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SIFAT DESTILAT HASIL DESTILASI KERING 4 JENIS KAYU DAN KEMUNGKINAN PEMANFAATANNYA SEBAGAI PESTISIDA Tjutju Nurhayati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 17, No 3 (2000): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2000.17.3.160-168

Destilat kayu jati, bakau, karet dan tusam yang dihasilkan dari destilasi kering diasumsikan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pestisida. Pendekatan pemanfaatannya berdasarkan komponen kimia destilat yang mengandung senyawaan phenol, asam asetat, etanol, dan lain-lain. Sifat destilat yang diteliti meliputi analisa kimia-fisika dan biologis terhadap beberapa jenis hama dan penyakit tanaman.Hasil penelitian destilasi kering menunjukkan bahwa kadar destilat tertinggi (98,60%) terdapat kayu karet dan yang terendah (59,33%) pada kayu bakau. Kadar phenol tertinggi (37,24%) pada destilat tusam, kadar asam asetatnya (6,33%) pada bakau dan kadar alkohol tertinggi (2,94%) pada destilat jati. Sifat lainnya meliputi pH berkisar antara 2,71-3,03; berat jenis berkisar antara 1,0021-1,034 g/cm3dan warna transmisi berkisar antara 60,97-83,17%.Semua destilat tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap mortalitas serangga (Sitophilus sp.). kumbang (Lophobaris piperis), ulat (Doleshallia polibete) dan keong mas (Pomacea canacilulata). Pengujian ini dilakukan pada setiap jenis destilat dengan menggunakan "dipping method". Akan tetapi terhadap bakteri (Pseudomonas solanacearum) yang diuji dengan menggunakan metoda biakan media menunjukkan bahwa semua jenis destilat mampu menghambat pertumbuhannya dimana destilat tusam adalah yang terbaik oleh karena pada konsentrasi 1% masih efektif menghambat pertumbuhan.. Demikian pula semua destilat yang juga menggunakan cam biakan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jamur (Scieritium rolfsii) akan tetapi destilat bakau adalah yang lebih batk oleh karena masih efektif menghambat pertumbuhan jamur pada konsentrasi 0,1%.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI MINALIT DAN JENIS KAYU TERHADAP SIFAT RETENSI DAN KETAHANAN API (The effect of minalits concentrstion and wood species on retention and fire resistance properties) Tjutju Nurhayati; Suprapto Suprapto
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 11, No 6 (1993): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.1993.11.6.217-221

The aim of this experiment is to investigate the use of minalith as fire retardant which is able to reach the higher grade of fire resistance for karet (hevea brasilliensis), meranti merah (shore asp.) and tusam wood (pinus merkusii). The minalith protection on wood was done at 15%, 19% and 23% concentrations by hot soaking at 60-70°C for 6 hours, followed by cold soaking at room temperature for 5 days periods. The characteristics tested were retention, heat release, smoke density and temperature deviation.The result showed that the highest retention was obtained from meranti merah (41.0 – 59.9 kg/m3) and the lowest one was from tusam (37,0 – 47.2 kg/m3). Higher concentration on each wood species produces higher retention. In terms of smoke density and temperature deviation, the difference was very significant between non-protected wood. Heat release of protected tusam was the best (4 - 139°C minute). At 19% and 23% minalith concentrations, tusam showed the quality on fairly combustible while other protected wood were on fire retarding and fairly retarding classification. The highest fire resistance properties was shown by tusam at the 23% minalith concentration.

HASIL DESTILASI KERING DAN NILAI KALOR 15 JENIS KAYU Tjutju Nurhayati; Dadang Setiawan; Mahpudin Mahpudin
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 15, No 4 (1997): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.1997.15.4.291-298

