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All Journal Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan indonesia VISIKES JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) Kesmas Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat : Media Komunikasi Komunitas Kesehatan Masyarakat Insights in Public Health Journal Promotor: Jurnal Mahasiswa Kesehatan Masyarakat Svāsthya: Trends in General Medicine and Public Health
Muhammad Addin Rizaldi
Department Of Public Health, Faculty Of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Education Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Other

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Pesticide Exposure and Hypertension Risk in Indonesian Agricultural Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Suratman; Ali, Khaidar; Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin
JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

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Abstract

Introduction: Agriculture workers exposed to pesticides are at high risk for hypertension, which is known as a cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Due to agricultural relevance and pesticides exposure, pesticide use and hypertension have garnered attention. This study investigated pesticide exposure and hypertension risk. Discussion: In line with the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies published between 2015 and 2024. A total of 14 studies from Indonesia focusing on agriculture were selected, representing a variety of geographic areas and research methods. The pooled analysis revealed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.35–1.99), indicating that farmers exposed to pesticides had a far higher risk of hypertension than those who were not. Long-term exposure, higher doses of pesticides containing active ingredients of commonly used pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and profenofos, frequent spraying, improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), age, smoking, and work-related stress all increased risk. Pesticides can affect cardiovascular control through oxidative stress, neuroendocrine disruption, and endocrine disruption, according to global reports. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis underscores the significant environmental health risks posed by pesticides exposure, particularly its contribution to hypertension among Indonesian agriculture workers. Prolonged exposure, inadequate use of PPE, and poor safety practices exacerbate these risks. The findings highlight the urgent need for stricter environmental health regulations, the implementation of integrated pest management, and improved education on pesticide safety. These measures are essential to protect agricultural workers and reduce pesticide-related health risks in communities.
Co-Authors Acknes Leonita Ali, Khaidar Arif Sumantri Ayu Aulia Balgis Putri Salindra Bintang Sri Rejeki Panjaitan Ellyke Hamidya, Syifa Ula Isa Ma’rufi Khoiron Khoiron Laste Menanti Lilis Sulistyorini Ma'rufi, Isa Mohd Talib Latif Mohd Talib Latif Nurjazuli Nurjazuli Putri, Serius Miliyani Dwi R Azizah R Azizah R. Azizah Siti N.A Jauharoh Sugiharto, Septiono Bangun suratman Swara Mega Hasanah Rara Tri Joko Wardana, Lalu Muhammad Fikri