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All Journal E-Jurnal Medika Udayana Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Warmadewa Minesterium Medical Journal Community Services Journal (CSJ) Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Education Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Library & Information Science Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health Social Sciences

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EVALUASI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus pyogenes Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Prihantara, Komang Gede Yudha
E-Jurnal Medika Udayana Vol 13 No 1 (2024): E-Jurnal Medika Udayana
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/MU.2024.V13.i01.P17

Abstract

Faringitis atau sering dikenal sebagai radang tenggorokan merupakan penyakit yang memiliki tingkat prevalensi cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Salah satu patogen penyebab faringitis adalah bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes. Selama ini upaya pengobatan faringitis lebih difokuskan pada terapi antibiotika. Untuk mencegah timbulnya resistensi S. pyogenes terhadap antibiotika, maka salah satu upaya mengatasi faringitis adalah dengan mengembangkan obat-obatan baru yang bersumber dari alam. Pegagan merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman obat yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat secara empiris untuk mengatasi penyakit infeksi karena kandungan senyawa aktifnya yang bersifat antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis daya hambat ekstrak daun pegagan (Centella asiatica) terhadap pertumbuhan S. pyogenes. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah jenis eksperimental laboratorium dengan rancangan post-test only control group design. Pembuatan ekstrak etanol pegagan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode maserasi. Sebanyak 150 gram serbuk simplisia pegagan dimaserasi dengan etanol 75% selama 24 jam dengan kecepatan 175 rpm dan didapatkan ekstrak sebanyak 22,48 gram. Skrining antibakteri menggunakan media Mueller Hinton Agar dengan metode Kirby-Bauer pada lima konsentrasi berbeda yaitu 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. Sebagai kontrol positif digunakan antibiotika amphicillin. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan konsentrasi hambat minimal yaitu 50% dengan diameter zona hambat 6,13 ± 1,02 mm. Sedangkan, rata-rata diameter daya hambat ekstrak tertinggi terhadap S. pyogenes diperoleh pada konsentrasi 100% sebesar 11,39 ± 0,25 mm. Analisis Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan yang mengindikasikan daun pegagan mampu menghambat S. pyogenes. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat aktivitas antibakteri dari daun pegagan (Centella asiatica) terhadap S. pyogenes. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengetahui komponen senyawa aktif dari ekstrak C. asiatica yang berperan sebagai antibakteri.
PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIVITAS HAND SANITIZER BERMEREK DAN HAND SANITIZER TANPA MEREK TERHADAP TOTAL KOLONI BAKTERI DI TANGAN Herawati, Putri; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede
E-Jurnal Medika Udayana Vol 12 No 5 (2023): E-Jurnal Medika Udayana
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/MU.2023.V12.i05.P18

Abstract

Bakteri adalah kelompok mikroorganisme bersel tunggal dengan konfigurasi selular prokariotik yang tersebar luas di alam, udara, tanah, air dan di tubuh manusia atau hewan. Tangan adalah salah satu bagian tubuh manusia yang sering terkontaminasi oleh bakteri, sehingga mencuci tangan menggunakan hand sanitizer adalah salah satu cara yang dipakai untuk membersihkan tangan apabila sabun dan air mengalir tidak tersedia. Jenis produk hand sanitizer yang beredar di masyarakat semakin beragam, dari hand sanitizer bermerek yang telah terdaftar di Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) hingga hand sanitizer tanpa merek yang diproduksi sendiri oleh sejumlah masyarakat sehingga belum diketahui efektivitasnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas hand sanitizier bermerek dan hand sanitizier tanpa merek terhadap total koloni bakteri di tangan. Penelitian quasi experiment telah dilakukan menggunakan rancangan penelitian one grup pretest-posttest design dengan melibatkan 10 orang pegawai cleaning service FKIK Unwar sebagai responden. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan hand sanitizer bermerek (P = 0,046 atau P < 0,05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan hand sanitizer tanpa merek (P= 0,161 atau P > 0,05). Efektivitas hand sanitizer bermerek dalam menurunkan angka bakteri sebesar 85% dan hand sanitizer tanpa merek sebesar 71%. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa efektivitas hand sanitizer bermerek dan hand sanitizer tanpa merek tidak berbeda dalam menurunkan angka bakteri di tangan (P = 0,846 atau P > 0,05).
PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIVITAS HAND SANITIZER BERMEREK DAN HAND SANITIZER TANPA MEREK TERHADAP TOTAL KOLONI BAKTERI DI TANGAN Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Herawati, Putri
E-Jurnal Medika Udayana Vol 13 No 9 (2024): E-Jurnal Medika Udayana
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/MU.2024.V13.i09.P16