Dalam tulisan dikemukakan hasil destilasi kering dari 15 jenis kayu berasal dari Jawa Barat dan Aceh dengan menggunakan retor listrik pada suhu sekitar 500"C selama 4-5 jam. Berat jenis kayu yang diteliti masing-masing berkisar antara 0,45 - 0,61 dan 0,26 - 0,88; nilai kalor antara 4337 - 4510 cal/g dan 4213 - 4479 cal/g.Hasil destilasi kering memperlihatkan bahwa rendemen arang asal Jawa Barat dan Aceh masing-masing berkisar antara 28,89 - 33,05% dan 28.23 - 33,66%; ter berkisar antara 5,65 - 12,52 % dan 0,86 - 12,25%; destilat antara 60,32 - 106,47% dan 10,58 - 83,86%; serta gas antara 27, 76 -53,18 dan 29,35 - 55,62%.Sifat fisis-kimia arang menunjukkan kisaran nilai kalor antara 6928 - 7357 cal/g. kadar abuantara 0,96 - 2,56%, zat terbang antara 18,06 - 21,98% dan kadar karbon terikat antara 76,25 -80, 72%. Sifat ini memberikan petunjuk bahwa semua arang hasil penelitian adalah baik untukdigunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk arang aktif serta bahan bakar dan pereduksi pada industripeleburan bijih besi.Jenis kayu yang menghasilkan rendemen arang, tar, destilat dan gas yang tinggi antara lain kisereh, meranti merah, merawan, anglau, bentol, bayut. Kayu tersebut disarankan sebagai bahan baku yang baik untuk destilasi kering.

KAJIAN KETERSEDIAAN KAYU BAKAR PADA PENGRAJIN GULA MERAH Tjutju Nurhayati; Wesman Endom; Dadan Dadan
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 20, No 4 (2002): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2002.20.4.271-284

A survey pertaining to the topic as such has been conducted in three particular locations, where the sugar industries that consume fuel wood were situated, i.e. Jasinga (West Java), Gombong (East Java). and Karangasem (Bali). The inherent data were collected using the cluster-plot method to figure out the potential of available firewood in the community land. The main data covered the amount of organic foliage debris (i.e. twigs, small branches, etc.) which fall off the tree stands naturally, the potential volume of stands, and their regeneration rate to provide a reserve fuel wood which can be available whenever ii is needed. Meanwhile, the supplementary data were the firewood consumption, cooking stove efficiency, palm-sugar production, and palm-sugar yield and qualities, which in all were obtained through a trial observation in the field.The results revealed that the availabilities of foliage debris (biomass wastes) that fell-off to thetree base (ground) and of firewood from the branch-free portions of the upper tree stands, in percentage of the amount required by the industries, were consecutively 0.20- and 0.61-%ha (Karangasem), 0.02- and 0.63-%/ha (Gombong), and 4. 78- and 1. 17-%/ha (Jasinga). With respect to the area, Karang asam and Jasinga showed adequate availability of biomass wastes, but lack of firewood occurred in Gombong since the available stock was only around 70 %. Such high consumption of firewood was due to the fact that there were about 7160 palm-sugar industries in Gombong, while in Karangasem and Jasinga were only 550 and 65 industries. respectively.The highest consumption offirewood-derived energy was in Jasinga (219.33 GJ/m3), followed in decreasing order, i.e. 198.00 GJ/m3 in Gombong and l44.44 GJ/m3(as the lowest) in Karangasem. The high-energy consumption in Jasinga was brought about by the use of low-efficiency stove (i.e. 15. 07 %). Meanwhile, the efficiencies of the ones in Combong and Karangasem were significantly higher, i.e. 18. 62 and 30.12 percent, respectively. The consumptions of firewood per household per year in such three locations were 2100 kg (Karangasem), 3924 kg (Gombong). and Jasinga (3456 kg).The highest yield (recovery) of palm sugar was obtained from the cooking of arenga juice (55.56%), while the lowest from palm juice (8. 77 %). About the qualities, based on the results of chemical analysis which covered the carbohydrate, water, ash, P. Ca, and Fe, and calorific values, the palm sugar from lontar juice was regarded as the best.followed by the ones from palm and arenga juices. One way to cope with the continual consumption of firewood was through the planting of tree species which are able to produce high-energy firewood and take short-rotation growth periods, such as kaliandra, lamtoro, and sengon. As such, the minimum area of the planting sites, as an example.for lamtoro should be 178 ha (in Karangasem), 4494 ha (Gombong), and 37 ha (Jasinga).

