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Hubungan Kadar CO Udara dengan Kadar Karboksihemoglobin Pada Pedagang Kaki Lima Sekitar Traffic Light Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin; Maâ€™rufi, Isa; Ellyke, Ellyke
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2021): Oktober 2021
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.20.2.104-111

Latar belakang: Paparan karbon Monoksida dapat menyebabkan keracunan yang dapat mmembentuk karboksihemoglobin (COHb) dalam darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar CO Udara dengan Kadar COHb pada pedagang kaki lima.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah analitik observasional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan rancangan studi cross sectional. Sampel yang diambil berjumlah 28 pedagang kaki lima. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan Teknik Purposive Sampling. Pengujian kadar COHb dilakukan menggunakan spektofotometri yang dilakukan di Laboratoriaum Biokimia Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jember. Pengambilan sampel udara dilakukan menggunakan alat CO Monitor. Analisis yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini uji korelasi spearmen dan Chi Square.Hasil:Â Hasil pada penelitian ini diketahui bahwa ada beberapa titik yang memiliki kadar CO udara diatas baku mutu yaitu pada pagi hari di traffic light Jalan Gajah Mada serta pada pagi dan malam hari di traffic light Jalan Basuki Rahmat. Berdasarkan hasil analisis terdapat hubungan antara faktor individu merokok (p=0,0001) dan umur (p=0,030) dengan kadar COHb dalam darah. Variabel yang tidak berhubungan adalah kadar CO Udara (p=0,376) dan keluhan kesehatan.Simpulan: Masih ada kadar CO udara diatas baku mutu, terdapat hubungan antara faktor individu umur dan merokok dengan peningkatan kadar COHb.Â ABSTRACT Title: Relationship of Cabon Monoxide Levels with Carboxyhemoglobyn Levels in Street Vendor around Traffic Light Basuki Rahmat Street and Gajah Mada Street Jember RegencyBackground: Carbon monoxide exposure can cause poisoning which can form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the blood. This study aims to determine the relationship between air CO levels and COHb levels in street vendors.Method: This type of research is an observational analytic with a quantitative approach and a cross sectional study design. Samples taken amounted to 28 street vendors. Sampling in this study using purposive sampling technique. Testing of Carboxyhemoglobyn was carried out using spectophotometry which was carried out at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember. Air sampling was carried out using a CO Monitor tool. The analysis conducted in this study was the spearmen correlation test and Chi Square.Result: The results of this study show that there are several points that have carbon monoxide levels above the quality standard. Based on the results of the Chi Square test, it is known that there is a relationship between individual smoking factors (p = 0.0001) and age (p = 0.030) with COHb levels. Unrelated variables were air CO levels (p = 0.376) and health complaints.Â Conclusion: There are still carbon monoxide levels that are above the quality standard, there is a relationship between individual age factors and smoking with an increase in COHb levels.ABSTRACT Title: Relationship of Cabon Monoxide Levels with Carboxyhemoglobyn Levels in Street Vendor around Traffic Light Basuki Rahmat Street and Gajah Mada Street Jember RegencyBackground:Carbon monoxide exposure can cause poisoning which can form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the blood. This study aims to determine the relationship between air CO levels and COHb levels in street vendors.MethodThis type of research is an observational analytic with a quantitative approach and a cross sectional study design. Samples taken amounted to 28 street vendors. Sampling in this study using purposive sampling technique. Testing of Carboxyhemoglobyn was carried out using spectophotometry which was carried out at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember. Air sampling was carried out using a CO Monitor tool. The analysis conducted in this study was the spearmen correlation test and Chi Square.Result: The results of this study show that there are several points that have carbon monoxide levels above the quality standard. Based on the results of the Chi Square test, it is known that there is a relationship between individual smoking factors (p = 0.0001) and age (p = 0.030) with COHb levels. Unrelated variables were air CO levels (p = 0.376) and health complaints.Conclusion: There are still carbon monoxide levels that are above the quality standard, there is a relationship between individual age factors and smoking with an increase in COHb levels.

