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ANALISIS KIMIA DAUN PINUS DAN PEMANFAATANNYA Bambang Wiyono; Abdul Hakim Lukman
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 6, No 2 (1989): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

At present, pine needles have no commercial value. The needles are fire hazard to both natural and plantation grown trees when they accumulate on the ground, couple with inhibition of the growth of the surrounding trees. The research purpose is to determine chemical component of pine needles of three pine i.e Pinus merkusii, P. caribaea, and P. insularis. This endeavor is conducted to explore a wider of such material.The results indicated that the moisture content of P. merkusii, P. caribaea, and P. insularis needles were 4.69 %,3.54 %, and 14.79 % respectively; cellulose content being 12.31 %, 17.19 %, and 18.54 %; lignin content 29.46%,39.54, and 26.65 %; pentosan content 7.04 %, 5. 78 %, and 12.11 %; ash content 3.06 %, 2.40 %, and 7.30 %; silica content 0.44 %, 0.48 %, and 0.19 %; acidity 5.32, 5.33, and 6.15; solubility in cold water 23.38 %, 23.09 %, and 17.84 %; solubility in hot water 26.51 %, 29.62 %, and 17.82 %; solubility in alcohol-benzene (1 : 2) 19.30 %, 19.14 %, and 11.08 %. Based on this component, the pine needles may be utilized as sources of raw materail for production of glucose, fructose, ethanol, ethylene, pine needle oil for pharmaceutical and perfumery industries, etc. The needles can also be used as raw material for gasification and anaerobic fermentation processes for energy production.

PERCOBAAN PEMISAHAN MINYAK DAMAR MATA KUCING DENGAN PENYULINGAN SECARA KERING PADA KONDISI VAKUM Bambang Wiyono
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 18, No 1 (2000): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Damar mata kucing yang masih lunak mengandung minyak atsiri yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan industri. Minyak atsiri ini dapar disuling dari damar tersebut dengan cara penyulingan secara kering pada kondisi vakum. Sehubungan dengan ini penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kondisi pemisahan minyak atsiri dari damar yang menghasilkan rendemen minyak optimum dan sifat fisiko-kimia minyak yang baik.Penyulingan damar dilakukan secara kering pada kondisi vakum dengan waktu penyulingan yang terdiri dari 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; dan 2,5 jam, di mana setiap waktu penyulingan diulang 3 kali. Pengaruh peningkatan waktu penyulingan terhadap kualitas minyak dianalisis dengan rancangan acak lengkap. Perbedaan nilai rataan antar perlakuan dianalisis dengan metode Tukey, sedangkan kecenderungan perubahan sifat minyak sejalan dengan meningkatnya waktu penyulingan dianalisis dengan polinomial ortogonal menurut prosedur SAS.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu penyulingan berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap rendemen, berat jenis, putaran optik, bilangan asam, bilangan penyabunan dan bilangan ester minyak damar mata kucing yang dihasilkan. Sedangkan indek biasnya tidak berpengaruh nyata dengan peningkatan waktu penyulingan. Uji Tukey menunjukkan bahwa waktu penyulingan 2,5 jam menghasilkan nilai rataan rendemen, bilangan asam, bilangan penyabunan dan bilangan ester tertinggi secara sangat nyata. Sedangkan Analisis polinomial ortogonal menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan secara nyata antara waktu penyulingan dan rendemen serta sifat fisiko kimia minyak damar mata kucing, kecuali indek biasnya, yang persamaannya adalah sebagai berikut:Rendemen Y = - 0,5771 X2 + 3,4794 X + 0,7567 : R2 = 0,8607Berat Jenis Y = - 0,0286 X4 - 0,1727 X3 + 0,3636 X2 - 0,2921 X + 0,9847 : R2 = 0,8527Putaran optik Y = -3,8643 X2+ 19,594 X - 14,884 : R2 = 0,9601Bilanagn asam Y = -5,1822 X4 + 30,04 X3 - 58,064 X2 + 45,73 X - 7,6033 : R2 = 0,9789Bilangan penyabunan Y = 22,16000 X3 - 46,90889 X2 + 40,07000 X + 25,58000 : R2 = 0,9662Bilangan ester Y = + 9,9222 X4 - 62,34 X3 + 135,73 X2 - 112,66 X + 34,09 : R2 = 0,9855Peningkatan waktu penyulingan cenderung merubah wama minyak damar dari coklat muda ke arah coklat tua dan cenderung pula meningkatkan rendemen, berat jenis, indek bias, putaran optik, bilangan asam, bilangan penyabunan dan bilangan ester minyak damar yang dihasilkan. Waktu penyulingan untuk menghasilkan rendemen minyak optimum adalah 3 jam, sekitar 6%.