Abstract

Bakteri adalah kelompok mikroorganisme bersel tunggal dengan konfigurasi selular prokariotik yang tersebar luas di alam, udara, tanah, air dan di tubuh manusia atau hewan. Tangan adalah salah satu bagian tubuh manusia yang sering terkontaminasi oleh bakteri, sehingga mencuci tangan menggunakan hand sanitizer adalah salah satu cara yang dipakai untuk membersihkan tangan apabila sabun dan air mengalir tidak tersedia. Jenis produk hand sanitizer yang beredar di masyarakat semakin beragam, dari hand sanitizer bermerek yang telah terdaftar di Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) hingga hand sanitizer tanpa merek yang diproduksi sendiri oleh sejumlah masyarakat sehingga belum diketahui efektivitasnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas hand sanitizier bermerek dan hand sanitizier tanpa merek terhadap total koloni bakteri di tangan. Penelitian quasi experiment telah dilakukan menggunakan rancangan penelitian one grup pretest-posttest design dengan melibatkan 10 orang pegawai cleaning service FKIK Unwar sebagai responden. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan hand sanitizer bermerek (P = 0,046 atau P < 0,05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan hand sanitizer tanpa merek (P= 0,161 atau P > 0,05). Efektivitas hand sanitizer bermerek dalam menurunkan angka bakteri sebesar 85% dan hand sanitizer tanpa merek sebesar 71%. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa efektivitas hand sanitizer bermerek dan hand sanitizer tanpa merek tidak berbeda dalam menurunkan angka bakteri di tangan (P = 0,846 atau P > 0,05).
Detection of antibacterial activity in chicken meat, eggs, drinking water, animal feed and sewage waste in Tabanan, Bali Setiabudy, Marta; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Suryanditha, Putu Arya; Budayanti, Ni Nyoman Sri; Yanti, Ni Komang Semara; Adhiputra, I Ketut Agus Indra; Widowati, I Gusti Ayu Rai; Agustina, Kadek Karang
Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Available online : June 2023
Publisher : Indonesian Society for Clinical Microbiology (Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Mikrobiologi Klinik Indonesia)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51559/jcmid.v3i1.51

Abstract

Background: The use of antibiotics that are not in accordance with the indications, doses, and duration can trigger resistance and there is concern that it might leave antibiotic residues in the processed product. Aim of this study was to detect the antibacterial activity of livestock products, namely chicken meat and eggs and the surrounding environment such as drinking water, animal feed and waste disposal. This study was a preliminary study before the establishment of antibiotic wise village, One Health approach for antimicrobial stewardship program. Methods: This study was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design to determine antibacterial activity, particularly tetracycline in livestock products and the environment. The research samples were taken from 5 groups of farmers in one of the villages in Tabanan, Bali. Bioassay method based on the Kirby Bauer method was used in this study. Results: From a total of 44 samples, 6 samples showed weak antibiotic tetracycline activity (13.6%), namely in waste disposal (20%) and animal feed (40%). Antibiotic contamination was likely to occur because the animal feed used in this group contains antibiotics with or without the knowledge of the farmers themselves. Disposal waste came from livestock manure that ate the feed or from animal feed that was scattered around the cage. Conclusion: Samples of livestock meat and eggs did not show antibacterial activity. There were samples that have antibiotic activity but weak and inconsistent, namely in samples of waste disposal and animal feed. This condition cannot necessarily be concluded as antibiotic abuse in livestock however it can be the basis for the importance of providing education regarding antimicrobial resistance. Unless there was indication, antibiotics should not be given to livestock on a daily basis.
Antibacterial Activity Screening of Bacillus sp. AM12 Associated with Mangrove Soil Natania, Evellyne; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Widhidewi, Ni Wayan
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.373-379

