN), identified from pea protein hydrolysate, has been reported to possess antioxidant activity. This study aimed to synthesize the YLVN tetrapeptide using the Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) method and evaluate its characteristics and antioxidant activity. The synthesis was carried out using 2-chlorotritylchloride resin and HATU/HOAt coupling reagents through coupling, deprotection, capping, and cleavage steps. The obtained krud was characterized using Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometry, followed by antioxidant activity evaluation using the ABTS method. RP-HPLC results showed the highest retention time of 34.158, indicating analysis revealed a protonated molecular ion peak m/z 508.36 [M+H] +, corresponding to the theoretical molecular weight of the YLVN tetrapeptide. Antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value in the 9325,479 ppm range. In conclusion, the YLVN tetrapeptide was successfully synthesized uisng the SPPS method; however, the krud was not sufficiently pure and did not exhibit optimal antioxidant activity. Abstrak. Radikal bebas dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif yang berkontribusi terhadap berbagai gangguan kesehatan sehingga diperlukan senyawa antioksidan yang efektif. Tetrapeptida Tyrosine-Leucine-Valine-Asparagine (YLVN) yang diidentifikasi dari hidrolisat protein kacang polong dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis tetrapeptida YLVN menggunakan Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) serta mengevaluasi karakteristik dan uji aktivitas antioksidannya. Sintesis dilakukan menggunakan resin 2-klorotritilklorida dengan reagen kopling HATU/HOAt melalui tahapan kopling, deproteksi, capping, dan cleavage. Krud yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi menggunakan Reverse Phase-Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (RP-KCKT) dan spektrofotometri massa, kemudian diuji aktivitas antioksidannya menggunakan metode ABTS. Hasil RP-KCKT menunjukkan waktu retensi tertinggi sebesar 34.158 yang mengindikasikan masih terdapat produk samping dalam sampel. Analisis spektrofotometri massa menunjukkan ion molekul terprotonasi pada m/z 508,36 [M+H] + yang sesuai dengan massa molekul teoritis tetrapeptida YLVN. Pengujian aktivitas yang sangat lemah dengan nilai IC50 berada pada rentang 9325,479 ppm. Dengan demikian, tetrapeptida YLVN berhasil disintesis menggunakan metode SPPS, namun krud yang diperoleh belum murni dan belum menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang optimal. 
Kajian Sistematis Aktivitas Antioksidan Kolagen dan Turunannya dari Ikan sebagai Inhibitor Tirosinase Karisa Putri Alifa; Vinda Maharani Patricia; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 441 - 448
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25078

Abstract

Abstract. Fish collagen and its derivatives have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Enzymatic hydrolysis produces collagen peptides with lower molecular weight and enhanced biological activities, particularly antioxidant activity. This systematic literature review aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of fish collagen and its derivatives while identifying evidence regarding their anti-tyrosinase potential. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and scientific publisher platforms including MDPI, Frontiers, and RSC Publishing for articles published between 2018 and 2026. Eight research articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed descriptively. The findings consistently demonstrated that collagen peptides exhibited higher antioxidant activity than native collagen, as indicated by lower IC₅₀ values and greater free radical scavenging activity in DPPH and ABTS assays. Hydrolysis enhanced the exposure of bioactive amino acid residues responsible for electron donation and radical scavenging. In addition, two studies reported anti-tyrosinase activity of fish collagen peptides, indicating their potential application as natural skin-whitening agents. Overall, fish collagen peptides demonstrate promising antioxidant properties, whereas evidence regarding anti-tyrosinase activity remains limited and requires further investigation. Abstrak. Kolagen ikan dan turunannya merupakan biomaterial alami yang banyak diteliti karena potensinya sebagai bahan aktif di bidang pangan, farmasi, dan kosmetik. Proses hidrolisis enzimatik menghasilkan peptida kolagen dengan berat molekul lebih rendah sehingga dapat meningkatkan aktivitas biologis, terutama aktivitas antioksidan. Kajian sistematis ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan kolagen dan turunannya dari berbagai spesies ikan serta mengidentifikasi bukti mengenai potensi aktivitas anti-tirosinase. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan mengikuti pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 menggunakan PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, serta platform penerbit ilmiah MDPI, Frontiers, dan RSC Publishing terhadap artikel yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2018–2026. Sebanyak delapan artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa peptida kolagen memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kolagen utuh, ditandai dengan nilai IC₅₀ yang lebih rendah serta kemampuan menangkap radikal bebas yang lebih baik pada pengujian DPPH dan ABTS. Proses hidrolisis meningkatkan paparan residu asam amino bioaktif yang berperan dalam mendonorkan elektron maupun atom hidrogen untuk menetralisir radikal bebas. Selain itu, dua penelitian melaporkan aktivitas penghambatan enzim tirosinase oleh peptida kolagen ikan. Secara keseluruhan, peptida kolagen ikan menunjukkan potensi yang menjanjikan sebagai antioksidan, sedangkan bukti mengenai aktivitas anti-tirosinase masih terbatas sehingga memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut.
Ekstraksi dan Identifikasi Enzim Bromelin Dari Buah dan Kulit Nanas Faisal Anwar; Farendina Suarantika; Taufik Muhammad Fakih
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 483 - 490
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25137

