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Imunitas Tubuh terhadap Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Rachmawaty, Farida Juliantina; Rosita, Linda
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 2, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

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Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been an important health prob-lem recently. The impact of the infection on the fetus i.e. physical disability and mental retardation will decrease the quality of life. Hence, this will influ¬ence the quality of the next generation, as well as becoming a burden of the family and the community. The expensive cost for its laboratorium examamination and therapy has caused some problems. It is therefore, it is important to understand the body immunity toward this viral infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) constitutes Herpesviridae family group. This virus has spread around the world, although its replication develops slowly. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) does not stand high temperature and its reservoar is only human. The transmission of this virus needs frequent contacts and inti¬mate relationship with the infected person. A healthy person with good immu¬nity condition is not easily infected by CMV. However, it needs special atten¬tion on susceptible groups i.e. pregnant women with the fetuses they are carrying; and children, as well as humans with bad immunity or who receive organ tranplantation. This infection rarely becomes mononucleosis syndrom. The diagnostic pro-cedure for adult patients are more frequently based on serologic examinations rather than the clinical conditions. The therapy for the CMV infection patient with intra venous Ganciclovir shows good result. Other recommended thera-pies are intra venous Foscarnet and Cidovir, however, they need caution due to their high side effects.Infeksi Cytomegalovirus (CMV) merupakan masalah penting akhir-akhir ini. Dampak yang ditimbulkan pada janin yang terinfeksi berupa kecacatan fisik dan retardasi mental akan menurunkan kualitas hidupnya. Hal ini akan berpengaruh pula terhadap generasi penerus, serta menjadi beban keluarga dan masyarakat. Mahalnya pemeriksaan laboratorium dan pengobatan menimbulkan masalah tersendiri. Dengan demikian perlu diketahui imunitas tubuh terhadap virus ini. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) merupakan kelompok virus dari famili Herpesviridae. Virus ini tersebar di seluruh dunia, namun replikasinya berkembang dengan lambat. CMV tidak tahan terhadap pemanasan dan satu-satunya reservoar adalah manusia. Perlu kontak yang berulang-ulang dan hubungan yang erat dengan penderita untuk dapat tertular virus ini. Pada orang sehat dengan kondisi imunitas yang bagus tidak mudah terinfeksi CMV. Diperlukan perhatian khusus pada kelompok-kelompok yang rentan, yaitu ibu hamil dengan janin yang dikandungnya dan anak-anak, demikian pula pada individu yang jelas-jelas diketahui terjadi penurunan imunitas atau mendapat tranplantasi organ. Infeksi CMV jarang menjadi sindrom mononukleosis. Diagnosis pada orang dewasa lebih banyak ditegakkan berdasar pemeriksaan serologis daripada gejala klinik. Terapi pada penderita dengan Ganciclovir intra vena menunjukkan hasil yang baik. Terapi lain yang dapat direkomendasi adalah Foscamet dan Cidovir intra vena, namun perlu hati-hati karena efek samping yang tinggi.
Optimasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Rachmawaty, Farida Juliantina; Akhmad, Masyhananda Mahardika; Pranacipta, Sheila Hikmah; Nabila, Zulfa; Muhammad, Afivudien
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 18, No 1: January 2018
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mm.180109

Abstract

Ekstrak etanol daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Sesuai namanya, bagian bawah daun sirih merah (P. crocatum) berwarna merah sedangkan bagian atas berwarna hijau dengan corak keperakan, namun ternyata daun sirih merah dapat mengalami perubahan warna pada kondisi tertentu. Warna daun dapat berubah menjadi hijau semua (tidak ada warna merah dan corak keperakan). Di sisi lain aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak akan berfungsi efektif apabila pelarut yang digunakan tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  ekstrak daun yang lebih efektif antara yang berwarna merah dan berwarna hijau. Tujuan berikutnya untuk mengetahui pelarut yang lebih efektif antara dimetil sulfoxid (DMSO) 10%, Tween 80 1% dan aquades. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dilusi serial untuk mengetahui Kadar Hambat Minimal (KHM) dan Kadar Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ekstrak etanol daun P. crocatum terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada ekstrak daun berwarna berbeda dan pelarut yang berbeda. Konsentrasi yang digunakan yaitu 50%; 25%; 12,5%; 6,25%; 3,13%; 1,56% dan 0,78%. Hasil yang diperoleh KHM dan KBM daun warna merah 12,5% sedang untuk daun warna hijau 12,5% dan 50%. Sedangkan untuk pelarut ekstrak, DMSO dapat lebih banyak membunuh bakteri dibanding yang lain. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun P. crocatum warna merah lebih baik dibanding yang berwarna hijau. Untuk pengujian pelarut, ekstrak dengan pelarut DMSO 10%, lebih efektif dari pada Tween 80 1% dan aquades. 
PENGHAMBATAN QUORUM SENSING SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF TERAPI PENYAKIT INFEKSI YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH BAKTERI Shofyatul Yumna Triana; Farida Juliantina Rachmawati
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Vol. 2 No. 1 (2005)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