Abstract

The use of synthetic antibiotics to treat bacterial infections can trigger resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics. One effort to overcome this is to explore microorganisms that produce antibacterial compounds from nature. A previous study reported isolates of Bacillus sp. AM12 from mangrove soil displayed antibacterial potential based on preliminary screening of the perpendicular streak test. This study was designed to confirm the antibacterial potential of Bacillus sp. AM12 uses chemical solvent extraction. Bacillus sp. AM12 was fermented in 100 mL liquid ISP-2 sterile and shaken at 150 rpm for 7 days. The supernatant was filtered from the cell mass using Whatman paper and extracted using 100 mL of ethyl acetate solvent (1:1, v/v) twice. The filtrate was evaporated at 40ºC until a thick, clear yellowish colored extract was obtained. The thick extract was tested for antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer method against two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacterial targets. Antibacterial screening showed moderate diameter zone of inhibition of 6.72 ± 0.21 mm, 6.82 ± 0.15 mm, and 6.62 ± 0.21 mm against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060, respectively. However, no antibacterial activity was observed against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Analysis of the chemical composition of ethyl acetate crude extracts using GC-MS has detected 10 different compounds, in which the 3 most dominant antibacterial compounds were Benzene, 1,2,4-Trimethyl-, Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- and 2-butoxyethyl acetate. In general, these results provide an initial description of Bacillus sp. AM12 is a potential of antibacterial producer.
Phytochemicals and Larvicidal Activity of Sonneratia alba Root Extracts from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Denpasar-Bali Wijaya, Made Dharmesti; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Kirtanayasa, I Gede Yoga Ayuning
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 12, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.499-505

Abstract

Dengue is an endemic disease with a high incidence in almost all Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia. This infectious disease is caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito as the main vector. Effective mosquito vector control is a crucial step in stopping the spread of this virus. Of the several methods available, the use of larvicides is considered one of the most successful treatments in reducing the number of mosquito vectors. However, widely used synthetic larvicides can have undesirable side effects on the environment and non-target organisms including human health. The aim of this study was to discover a new biolarvicide from natural materials that is relatively safer. In this study, the biolarvicidal activity of mangrove plant species that are commonly found in Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest Bali was tested, namely Sonneratia alba. Mangrove root simplicia was extracted by reflux method using three different solvents namely methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The content of compounds in the extract were analyzed using GC/MS method. The larvicidal activity of the extracts were tested on A. aegypti instar III/IV larvae with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm for 24 hours. Subsequently, the average value of larval mortality was used to calculate the LC50 of each extract. The results showed that S. alba methanol extract provided the best larvicidal activity compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts, with mortality of 69.33% at a concentration of 1000 ppm and LC50 of 1265 ppm. GC-MS analysis showed that the methanol extract of S. alba contained five dominant compounds namely Methyl 2-hydroxy-eicosanoate (19.55%); 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy (16.48%); 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (10.06%); Benzamide, N-[4-(2-naphtyl)-2-thiazolyl]- (9.40%); and 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-inden-1-one (6.52%). The results of this study provide a preliminary result on larvicide activity from mangrove S. alba in order to develop bio larvicides from nature which is safer for human health and environment.
PKM Penyuluhan Kesehatan Reproduksi, Perilaku Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) dan Gerakan Menabung Pada Guru dan Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 3 Batur, Kecamatan Kintamani, Bangli Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Wijaya, Made Dharmesti; Idawati, Ida Ayu Agung
Community Service Journal (CSJ) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Lembaga Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/csj.6.2.2024.101-106