FAKTOR RISIKO PERILAKU KELUARGA DENGAN KEJADIAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN AKUT (ISPA) PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: META ANALYSIS TAHUN 2015-2020 Laste Menanti; R Azizah; Mohd Talib Latif; Acknes Leonita; Arif Sumantri; Siti N.A Jauharoh; Muhammad Addin Rizaldi
VISIKES: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 21, No 2 (2022): VISIKES
Publisher : Dian Nuswantoro Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33633/visikes.v21i2Supp.6733

countries. The proportionate mortality rate (PMR) due to ARI in children under five in the world is 16%, two thirds of deaths are infant deaths. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors for family behavior with the incidence of ARI in children under five in Indonesia. The method in this study uses meta-analysis to find the effect size value using JASP software version 0.9.2. Sources of data in this study came from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pubmed then sorted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtained 37 research articles. The results of secondary data from the meta-analysis method found that the variable using mosquito coils had a 1.094 times greater risk of experiencing the incidence of ARI in toddlers. The conclusion from the results of the meta-analysis that has a higher level of risk on the family behavior variable is the family smoking habit variable. Efforts to control the risk of ARI in toddlers by conducting periodic counseling or promotion about the dangers of ARI disease, reducing the factors that influence the incidence of ARI in toddlers by providing good nutrition for the growth and development of infants, as well as communities or families who have toddlers to stop smoking, especially in the house or near.Keyword: ARI incidence, family behavior, and toddlers

Literature Review: Dampak Paparan Gas Karbon Monoksida Terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat yang Rentan dan Berisiko Tinggi Muhammad Addin Rizaldi; R Azizah; Mohd Talib Latif; Lilis Sulistyorini; Balgis Putri Salindra
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 21, No 3 (2022): Oktober 2022
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.21.3.253-265

Latar belakang: Karbon monoksida (CO) merupakan gas yang tidak memiliki warna dan bau, yang dapat membahayakan apabila terhirup dengan jumlah yang besar. Sumber gas CO di udara adalah mobil, truk dan kendaraan lainnya, barang yang ada di rumah seperti pemanas ruangan dengan minyak tanah, cerobong asap, dan tungku yang bocor, kompor gas, asap rokok merupakan benda yang dapat melepaskan gas CO di dalam ruangan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan literature Review. Data base yang digunakan dalam pencarian artikel ini dengan menggunakan google scholar dan Science Direct dengan kata kunci “Karbon Monoksida, COHb, Carbon Monoxide, Health Effect” yang telah dilakukan peneliti sebelumnya baik dari dalam ataupun luar negeriHasil: Hasil review artikel di dapatkan beberapa data mengenai penyakit, gejala dan juga efek Kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh paparan gas CO yang terjadi di masyarakat. Paparan gas CO dapat menyebabkan naiknya kadar karboksihemoglobin (COHb) pada darah, sakit kepala, pusing, sesak nafas, mata berair, tekanan darah tinggi. Paparan gas CO dapat menyebabkan bronchitis, penyakit jantung coroner, hipertensi, stroke serta dapat menyebabkan Delayed Encephalopathy After Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (DEACMP). Paparan gas CO berhubungan dengan kejadian BBLR, kejadian stunting pada balita serta menyebabkan peningkatan kasus dan peningkatan angka kematian akibat Covid-19.Simpulan: Paparan gas CO dapat mempengaruhi kondisi Kesehatan manusiaABSTRACTTitle: Literature Review : Impact of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide Gas on Public HealthBackground: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that has no color and odor, which can be harmful if inhaled in large quantities. Sources of CO gas in the air are cars, trucks other vehicles, items in the house such as space heaters with kerosene, leaking chimneys, and stoves, gas stoves, and cigarette smoke are objects that can release CO gas indoor.Method This research is a literature review. Databases used in the search for this article using Google Scholar and Science Direct with the keywords "Carbon Monoxide, COHb, Carbon Monoxide, Health Effect" which previous researchers have carried out both from within and outside the country.Result: The results of the article review obtained some data regarding diseases, symptoms and also health effects caused by exposure to CO gas that occurred in the community. Exposure to CO gas can cause increased levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the blood, headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, watery eyes, high blood pressure. Exposure to CO gas can cause bronchitis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke and can cause Delayed Encephalopathy After Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (DEACMP). Exposure to CO gas is associated with the incidence of LBW, the incidence of stunting in toddlers and causes an increase in cases and an increase in mortality due to Covid-19.Conclusion: CO Exposure can affect human health conditions

Literature Review: Dampak Mikroplastik Terhadap Lingkungan Pesisir, Biota Laut dan Potensi Risiko Kesehatan Ayu Aulia; R Azizah; Lilis Sulistyorini; Muhammad Addin Rizaldi
Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia Vol 22, No 3 (2023): Oktober 2023
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkli.22.3.328-341