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Abstract

ABSTRACTThe latest discoveries in the field of microbiology have proved that bacteria communicate eachother. The process of cell to cell communication is called quorum sensing. Quorum sensing wasfirst discovered in two luminous bacteria called Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fischeri. These bacteriaemit light in response to increase in cell population density. Density-dependent light production isaccomplished trough the release and detection of hormone-like molecules called autoinducers thataccumulate in the environment as the bacterial density increases. Quorum sensing is believed toregulate competence in development, sporulation, virulence factor induction, sporulation andnutrient flux along with other events in pathogenic bacterial infections. Recently, many scientisthave been doing research in the field of quorum sensing. If the signaling systems among thebacteria were able to be blocked, the dangerous effects from bacteria then possibly be prevented.In other word, if the quorum sensing mechanism were stopped, the disease can be prevented oreven cured instead of antibiotics use.Keyword : bacterial infection – quorum sensing - inhibiton
Aktivitas antibakteri metabolit sekunder lalat rumah Musca domestica terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Sang Sanggita Surya; Farida Juliantina Rachmawaty
Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala Vol 20, No 3 (2020): Volume 20 Nomor 3 Desember 2020
Publisher : Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jks.v20i3.18377

Abstract

Abstrak. Lalat merupakan serangga yang dapat membawa berbagai bakteri, salah satunya Staphylococcus aureus. Bakteri tersebut dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia. Hadits Nabi Muhammad s.a.w disebutkan bahwa lalat memiliki penyakit pada satu sisi sayapnya dan penawar pada sisi sayap yang lain. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mengetahui gambaran hadits tersebut dan peran metabolit sekunder lalat rumah terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri metabolit sekunder lalat rumah terhadap Staphylococcus aureus serta mengetahui konsentrasi bakteri yang dapat dihambat oleh metabolit sekunder tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan menguji aktivitas antibakteri metabolit sekunder lalat rumah yang diambil pada menit ke-20 terhadap Staphylococcus aureus yang terbagi menjadi 6 konsentrasi yaitu 101 CFU/ml hingga 106 CFU/ml. Hasil dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan membandingkan pertumbuhan bakteri pada uji metabolit sekunder dengan kontrol. Hasil pengujian didapatkan terdapat hambatan pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus pada uji metabolit sekunder lalat rumah dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Konsentrasi yang dapat dihambat sepenuhnya adalah 101 CFU/ml, sedangkan konsentrasi 102 CFU/ml hingga 106 CFU/ml dihambat sebagian. Namun hasil yang diperoleh belum konsisten. Metabolit sekunder lalat rumah memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus yaitu ditunjukkan oleh hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri pada semua konsentrasi yang diuji Kata Kunci: Aktivitas Antibakteri, Metabolit           Sekunder, Musca   domestica, Staphylococcus aureus Abstract. Flies are insects carry a variety of bacteria, one of it is Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium cause disease in humans. However, in the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w, mentioned that a fly carries a disease on one side of its wings and an antidote on the other side. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be able to explain the relation with the meaning of the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. and to show the role of secondary metabolites of houseflies on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research is to determine the antibacterial activities of the housefly’s secondary metabolites towards Staphylococcus aureus and the concentration of bacteria that can be inhibited by these secondary metabolites. This research use experimental laboratory which tested the antibacterial activities of the housefly’s secondary metabolites taken in the 20th minute towards Staphylococcus aureus, was divided into six concentrations of 101 CFU/ml to 106 CFU/ml compared with controls. The results were analyzed descriptively by comparing bacterial growth in secondary metabolites test with bacterial growth in control. This research found there is Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibition in the test given secondary metabolites of house flies compared with controls. Concentrations of bacteria that can be inhibited entirely are 101 CFU/ml, while those that can be partially inhibited are at concentrations of 102 CFU/ml to 106 CFU/ml. But the results obtained have not consistent. Secondary metabolites of house flies have antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus. This is indicated by the inhibition of bacterial growth at all concentrations tested.Keywords: Antibacterial activity, secondary metabolites, Musca domestica, Staphylococcus aureus
Imunitas Tubuh terhadap Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Farida Juliantina Rachmawaty; Linda Rosita
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 2, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v2i2.1508

Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been an important health prob-lem recently. The impact of the infection on the fetus i.e. physical disability and mental retardation will decrease the quality of life. Hence, this will influ¬ence the quality of the next generation, as well as becoming a burden of the family and the community. The expensive cost for its laboratorium examamination and therapy has caused some problems. It is therefore, it is important to understand the body immunity toward this viral infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) constitutes Herpesviridae family group. This virus has spread around the world, although its replication develops slowly. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) does not stand high temperature and its reservoar is only human. The transmission of this virus needs frequent contacts and inti¬mate relationship with the infected person. A healthy person with good immu¬nity condition is not easily infected by CMV. However, it needs special atten¬tion on susceptible groups i.e. pregnant women with the fetuses they are carrying; and children, as well as humans with bad immunity or who receive organ tranplantation. This infection rarely becomes mononucleosis syndrom. The diagnostic pro-cedure for adult patients are more frequently based on serologic examinations rather than the clinical conditions. The therapy for the CMV infection patient with intra venous Ganciclovir shows good result. Other recommended thera-pies are intra venous Foscarnet and Cidovir, however, they need caution due to their high side effects.Infeksi Cytomegalovirus (CMV) merupakan masalah penting akhir-akhir ini. Dampak yang ditimbulkan pada janin yang terinfeksi berupa kecacatan fisik dan retardasi mental akan menurunkan kualitas hidupnya. Hal ini akan berpengaruh pula terhadap generasi penerus, serta menjadi beban keluarga dan masyarakat. Mahalnya pemeriksaan laboratorium dan pengobatan menimbulkan masalah tersendiri. Dengan demikian perlu diketahui imunitas tubuh terhadap virus ini. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) merupakan kelompok virus dari famili Herpesviridae. Virus ini tersebar di seluruh dunia, namun replikasinya berkembang dengan lambat. CMV tidak tahan terhadap pemanasan dan satu-satunya reservoar adalah manusia. Perlu kontak yang berulang-ulang dan hubungan yang erat dengan penderita untuk dapat tertular virus ini. Pada orang sehat dengan kondisi imunitas yang bagus tidak mudah terinfeksi CMV. Diperlukan perhatian khusus pada kelompok-kelompok yang rentan, yaitu ibu hamil dengan janin yang dikandungnya dan anak-anak, demikian pula pada individu yang jelas-jelas diketahui terjadi penurunan imunitas atau mendapat tranplantasi organ. Infeksi CMV jarang menjadi sindrom mononukleosis. Diagnosis pada orang dewasa lebih banyak ditegakkan berdasar pemeriksaan serologis daripada gejala klinik. Terapi pada penderita dengan Ganciclovir intra vena menunjukkan hasil yang baik. Terapi lain yang dapat direkomendasi adalah Foscamet dan Cidovir intra vena, namun perlu hati-hati karena efek samping yang tinggi.
Optimasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Farida Juliantina Rachmawaty; Masyhananda Mahardika Akhmad; Sheila Hikmah Pranacipta; Zulfa Nabila; Afivudien Muhammad
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 18, No 1 (2018): January
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mm.180109

Abstract

Ekstrak etanol daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Sesuai namanya, bagian bawah daun sirih merah (P. crocatum) berwarna merah sedangkan bagian atas berwarna hijau dengan corak keperakan, namun ternyata daun sirih merah dapat mengalami perubahan warna pada kondisi tertentu. Warna daun dapat berubah menjadi hijau semua (tidak ada warna merah dan corak keperakan). Di sisi lain aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak akan berfungsi efektif apabila pelarut yang digunakan tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  ekstrak daun yang lebih efektif antara yang berwarna merah dan berwarna hijau. Tujuan berikutnya untuk mengetahui pelarut yang lebih efektif antara dimetil sulfoxid (DMSO) 10%, Tween 80 1% dan aquades. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dilusi serial untuk mengetahui Kadar Hambat Minimal (KHM) dan Kadar Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ekstrak etanol daun P. crocatum terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada ekstrak daun berwarna berbeda dan pelarut yang berbeda. Konsentrasi yang digunakan yaitu 50%; 25%; 12,5%; 6,25%; 3,13%; 1,56% dan 0,78%. Hasil yang diperoleh KHM dan KBM daun warna merah 12,5% sedang untuk daun warna hijau 12,5% dan 50%. Sedangkan untuk pelarut ekstrak, DMSO dapat lebih banyak membunuh bakteri dibanding yang lain. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun P. crocatum warna merah lebih baik dibanding yang berwarna hijau. Untuk pengujian pelarut, ekstrak dengan pelarut DMSO 10%, lebih efektif dari pada Tween 80 1% dan aquades. 
Potensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) Sebagai Antimikrobakterium FARIDA JULIANTINA RACHMAWATY; BARMAWI HISYAM; MARSETYAWAN HNE SOESATYO; TRI WIBAWA
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA Vol 11 No 1 (2013): JIFI
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Pancasila