Abstract

Sekolah Dasar adalah tingkatan pendidikan formal pertama yang dilalui siswa-siswa di Indonesia. Pendidikan di tingkat SD memegang peranan penting dalam membangun karakter siswa-siswa yang akan dibawa hingga ke tingkat remaja dan dewasa. Mitra pada kegiatan PKM ini adalah guru dan siswa di SD Negeri 3 Batur, Kecamatan Kintamani, Bangli. Kegiatan PKM akan difokuskan untuk memecahkan permasalahan mitra di bidang kesehatan dan ekonomi. Hasil diskusi awal dengan perwakilan mitra yaitu kepala sekolah SDN 3 Batur menunjukkan bahwa mitra memerlukan penyuluhan dan pemahaman tentang penyakit reproduksi pada wanita seperti penyuluhan tentang kanker serviks dan payudara karena mitra merasa masih minimnya pemahaman akan kedua penyakit ini. Mitra juga ingin mendapatkan pemahaman tentang perilaku bersih dan sehat pada murid-murid SDN 3 Batur khususnya tentang cara mencuci tangan yang bersih dan benar. Pada aspek ekonomi, mitra ingin mendapatkan pelatihan tentang gerakan gemar menabung pada siswa. Kegiatan PKM telah berlangsung selama 10 bulan dari Mei 2023 hingga Februari 2024. Tim pengbadi memberikan pembekalan tentang aspek kesehatan reproduksi pada guru-guru wanita dan penyuluhan tentang perilaku bersih dan sehat pada siswa-siswa SD. Selain itu, siswa-siswa SD juga dibekali penyuluhan gerakan gemar menabung. Hasil evaluasi nilai pre dan posttest pada mitra berturut-turut sebesar 42 poin dan 10 poin setelah dilakukan evaluasi atas penyuluhan kegiatan reproduksi dan pneyuluhan tenang PHBS dan gerakan gemar menabung. Pada pelaksanan PKM, tim pengabdi memberikan bantuan langsung yang dibutuhkan mitra berupa tong sampah, bak mencuci tangan, alat tensi meter, kotak P3K, timbangan dan tinggi badan, serta lima puluh souvenir celengan untuk siswa dan uang tunai sebesar dua puluh ribu per anak. Hasil monitoring dan evaluasi menunjukkan mitra sudah menggunakan bantuan alat yang diberikan dengan baik dan menerapkan PHBS dengan baik. Luaran dari kegiatan ini akan dipublikasikan jurnal nasional Community Service Journal dengan nomor E-ISSN: 2654-9379 dan P-ISSN: 2654-9360 dan video kegiatan berdurasi 4 menit.
KKN-PPM Edukasi Pencegahan Demam Berdarah Dengue Secara door to door di Desa Ayunan, Kecamatan Abiansemal, Badung-Bali Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede
Warmadewa Minesterium Medical Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 (2024): September 2024
Publisher : Warmadewa University Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Kegiatan Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN-PPM) adalah suatu kegiatan yang didesain untuk memberikan pengalaman mahasiswa terjun ke lapangan dan mengaplikasikan ilmu yang telah diperoleh selama perkuliahan. Salah satu program KKN-PPM Universitas Warmadewa adalah melakukan sosialiasi tentang bahaya dan cara pencegahan infeksi demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Sosialisasi sangat penting karena DBD adalah salah satu penyakit infeksi yang cukup dominan di Indonesia termasuk di Bali. Kegiatan dilakukan pada 24-25 Juli 2024 bertempat di Desa Ayunan, Kecamatan Abiansemal, Badung-Bali dan difokuskan pada dua banjar yaitu banjar Badung dan Badung Tengah dengan metode door to door. Pemilihan metode door to door dipilih karena warga sulit dikumpulkan pada suatu tempat dalam waktu tertentu akibat berbagai kesibukan. Dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan, sebanyak 2-4 orang anggota tim KKN-PPM mengunjungi rumah-rumah warga dan membawa poster untuk menjelaskan secara langsung tentang DBD pada 25 warga desa dikedua banjar tersebut. Penjelasan meliputi penyebab DBD, gejala, cara pencegahan dan pertolongan pertama pada infeksi DBD. Tingkat pemahaman warga meningkat sebesar 56% apabila membandingkan nilai pre dan post test, khusunya terkait pemahaman konsep dan pencegahan DBD. Hasil ini memberikan indikasi bahwa pendekatan sosialisasi door-to-door cukup efektif untuk membangun kesadaran responden yang terlibat untuk mewaspadai infeksi DBD dan mempraktekkan cara pencegahan di lingkungan tempat tinggal mereka.
Phytochemical and Toxicity Analysis of Sonneratia alba Mangrove Leaf Extract using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method Arta, Ni Kadek Dewi Asri Tiara; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Wijaya, Made Dharmesti
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.443-448