Latar Belakang: Sampah plastik masih menjadi masalah berat di dunia. Sampah plastik adalah akumulasi benda-benda plastik (misalnya, botol plastik dan banyak lagi) di lingkungan bumi yang berdampak negatif terhadap kehidupan makhluk hidup. Sebagian besar degradasi menghasilkan serat dan mikroplastik berserabut. Mikroplasstik berpotensi menyebabkan gangguan metabolism, neurotoksisitas dan peningkatan risiko kanker pada manusia. Selain itu mikroplastik dapat menimbulakn potensi risiko kesehatn seperti : gangguan kekebalan, neurotoksisitas, gangguan reproduksi serta karsinogenik. Kajian literatur yang akan dilakukan mengenai dampak mikroplastik terhadap lingkungan pesisir, biota serta potensi risiko kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh paparan mikroplastik.Metode: Penelitia ini merupakan sebuah literature Review. Database yang digunakan dalam pencarian artikel ini menggunakan Google Scholar dan ScienceDirect dengan kata kunci "microplastic, plastic waste effect, coastal microplastic, microplastic marine fish, microplastic and health effect", yang telah dilakukan oleh peneliti-peneliti sebelumnya baik dari dalam maupun luar negeri. Artikel yang didapatkan diseleksi sesuai topik mengenai pencemaran mikropalstik di wilayah pesisir, yang bisa di download, dan artikel yang terbit mulai 2018-2022. Artikel yang direview sebanyak 13 artikel yang relevan dan sesuai topik .Hasil: Hasil review menemukan bahwa yang paling banyak terkontaminasi mikroplastik adalah biota laut sebanyak 8 Artikel yang ditemukan, bentuk mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah fiber dan fragment sebanyak 8 artikel yang ditemukan dan polimer mikroplastik yang ditemukan paling banyak polypropylene sebanyak 7 artikel. Jenis polimer mikropalstik yang terdeteksi berpotensi menyebabkan permasalahan kesehatan seperti gangguan metabolism, gangguan saluran pencernaan, gangguan fungsi hati, gangguan fungsi ginjal, kanker, gangguan resporoduksi dan mudah lupa.Simpulan: berdasarkan literature review yang dilakukan dapat disumpulakn bahwa mikropalstik sudah banyak mencemari lingkungan pesisir, sediment, air laur, dan biota laut yang berpotensi mengkontaminasi manusia dan berpotensi menyebabkan potensi risiko kesehatan seperti gangguan metabolisme, gangguan saluran pencernaan, gangguan fungsi hati, gangguan fungsi ginjal, kanker, gangguan resporoduksi dan mudah lupa. ABSTRACT Literature Review: The Impact of Microplastics on Coastal Environments, Marine Life and Potential Health RisksBackground: Plastic waste is still a serious problem in the world. Plastic waste is the accumulation of plastic objects (for example, plastic bottles and more) in the earth's environment that negatively affect living things’ lives. Most degradation results in filamentous fibers and microplastics. Microplasstics can potentially cause metabolic disorders, neurotoxicity and an increased risk of cancer in humans. In addition, microplastics can pose potential health risks such as: immune disorders, neurotoxicity, reproductive disorders and carcinogenic. A literature review will be conducted on the impact of microplastics on coastal environments, biota and potential health risks caused by exposure to microplastics. Method: This research is a literature review. The database used in searching this article uses Google Scholar and ScienceDirect with the keywords "microplastic, plastic waste effect, coastal microplastic, microplastic marine fish, microplastic and health effect", which has been done by previous researchers both from within and outside the country. The articles obtained are selected according to topics regarding microplastic pollution in coastal areas, which can be downloaded, and articles published from 2018-2022. The articles reviewed were 13 articles that were relevant and on-topicResults: The results of the review found that the most contaminated with microplastics were marine life as many as 8 articles found, the most forms of microplastics found were fibers and fragments as many as 8 articles found and microplastic polymers found the most polypropylene as many as 7 articles. The types of microplastic polymers detected have the potential to cause health problems such as metabolic disorders, digestive tract disorders, liver function disorders, kidney function disorders, cancer, resporoduction disorders and forgetfulness.Conclusion: Based on the literature review conducted, it can be concluded that microplastics have polluted many coastal environments, sediments, water, and marine life that have the potential to contaminate humans and potentially cause potential health risks such as metabolic disorders, digestive tract disorders, liver function disorders, kidney function disorders, cancer, reproductive disorders and forgetfulness.