Abstract

Abstract. Bromelin is a proteolytic enzyme that is naturally found in pineapple plants. (Ananas comosusand has biological activity, one of which is as an antioxidant. The use of pineapple is still focused on the fruit part, while pineapple peel is often considered waste, even though it still has the potential to be a source of bromelain enzymes. This study aims to extract and identify bromelin enzymes from pineapple fruits and peels using the table salt precipitation (NaCl) method with concentration variations of 30%, 35%, and 40% followed by dialysis process, as well as conducting protein qualitative tests using the Lowry method. The extraction process begins with sample refinement, filtration, addition of pH 7 phosphate buffer, and protein deposition using salt, then purification through dialysis. The results showed that the highest yield was obtained at a concentration of 40% NaCl, which was 0.4799% for pineapple and 0.0784% for pineapple peel. The Lowry method protein qualitative test showed positive results with the formation of blue to greenish-blue color, which indicates the presence of protein content in bromelain extract. Thus, both the fruit and the pineapple peel have been proven to be a source of the bromelain enzyme, so pineapple peel waste has the potential to be further utilized in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology fields.   Abstrak. Bromelin adalah enzim proteolitik yang secara alami terdapat pada tanaman nanas. (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) dan memiliki aktivitas biologis, salah satunya sebagai antioksidan. Pemanfaatan nanas masih terfokus pada bagian buah, sementara kulit nanas sering dianggap sebagai limbah, padahal masih berpotensi sebagai sumber enzim bromelin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi dan mengindentifikasi enzim bromelin dari buah dan kulit nanas menggunakan metode presipitasi garam dapur (NaCl) dengan variasi konsentrasi 30%, 35%, dan 40% yang dilanjutkan dengan proses dialisis, serta melakukan uji kualitatif protein menggunakan metode Lowry. Proses ekstraksi diawali dengan penghalusan sampel, penyaringan, penambahan buffer fosfat pH 7, dan pengendapan protein menggunakan garam, kemudian dilakukan pemurnian melalui dialisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen tertinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaCl 40%, yaitu sebesar 0,4799% untuk buah nanas dan 0,0784% untuk kulit nanas. Uji kualitatif protein metode Lowry menunjukkan hasil positif dengan terbentuknya warna biru hingga biru kehijauan, yang menandakan adanya kandungan protein dalam ekstrak bromelin. Dengan demikian, baik buah maupun kulit nanas terbukti dapat menjadi sumber enzim bromelin, sehingga limbah kulit nanas memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut dalam bidang farmasi dan bioteknologi.  
Perbandingan Flavonoid Total dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun Jambu Bol dan Jambu Air Nafisky Azzarti Kusuma; Bertha Rusdi; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 517 - 526
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25156