KUANTIFIKASI BEBERAPA PARAMETER KUALITAS GAHARU Bambang Wiyono; Neni Sumarliani; Umi Kulsum; Evi Kusmiyati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 19, No 3 (2001): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

The draft of Indonesia National Standard for garro wood quality has a limitation where parameters used to determine the quality are still qualitative. This has caused a difficulty in assessing the quality of garro wood with different assessor. One effort to reduce this weakness is to quantify some parameters in this draft. In accordance with this, the objective of this research is to improve the draft of Indonesian National Standard for garro wood quality, so the assessment could be carried out quantitatively. The results indicated that fragrant dammar content could be quantified with resin content; weight could be quantified with specific gravity and color could be measured with chroma meter. Further analysis on the parameters showed that there were positive correlation between the quality and these examined parameters, where the increase in the garro wood quality correlated with the increase in the resin content, specific gravity and color value. This proposed draft which seems to have improvement in assessing the quality of garro wood objectively can therefore be suggested for its implementation in reducing human subjectivity.

SIFAT-SIFAT KOPAL MANILA DARI PEKALONGAN TIMUR DAN BANYUMAS BARAT Yacob Ando; Bambang Wiyono
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 5, No 6 (1988): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Manila copal is a natural rosin obtained by tapping Agathis trees. The resin is generally collected every other two weeks. In trade copal is known of three kinds namely: Caurry, Congo, and Manila Copal. Indonesian copal includes manila copal; is divided into four groups, among others: bua, loba, melengket, and pontianak copal.The moisture content of manila copal from East Pekalongan and West Banyumas was 1.74% and 1.85%; the colour, based on the LPHH standard ranked 3 and 2; impurities 2.47% and 2.49%; softening point 81°C and 92°C.; ash content 0.04% and 0.08%; acid number 118.93 and 139.71; saponification number 337.67 and 392.98; and iod number 36.5 and 42.98, repectively.Manila copal from East Pekalongan and West Banyumas appeared to have good quality and belongs to the first qualify based on the Indonesian Standard. Manila copal from West Banyumas has a higher resin acid content then that from East Pekalongan.

PENGARUH PERLAKUAN PENDAHULUAN BIJI KEMIRI TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN SIFAT MINYAKNYA (Pretreatment effects of candle nut seedoil on oil yiled and its properties) Bambang Wiyono; Poedji Hastoeti
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 11, No 5 (1993): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

The purpose of this research is to study the pretreatment effects of candle nut seed oil on oil yield and its properties. Pretreatments consisted of dry-frying steaming and unpretreatment. The dry-frying was carried out at 100°C for 15 minutes, and steaming was carried out for 30 minutes at the same temperature. Each pretreatment was pressed at 110 kg/cm2 and the difference between means were tested with the LSD procedure.The results showed that pretreatment gave a highly significant effect on oil yield, specific gravity, saponification number and unsaponifiable matter. It also provided a significant effect on acid number and acid content caloulated as oleic acid. The dry-frying produced the highest of oil yield, a higher specific gravity, and a lower acid number, acid content and unsaponifiable matter based on the oil yield, specific gravity and acid number, the dry-frying method is the best pretreatment compared to the others.

ANALISIS KOMPONEN KIMIA MINYAK KAYU CENDANA DENGAN KROMATOGRAFI GAS Abdul Hakim Lukman; Bambang Wiyono
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 5, No 7 (1988): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

The purpose of this research is to identify chemical components of sandalwood oil by using the gas chromatography method. This sandalwood oil was obtained by steam and water distillation for 18, 24, and 30 hours distilling times. The condition of the gas chromatography employed was adjusted to : injector temperature 200° C. detector temperature 0° C, initial column temperature 140° C, final temperature column 200° C, speed temperature column 5° C/min, with nitrogen gas as carrier, and the using the flame ionization detector system. The identification of the peak components was done by comparing the relative retention time of the peak component with the peak retention time chemical solution standard. The peak area of each components was calculated by normalization method.The results indicated that chemical components of sandalwood oil, which was produced by the steam and water distillation for 18, 24, and 30 hours, include 0.0391, 0.0271, and 0.0313 % of α-pinene; 0.0065, 0.0034, and 0.0027 % of limonene; 0.9147, 0.7799, and 1.0393 % of α-santalene; 2.4375,1.9802, and 2.3474 % of terpineol 4; 1.2184, 0.7922, and 0. 7921 % of β-santalene; 5. 7263, 3.8800, and 3.9335 % of nerolidol; 48.0481, 51.1802. and 50.3507 % of β-santalol; 22.4367, 24.7127, and 24,2864 % of (arnesol, Unidentified component in each distilling time were 19.1727,15.6443, and 17.2166 %. respectively. The β -santalol component occupies the mayor component of sandalwood oil. The amount of this component at each treating condition was 48.0481 % for 18 hours; 51.1802 % for 24 hours; and 50.3507 % for 30 hours. Terpineol-4, nerolidol, β-santalol. and farnesol components constitute the sandalwood oil and is usually calculated as the total santalol.