Abstract

Mangroves are plants that contain various secondary metabolites with various potential pharmacological activities, one of which is cytotoxic activity. However, researchers have not extensively explored the evidence of secondary metabolite compounds and their toxicity effects in mangrove plants. This research aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and the toxicity of the leaf extract of the Sonneratia alba mangrove plant in the Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park (TAHURA), Bali. In this experimental research, compound extraction was carried out using a maceration technique for 2x24 hours using two types of solvents, namely methanol and n-hexane. Phytochemical tests were carried out using qualitative methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the toxicity test used was the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Potassium dichromate and sea water without extract were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The LC50 value was calculated using probit analysis in Microsoft Excel. Phytochemical test results showed that the methanol extract contains phenol, saponin, tannin, and steroid compounds. Meanwhile, n-hexane extract only contains steroid compounds. GC-MS analysis showed that the compounds with the largest area percentages in the methanol and n-hexane extracts were 1,2,3-benzenetriol (3.94%) and n-hexadecenoic acid (2.41%), respectively. Based on the LC50 value, the methanol extract of S. alba mangrove leaves was moderately toxic (178.17 ppm), while the n-hexane extract was weakly toxic (567.23 ppm). The results of this study provide information that the type of chemical solvent has a major influence on the level of toxicity of S. alba leaf extract, with polar methanol solvent providing the highest toxicity effect compared to nonpolar n-hexane solvent.
Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Impatiens balsamina L. Leaf Extracts Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Fridayanthi, Putu Utari; Wijaya, Made Dharmesti; Udiyani, Desak Putu Citra; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Setiabudy, Marta
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.327-335

Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic resistance as one of the global public health threats makes research on new antibacterial compounds urgently needed. Among natural resources, the Impatiens balsamina plant has the potential to be explored as the new source of antibacterial agents. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial activity of I. balsamina leaf extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Extracts were prepared using the maceration method with methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane solvents at a 1:5 sample-to-solvent ratio. Phytochemical screening was performed qualitatively, and antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion assay. Analysis of methanol extract detected the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, and glycosides, while chloroform extract consisted of tannins, phenols, and steroids. On the other hand, steroids were the only compounds detected qualitatively in n-hexane extract. Antibacterial testing revealed that methanol extract exhibited the highest activity, with zones of inhibition (ZOI) of 15.10±0.18 mm, 9.40±0.30 mm, 14.75±1.28 mm, and 8.67±0.50 mm against Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, respectively. A concentration-dependent ZOI was observed in the methanol extract, with activity increasing at higher concentrations. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract identified 32 compounds, including n-hexadecanoic acid (12.12%), 2-acetylbenzoic acid (8.26%), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (8.21%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (4.67%), which are known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Chloroform extract showed moderate activity against S. mutans (7.04±0.15 mm) and S. aureus (7.10±0.31 mm), while n-hexane extract exhibited no antibacterial activity. The significant antibacterial activity of methanol extract is likely due to its rich phytochemical composition, highlighting methanol as an effective solvent for extracting bioactive compounds. These findings provide a strong foundation for further exploration of I. balsamina leaf extracts as a source of antibacterial agents.
Co-Authors Adhiputra, I Ketut Agus Indra Arta, Ni Kadek Dewi Asri Tiara Fridayanthi, Putu Utari Ida Ayu Agung Idawati Kadek Karang Agustina Kirtanayasa, I Gede Yoga Ayuning Made Dharmesti Wijaya Natania, Evellyne Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti Prihantara, Komang Gede Yudha Putri Herawati, Putri Putu Arya Suryanditha Setiabudy, Marta Udiyani, Desak Putu Citra Widhidewi, Ni Wayan Widowati, I Gusti Ayu Rai - Yanti, Ni Komang Semara