Abstract

Abstract. Malay apple leaves (Syzygium malaccense) and watery rose apple leaves (Syzygium aqueum) are known to contain flavonoids that have potential as natural antioxidants. Differences in the type and concentration of extraction solvents may affect the compounds extracted; therefore, a study comparing the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of both plants using 70% ethanol is needed. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the extracts, secondary metabolite contents, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and compare the two extracts. An experimental study was conducted using Malay apple and watery rose apple leaf extracts collected from Purwakarta. Extraction was performed by maceration using 70% ethanol. Data were collected through extract characterization, phytochemical screening, determination of total flavonoid content using the aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) complexation method, and antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Data were processed based on the measured total flavonoid content and IC₅₀ values. The results showed that the total flavonoid content of watery rose apple leaf extract was 72.528 ± 0.061 mgQE/g, higher than that of Malay apple leaf extract at 35.444 ± 0.120 mgQE/g. Watery rose apple leaf extract also showed stronger antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 12.512 ppm compared with 14.235 ppm for Malay apple leaf extract. Both extracts were classified as very strong antioxidants. The 70% ethanol extract of watery rose apple leaves had higher total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity than Malay apple leaf extract. Abstract. Malay apple leaves (Syzygium malaccense) and watery rose apple leaves (Syzygium aqueum) are known to contain flavonoids that have potential as natural antioxidants. Differences in the type and concentration of extraction solvents may affect the compounds extracted; therefore, a study comparing the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of both plants using 70% ethanol is needed. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the extracts, secondary metabolite contents, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and compare the two extracts. An experimental study was conducted using Malay apple and watery rose apple leaf extracts collected from Purwakarta. Extraction was performed by maceration using 70% ethanol. Data were collected through extract characterization, phytochemical screening, determination of total flavonoid content using the aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) complexation method, and antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Data were processed based on the measured total flavonoid content and IC₅₀ values. The results showed that the total flavonoid content of watery rose apple leaf extract was 72.528 ± 0.061 mgQE/g, higher than that of Malay apple leaf extract at 35.444 ± 0.120 mgQE/g. Watery rose apple leaf extract also showed stronger antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 12.512 ppm compared with 14.235 ppm for Malay apple leaf extract. Both extracts were classified as very strong antioxidants. The 70% ethanol extract of watery rose apple leaves had higher total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity than Malay apple leaf extract. Abstrak. Daun jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense) dan daun jambu air (Syzygium aqueum) diketahui mengandung flavonoid yang berpotensi sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Perbedaan jenis dan konsentrasi pelarut dapat memengaruhi senyawa yang terekstraksi sehingga diperlukan penelitian untuk membandingkan kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan kedua tanaman menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik ekstrak, kandungan metabolit sekunder, kadar flavonoid total, aktivitas antioksidan, serta membandingkan kedua ekstrak. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental terhadap ekstrak daun jambu bol dan daun jambu air yang diperoleh dari Purwakarta. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Data dikumpulkan melalui karakterisasi ekstrak, skrining fitokimia, penetapan kadar flavonoid total menggunakan metode kompleksasi aluminium klorida (AlCl₃), serta pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Data diolah berdasarkan hasil pengukuran kadar flavonoid total dan nilai IC₅₀. Hasil menunjukkan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak daun jambu air sebesar 72,528 ± 0,061 mgQE/g, lebih tinggi dibandingkan daun jambu bol sebesar 35,444 ± 0,120 mgQE/g. Aktivitas antioksidan daun jambu air juga lebih tinggi dengan nilai IC₅₀ 12,512 ppm dibandingkan daun jambu bol 14,235 ppm. Kedua ekstrak termasuk kategori antioksidan sangat kuat. Ekstrak etanol 70% daun jambu air memiliki kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan lebih tinggi dibandingkan ekstrak daun jambu bol.
Co-Authors Bertha Rusdi Daya Fadillah Faisal Anwar Fatimah Ghaida Muthmainnah Hanifa Rahma Hilda Aprilia Hilda Aprilia Wisnuwardhani Karisa Putri Alifa Luthfi Maulana Firmasnyah M. Rifki Yusuf Alfarizi Milla Putri Rizky Rahmadilla Muhamad Adziana Ramadhan Nafisky Azzarti Kusuma Nanda Puspita Ayu Nasywa Tinezia Iqnita Nety Kurniaty Reni Rahayu Sabila Yufita Maharami Saskia Putri Anggreyani Siti Nazwa Alysia Jingga Folananskya Syira Nasifa Ramadhiani Taufik Muhammad Fakih Vinda Maharani Patricia