Environmental Sanitation and Scabies Incidence among Santri in Islamic Boarding School in Jember Regency Ali, Khaidar; Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin; Putri, Serius Miliyani Dwi
Insights in Public Health Journal Vol 5 No 2 (2024): Insights in Public Health Journal
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.iphj.2024.5.2.13462

Background: Scabies, caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, remains a significant public health concern, particularly in densely populated environments such as Islamic boarding schools. This study aims to explore the environmental sanitation and the incidence of scabies among santri in Islamic boarding schools in Jember. Methods: This quantitative study employed cross-sectional approach to capture dependent and independent variable at the same time. The dependent variable was scabies incidence, and independent variable was environmental sanitation. The Islamic boarding school was divided and clustered into two group, namely Khalafi (modern) and Salafiyah (Conservative). The data was analyzed by univariately or descriptively. Results: The incidence of scabies among santri in Khalafi and Salafiyah in Jember is 46.07% and 25.81%, respectively. Although the dormitory density is in high category, the sanitation facility in both Khalafi and Salafiyah is low (score <10) with the result of environmental sanitation does not meet requirements. Conclusions: This finding indicates that poor sanitation level was identified in Islamic boarding schools in Jember, where a high scabies incidence was found. Therefore, Health Office of Jember need to establish regular health inspection and initiate the pesantren health post in Islamic boarding school in order to prevent the transmission for the disease. In addition, the religious leader should allocate a budget for the provision of sanitation facilities.

PERSONAL HYGIENE AND HEALTHY BEHAVIOR TOWARD SCABIES INCIDENCE IN JEMBER REGENCY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Ali, Khaidar; Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin; Khoiron, Khoiron; Ma'rufi, Isa
Kesmas Indonesia Vol 17 No 1 (2025): Jurnal Kesmas Indonesia
Publisher : Jurusan Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.ki.2025.17.1.13749

This study aims to analyze the relationship between personal hygiene and behavior with scabies incidence among students (santri) in Khalafi and Salafiyah Islamic boarding schools in Jember Regency. This quantitative research utilized a cross-sectional approach. The outcome variable was scabies incidence, while the exposure variables were personal hygiene and healthy behavior. The cluster random sampling was used, where the Islamic boarding schools were grouped into Khalafi (Modern) and Salafiyah (Conservative). The total respondents from the Khalafi dan Salafiyah was 89 and 62, respectively. The relationship between variables was assessed using the chi-square test, where the Prevalence Ratio (PR) was estimated. Path analysis was conducted in SmartPLS3. The scabies prevalence in the Khalafi and Salafiyah is 41 cases (46.07%) and 16 cases (25%), respectively. In both types of Islamic boarding schools, personal hygiene and healthy behavior were significantly associated with scabies (p < 0.05), with personal hygiene showing a strong correlation (Coefficient > 0.5). The PR estimation in Khalafi school is age (PR: 1.27), sex (PR:4.41), personal hygiene (PR: 10.87) and healthy behavior (PR: 13.27) toward scabies incidence. The PR estimation in Salafiyah is age (PR: 3.79), sex (PR: 2.03), and personal hygiene (PR: 42.64). The model found that the personal hygiene can influence the scabies incidence. The scabies incidence was found high in Khalafi compared to Salafiyah, in which personal hygiene and healthy behavior were positively significant. Exposure variable is associated with a higher likelihood of scabies incidence. Therefore, Islamic boarding schools and the Jember Health Office organize educational and training programs on personal hygiene and healthy behaviors for students.

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and its association with stunting in developing countries in Asia: A systematic review Muhammad Addin Rizaldi; Khaidar Ali; Swara Mega Hasanah Rara; Bintang Sri Rezeki Panjaitan
Svāsthya: Trends in General Medicine and Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : PT. Mega Science Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70347/svsthya.v2i2.81

Stunting is a vital health issue in developing Asian countries, where millions of individuals suffer from chronic malnutrition. Stunting not only is caused by chronic malnutrition but is also influenced by inadequate water supply, sanitation problems, and poor hygiene practices in the community. However, research on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and its association with stunting is limited, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to analyze the associations between water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and the occurrence of stunting in Asia. This article is a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 1,002 articles were reviewed, of which 560 were published. Additionally, articles could be selected and dropped because they had no original research. After duplicate articles were removed, 168 articles were removed. The screening and extraction results revealed 14 articles eligible for review. After the article was reviewed and read, only five articles were eligible, and only 5 articles could be reviewed because the article discussed WASH and stunting in developing countries in Asia. Inadequate WASH practices were strongly associated with stunting among children under five years of age. An insufficient water supply and access to safe drinking water contribute to this condition, as inadequate water availability can increase the risk of stunting. Additionally, groundwater unfit for consumption increases the likelihood of undernutrition, including stunting, underweight, and wasting in children. Access to improved drinking water sources is essential for reducing stunting, as households with such access report lower stunting rates. Solutions to address stunting in children under five years of age include enhancing drinking water sources, improving sanitation facilities, and promoting better hygiene practices. Local governments should provide adequate water provision and accessible drinking water.