ANALISIS TEKNIS DAN EKONOMIS PRODUKSI ARANG AKTIF INDUSTRI PEDESAAN Tjutju Nurhayati; Saepuloh Saepuloh; Sylviani Sylviani
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 20, No 5 (2002): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

The objectives of this trial was to produce activated charcoal from 5 raw material species which are abundantly potential. The production was conducted in an experimentally designed kiln, expectedly appropriate as a manufacturing prototype of activated charcoal for the inherent endeavors or small-scale village industries, which would be feasible technically, economically, and environmentally. The parameters related to the technical analysis covered the manufacture of charcoal from three wood species (bakau, mangium, and tusam) and coconut shell; analysis on raw material for such charcoal and on the mixed charcoal from the market; activation process using water vapor and air at consecutively 0.25 bar and 4-5 atmospheric pressures, with the temperature as high as 705-805°C; and analysis on iod number for the quality of activated charcoal. For economic evaluation, the inherent parameters covered production cost, activated charcoal price, and other related aspects. For the comparative assessments were used activated charcoals from sawdust and coconut shell from industry. The results are as follows:The yields of resulting activated charcoal were varying, i.e 77% from mangrove charcoal as the highest, followed in decreasing order at 73% from coconut shell charcoal, 66% from both mangium and mixed charcoal, until 58% from tusam charcoal as the lowest. lod number of activated charcoal ranged between 472-722 mg/g, with the one from coconut shell charcoal as the highest and the mangrove charcoal as the lowest. The increase of iod number in coconut shell activated charcoal was the highest with six times higher in comparison to the one in its regular charcoal, followed in decreasing order by those mixed charcoal, tusam charcoal. until mangrove charcoal as well as mangium charcoal as the lowest ( i.e consecutively 3.98 times, 3.39 times and 2.45 limes).Compared to the Indonesian requirement standard for activated charcoal, such production trial of activated charcoal seemed to be insatis factory. This is caused by overall iod numbers which were still below 750 mg/g. However, the iod number in activated charcoal from coconut shell in this trial was still higher than the one in the corresponding activated charcoal produced commercial industries (i.e 722 mg/g). Meanwhile, the iod number in activated charcoal from mixed charcoal (654 mg/g) was lower, but still higher than those from tusam and mangium.The retort for the production trial activated charcoal was constructed of stainless steel reactor with 120 liter volumetric capacity and capable of producing 10 kg per day, using regular charcoal as raw material and firewood as a fuel. This retort was designed as a prototype model for the production of activated charcoal for small-scale industries. The method of production expectedly will not bring about enviromental impacts, since the generated vapour/gas during the activation was immediately incinerated in the fuelwood fire pol.The analysis revealed that the production using coconut shell charcoal as raw material in the retort with design capacity of 250 kg per month and 5 years technical life could be sold at Rp 6,000.- per kg of activated charcoal and therefore could bring in some net benefit at 5.5%. Activated charcoal production using mixed wood charcoal did not give significant any benefit. The benefit of activated charcoal production using coconut shell in that period would be even higher.

PEMBUATAN KOMPOS DAUN Acacia mangium DENGAN CARA FERMENTASI TERMOFILIK MANUAL Tjutju Nurhayati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 15, No 3 (1997): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Pembusukan daun mangium (Acacia mangium) secara alami memerlukan waktu lama dan pada musim kering akan mudah terbakar bila ada percikan api, oleh karena nilai kalor daun relatif tinggi (5024 cal/g) dan titik nyala sekitar 179-189"C. Potensi daun relative banyak dan ini berasal dari daun gugur dan dari sisa penebangan.Pembuatan kompos daun mengium cara cepat dapat dilakukan dengan cara manual termofilik fermentasi (MTF) yang perangkatnya berasal dari rancang bangun Solid State Fermentation (SSF) dengan beberapa kali uji pendahuluan. Perubahan dari SSF ke MTF pada penungas air menjadi mantel air yang mengelilingi fermentor, pasokan energi suhu termofilik dari listrik ke minyak tanah atau biomasa, skala fermentasi lebih besar dan lain-lain.Proses fermentasi 32 kg daun dicampur dengan 6,5 kg kotoran sapi dan 18 L air pada pH6,8 berlangsung selama 24 hari pada suhu fermentor 45-50 oC dan suhu mantel air berkisar antara 42-68 oC. Energi selama proses fermentasi dibutuhkan 1308 MJ berasal dari 40 L minyak tanah.Kompos daun yang dihasilkan sebanyak 43,5 kg pada kadar air 51,36%, pH 6,8 dan nisbahCN 16,46. Kandungan unsur hara kompos yang dianalisis terdiri dari kadar N, P, K, Ca. Mg,S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn dan C-organik. Beberapa jenis unsur diantaranya menunjukkan kadar yang lebih tinggi dari hara daun sebelum di fermentasi.