PENGOLAHAN LEMAK TENGKAWANG DENGAN CARA PENGEMPAAN HIDRAULIK Bambang Wiyono
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 13, No 6 (1995): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Observations in this research were conducted in the IIIipe fat industry and in the laboratory. The observation in the fat industry was to get a clear discription of the fat processing of IIIipe nut, whilts in the laboratory was to study the extraction process of IIIipe fat with a hydraulic pressing technique. The pressure were conducted at several pressing levels: 25, 50, and 75 kg/cm2, at a pressing temperature of 50-60 oC for 20 minutes respectively.To produce IIIipe fats, the industry applies a combination technique of hydraulic pressure and hexane extraction. The yield of fat with this combination technique is around 40-50 %. However, the results of experiment in the laboratory showed that at an 50 kg/cm2 pressure produced yield of fat with a high quality indicated by the highest value of iodine number.

PENGARUH PELARUT ORGANIK DAN WAKTU PERKOLASI TERHADAP SIFAT OLEORESIN KULIT KAYU MANIS Bambang Wiyono
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 8, No 6 (1991): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Tfl'is paper is to 1tudy the effect of organicsolvents and percolation time on oleoresinproperties of COllBia veru bark. The organic solvents used during the percolation process to extract the oleoreain consist of ethanol and acetone. Each extraction required percolation time, consecutively 2, 3, and 4 hou'f'fl. The temperature of each procea was milintained at 40° C. The experiment was conducted u1ing the factorial design, and the trend effect. of percolation time was 011Bea sed by using polynomial orthogonal analysis.The • results indicated that the eaential oil and cinnamaldehyde contents extracted with ethano,l aolvent were both significantly higher than those using acetone solvent. The polynomial orthogonal analysis revealed that the incieasing percolation time was linearly correlated with an increase in oleoresin yield and tiie essential oil contents. As for the ethanol the increaaein percolation time tent to decrease the cinnamaldehyde only. After the percolation proceBB, only the ethanol after solvent could be recovered by the redistillation proeese; •

PENGARUH JENIS PELARUT DAN KUALITAS DAMAR TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA DAMAR YANG DIMURNIKAN Bambang Wiyono; Toga Silitonga
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 19, No 2 (2001): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis pelarut dan kualitas damar terhadap rendemen dan sifat fisiko-kimia damar yang dimurnikan, sedangkan sasarannya adalah untuk mencari pelarut organik yang dapat digunakan untuk memurnikan damar mata kucing dengan tetap memperhatikan kualitas damar yang dihasilkan.Berbagai kualitas damar mata kucing dimurnikan dengan menggunakan pelarut organik, kemudian dianalisis sifat fisiko-kimianya. Pengaruh jenis pelarut dan kualitas damar terhadap rendemen dan sifat fisiko-kimia damar yang dimurnikan dianalisis dengan rancangan faktorial A X B dengan 2 kali ulangan. Faktor perlakuan A merupakan jenis pelarut yang terdiri dari benzena, toluena dan tanpa perlakuan, sedangkan faktor B adalah kualitas damar mata kucing yang terdiri dari kualitas A, B, C, D dan kualitas E. Perbedaan nilai rataan antar perlakuan dianalisis dengan metode Duncan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis pelarut organik dan kualitas damar mata kucing berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap bilangan asant, bilangan iod, kadar abu dan kadar bahan tak larut dalam toluena, dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap bilangan penyabunan damar yang telah dimurnikan. Pemurnian damar mata kucing dengan menggunakan pelarut benzena menghasilkan sifat fisiko-kimia yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pelarut toluena. Berdasarkan persyaratan bilangan asam dan kadar bahan tak larut dalam toluena menurut SNI, pemurnian damar dengan pelarut organik mampu menaikkan kualitasnya. Kualitas damar mata kucing dari kualitas E menjadi damar kualitas D, sedangkan damar kualitas C dan B meningkat kualitasnya menjadi damar kualitas A. Pemurnian damar dengan pelarut organik dapat meningkatkan kualitasnya dan damar dapat dibentuk sesuai dengan kebutuhan yang memudahkan dalam pengiriman ke luar negeri.

PENGARUH TANIN-FORMALDEHIDA TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK DAN KETAHANAN TARIK PAPAN SERAT YANG DIBUAT DENGAN PROSES BASAH Bambang Wiyono
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 5, No 5 (1988): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Condensed-tannin from bark of Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese, can react with formaldehyde in alkali or acid condition to form tannin-formaldehyde. The reaction product is assumed to be an excellent sizing material for fiberboard manufactures. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of tannin-formaldehyde sizing on moisture content, density, thickness, water absorption, thickness swelling, and tensile strength parallel to surface of fiber board properties. The amount of tannin-formaldehyde added to pulp consisting of 0,3,6, 9 and 1.2 percent based on oven dry pulp. Results indicate that the addition of tannin-formaldehyde during the fiberboard making process has a highly significant effect on reducing water absorption and thickness swelling. Similarly, the tensile strength parallel to surface of fiberboard was significantly improved by adding tannin-formaldehyde. Overall improvement of fiberboard properties could be achieved by adding 12 percent of the sizing agent to the stock.

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