Urban Heat Islands, Rising Temperatures, and Their Impacts on Global Public Health: A Narrative Review Wardana, Lalu Muhammad Fikri; Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin; Joko, Tri; Nurjazuli, Nurjazuli
Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat : Media Komunikasi Komunitas Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 17 No 2 (2025): JIKM Vol. 17, Issue 2, May 2025
Publisher : Public Health Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52022/jikm.v17i2.742

Background: The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, caused by rapid urbanization and changes in surface characteristics, significantly impacts public health, particularly in densely populated urban areas. UHI leads to higher temperatures in urban regions compared to rural areas, especially during heatwaves, which are further exacerbated by climate change. Method: The method employed in this systematic review involves utilizing secondary data from articles published in international journals. The search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, focusing on articles from the last five years (2020-2024). Results: This review identified 20 relevant articles highlighting various health issues related to UHI, including cardiovascular disorders, respiratory problems, mental health issues, and increased mortality rates, particularly among the elderly and populations with pre-existing health conditions. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the urgent need for urban planning strategies to mitigate UHI effects, such as increasing green spaces and improving urban infrastructure to protect public health. Keywords: Public health, Temperature increase, Urban heat island.

Assessment of fly density, temperature, and humidity in the port areas of the Banyuwangi Regency: Implications for disease vector control Ali, Khaidar; Hamidya, Syifa Ula; Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin
Svāsthya: Trends in General Medicine and Public Health Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : PT. Mega Science Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70347/svsthya.v2i3.94

Fly density is a critical indicator of environmental sanitation quality and potential risk of disease transmission in port environments. This study assessed fly density levels, temperature, and humidity in port areas of the Banyuwangi Regency to understand vector distribution patterns and inform disease prevention strategies. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted at three port locations in Banyuwangi: Ketapang Port, Tanjung Wangi Port (perimeter area), and landing craft machine ports (buffer areas). Fly density was measured via the fly grill method, according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health guidelines. The temperature and humidity measurements were recorded simultaneously at each location. The Kruskal‒Wallis test was used to compare fly density levels between locations. The mean fly densities at waste disposal sites in Ketapang Port, food stalls in Tanjung Wangi Port, and the open dumping area at LCM Port were 9, 9, and 2 flies per block grill, respectively. The average temperatures at the three locations ranged from 29.76°C to 35.53°C, with humidity levels between 62.82% and 77.35%. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in fly density among the three locations (p<0.05), with the highest mean ranks observed at food stalls in Tanjung Wangi Port. The perimeter areas presented high fly density levels that pose substantial public health risks, whereas the buffer area maintained an acceptable fly density. The environmental conditions recorded at all the sites provided optimal breeding conditions for the disease vectors. The implementation of targeted waste management strategies and environmental sanitation interventions is necessary at perimeter locations to mitigate disease transmission risk and protect public health in these transportation hubs.

Exploring the Impact of River Pollution on Environmental Health in Central Java - Indonesia: A Narrative Literature Review and Sustainable Management Strategies Sugiharto, Septiono Bangun; Ali, Khaidar; Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin
PROMOTOR Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): JUNI
Publisher : Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32832/pro.v8i3.1237

The pollution of rivers in Central Java - Indonesia has become an urgent environmental issue, posing high risks to public health and ecosystems. This literature review study aims to evaluate the impact of river pollution on water quality and environmental health, as well as to identify effective sustainable management approaches. The study found that river pollution in Central Java is primarily caused by industrial waste, domestic waste, and agricultural activities. Industrial waste contains hazardous heavy metals, while domestic and agricultural waste leads to eutrophication, damaging aquatic ecosystems and reducing water quality. This decline in water quality directly impacts human health, increasing the incidence of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and cholera. The sustainable management approaches implemented include strict regulation and law enforcement, community education programs, and the application of wastewater treatment technologies. Studies from the Netherlands demonstrate that an integrated approach to water management can significantly reduce pollution, while community-based waste management practices in the Philippines also offer relevant solutions. To enhance sustainable management in Central Java, recommendations include strengthening regulations, adopting environmentally friendly technologies, increasing domestic wastewater management capacity, engaging communities, and developing green infrastructure. By implementing these strategies, it is expected that the river water quality in Central Java can be improved, supporting environmental health efforts and community well-being.

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