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Causal Analysis of Stunting Determinants Using the Peter-Clark and Greedy Equivalence Search Algorithms Tou, Nurhaeka; Endraswari, Putri Mentari; Iftizam, Syafiranur
Sinkron : jurnal dan penelitian teknik informatika Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): Article Research January 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Ganesha Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33395/sinkron.v10i1.15532

Abstract

Child stunting remains a major public health challenge, reflecting the long-term effects of inadequate nutrition, limited maternal education, and restricted access to health services. However, most existing studies rely on correlational analysis, leaving the underlying causal mechanisms insufficiently understood. This gap limits the development of effective interventions, as policymakers require evidence on how determinants interact causally. To address this issue, this study applies two causal discovery algorithms Greedy Equivalence Search (GES) and Peter Clark (PC) to identify causal relationships among eight key determinants of stunting using secondary data from the West Bangka District Health Office (2024). The variables include anthropometric indicators, maternal characteristics, and environmental conditions. Causal assumptions such as causal sufficiency, acyclicity, and faithfulness were imposed to ensure identifiability of the resulting graphs. Model performance was evaluated using Directed Density (DD) and Causal Density (CD) metrics. GES generated a parsimonious causal structure highlighting maternal education, posyandu visits, and exclusive breastfeeding as dominant causal candidates affecting height-for-age (TB/U) and weight-for-age (BB/U). In contrast, the PC algorithm produced a more complete and dense structure, achieving DD = 1.0 and CD = 0.12, compared with GES (DD = 0.80; CD = 0.10). These results indicate that PC is more exploratory in mapping complex causal interactions, while GES offers a simpler and more conservative model. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that combining score-based and constraint-based discovery approaches yields complementary insights into the mechanisms driving stunting.
Development of E-Tourism System for the Bangka Islands Using the Extreme Programming Method Towards Digital Tourism Zaliman, Iski; Arkan, Fardhan; Anggita, Wenni; Tou, Nurhaeka; Ilmatus Sakdiyah, Nanda Aulia; Wafiqoh, Risnina; Endraswari, Putri Mentari
Jurnal Ecotipe (Electronic, Control, Telecommunication, Information, and Power Engineering) Vol 13 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ecotipe, April 2026
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/jurnalecotipe.v13i1.4590

Abstract

Regional tourism often faces obstacles in providing fast, accurate, and easily accessible destination information to tourists. Many regions lack a digital platform capable of presenting information in an integrated manner, making it difficult for tourists to obtain an overview of tourist attractions, supporting facilities, and travel routes. This information accessibility problem affects the efficiency of tourism promotion and results in suboptimal implementation of digital transformation concepts. This study aims to develop and evaluate a E- Tourism application to improve the accessibility of tourism destination information and support digital transformation in the regional tourism sector. The system development was carried out using the Extreme Programming (XP) approach to ensure a fast iterative process, flexibility to respond to changing user needs, and software quality improvement in each testing cycle. Usability evaluation was conducted using the System Usability Scale (SUS) method involving 70 general user respondents. The test results show that the application obtained a SUS score of 75.74 in the acceptable category, indicating that the application is easy to use, clear, and aligned with tourism information needs.