BIODEGRADASI KOMPONEN KIMIA PADA LIMBAH LIGNOSELU- LOSA OLEH JAMUR PERUSAK KAYU (Biodegradation of wood chemical components in lignocellulosic wastes by whiterot fungi) Sri Komarayati; TjuTju Nurhayati; Gusmailina Gusmailina
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 11, No 2 (1993): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

This paper reports the result of an experiment on the treatment of different forestry wastes, i.e., the sawdust of Hevea brasiliensis Pinus merkusii, Paraserianthes falcataria and the leaves of melaleuca leucodendron with Schizophyllum commune Fr for 7 weeks.The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of white-rot fungi inoculation to the decrease of chemical components like cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose.the results reveal that after treating for 7 weeks, sengon sawdust still has a very .high cellullose content of 22.55% in rubber tree sawdust, lignin and hemicellulose contents are 32.66% and 47.39%, respectively.After decreasing chemical components. Lignocellulose waste could be fermented by solid state fermentation for biogas.

MEMPELAJARI PENGGUNAAN TUNGKU LIMBAH KAYU SENGON (Parasaerianthes falcataria) UNTUK PENGERINGAN PAPANNYA Tjutju Nurhayati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 9, No 4 (1991): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

The sengon wood waste fired stove was installed, to supily energy into certain length of circulating duct of the dryirlg chamber. The utilization of wet slabs (moisture content 163.3 percent) in a wood stove produced drying air tempe- rature in the chamber at 30ᵒC. When jointing board waste (moisture content 12.16 percent) was used to fire the stoue the drying temperature of 70°.C was achiued.The efficiency of the wood waste fired stoue was 39.46 percent, calculated on the basis of the energy produced by sengon wood waste burned, and the energy consumed by the drying wood i.e 3.641 and 1.397 GJ.

PEMBUATAN ARANG 4 JENIS BAMBU DENGAN CARA TIMBUN Tjutju Nurhayati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 6, No 8 (1990): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

A study on charcoal manufacture using pit method was carried out 4 bamboo species from West Java, namely andong (Gigantochloa verticillata Munro), ater (Gigantochloa ater Kurz), bitung (Dendrocalamus asper Back) and tali (Giganiochloa apus Kurz). The charcoal produced which was completed after 2 days, were then subjected to chemical analysis. The analysis consist of specific gravity, moisture content, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon. In addition to the aboue test, the charcoal of each species were tested in blacksmith which manufacture chopping knife.The result shows that out of the 4 bamboo species tested, ater seems to be the best with regard to charcoal yield, chemical properties and application in blacksmith work.

PENGARUH LAJU AIR UMPAN DAN UDARA PADA GASIFIKASI FLUIDIZED BED LIMBAH KAYU KAMPER (DRYOBALANOPS SPP) Tjutju Nurhayati; Hartoyo Hartoyo
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 10, No 1 (1992): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

This research studied the fluizided bed gasification process of wood waste that could produce highly yield and good quality of fuel gas.The processing treatments were conducted at 3 levels of wood feed flow rate i.e 3. 6., 3.8 and 4.2 kgs/hour and 5 leveis of air flow rate i.e 4.4, 4.7, 5.0,5.4 and 6.5 m3/hour.The result revaled that highest caloriffic value of produced gas was 7.106 MJ/m3 which resulted from wood feed and air flow rate 3. 6 kg/hour and 4. 4 m3 /hour, respectively. The product gas composition of this rate was H2 = 5. 62 .CH = 3.99; CO= 11.77; C2H4 = 4.34; C2H6 = 0.21; N2 = 57.69; 02 = 0.40 and C02 = 15. 71 (in % volume)The highest total energy of product gas was 20.36 MJ/m3 with fuel gas efficiency 26.16% which resulted from feed and air flow rote 4.2 kg/hour and 6.5 m3/hour, respectively. The product gas composition at this rate was H2 = 6.03; CH4 = 3.51; CO= 12.60; C2H4 = 2.46; C2H6 = 0.16; N2 = 57.23; 02 = 0.45 and C02 = 17.58, while the fluidued bed gasification process was held at 97oᵒC.

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