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Abstract

: The incidence of tuberculosis in Indonesia is high. There is a tendency for some people to use herbs for the treatment of tuberculosis. This research aims to investigate the potency of antimycobacterium property of red betel Vine (Piper crocatum) ethanolic extract against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The red betel vine leaf was extracted using standard ethanol solvent. The extract was tested on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H3 7Rv. The experiment was conducted by using serial dilution method with 50%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 12.5%, 10%, and 6.25% red betel vine ethanolic extract in Middlebrook 7H9 medium and subseqently inoculated into Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium. The result was analyzed descriptively by observing the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The experiment was repeated three times to obtain consistent result. There is no bacterial growth in LJ media at concentrations of 50%, 40%, 25%, 20%, 12.5%, and 10% of red betel vine ethanolic extract. The bacteria was able to grow only at the concentration of 6.25% red betel vine ethanolic extract. Thus the ethanolic extract of red betel vine (Piper crocatum) indicates an antimycobaterium activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The MBC is found at the concentration of 10%.
Standardization of leaf extract of red betel(Piper crocatum) leaves using ethanol Heni Sundari; M. Hatta Prabowo; Farida Juliantina Rachmawaty; Hady Anshory Tamhid
JKKI : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia JKKI, Vol 7, No 1, (2015)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/JKKI.Vol7.Iss1.art2

Abstract

Background: Red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is known empirically to have properties to cure various kinds of diseases. It contains flavonoids, alkaloids, polifenolat compounds, tannins and essential oil compounds. Standardization in the pharmacy is required to ensure the level of quality, fulfill the standard requirement of chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical, including the guarantee of stability as pharmaceutical products generally.Objective: To investigate the standard specific and non-specific parameters set by Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (FDSA) of ethanol leaf extract of red betel leaves.Methods: The study began with sample preparation, then extracted by maceration method to get the active compounds in the lumpy extract. Extract was analyzed with standard specific and non-specific parameters set by FDSA. Results were analyzed with descriptive analysis method.Results: The features of leaf extract of red betel vine leaves using are organolepticly viscous, dark green,and has a distinctive odor with a bitter spicy taste. The yield, water content, ash content, and specific gravity of extract were 14.8%, 0.353%, 0.16%, 0.729 respectively. Total mold contamination of extract satisfied the standard criteria that was below the limit of a maximum of 10 colonies/gram. Metal contamination of lead (Pb) was 1. 404 mg/kg and Cadmium (Cd) was 0. 223 mg/kg. Chromatographic profile of the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) red betel vine leaves ethanol extract contains compounds caryophyllene, germacrene-D and some other compounds with low similiaritas index, and has a marker compound which is suspected possibly trimethoxyallyl benzen.Conclusion : The ethanol extract of red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaves is an extract of the organolepticly viscous, dark green color, distinctive smell, bitter taste, and spicy. The ethanol extract of red betel vine leaves satisfies the standard level set by FDSA and has the marker compound which is expected likely Trimethoxyallyl benzen.
Potency of xanthone derivatives as antibacterial agent against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Isnatin Miladiyah; Farida Juliantina Rachmawaty
JKKI : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia JKKI, Vol 8, No 2, (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/JKKI.Vol8.Iss2.art8

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide and becoming a serious problem for the treatment of patients and also affecting their economy. One instance of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic is Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA infections are fatal and even deadly. Some MRSA strain has shown resistance towards currently available antibacterial agents. To overcome this, we need new compound alternatives. One of the compounds currently being developed is xanthone derivatives. Xanthones can be found in many kinds of plants, including Garcinia mangostana , in which the active compounds are mangostanin and ±-mangostin. Xanthones is effective against several types of Grampositive and Gram-negative bacterias, including Staphylococcus species. Some studies have shown that xanthone derivatives are effective against Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA. One of the proposed mechanisms of xanthone's antibacterial activity is the involvement of the bacteria's cytoplasmic membrane. Xanthone amphiphilic compounds are capable of disrupting bacterial membrane through a mechanism called interfacial activity models. Xanthone can also act as the antioxidant and by inducing the release of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from the cell wall of MRSA. LTA is the main constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, which are covalently bonded to the outside of peptidoglycan. This structure is important for cell division and bacterial osmotic protection. Thus, it is believed that the mechanism of action of xanthones involved damaging bacterial cell membrane.
Frekuensi dan Lama Menyusui terhadap Inisiasi Menstruasi Farida Juliantina Rachmawaty
Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat (BKM) Vol 19, No 1 (2003)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/bkm.3738

Abstract

Background: The use of contraceptive devices has been well accepted by Indonesian people as a mean for birth spacing. However, users commonly face side effects of the contraceptive devices.Objective: The purpose of this study was to know the association between frequency and the length of breastfeeding period on the initiation of postnatal menstruation. Methods: This study was a retrospective study with an analytical approach. The sub-jects were 96 mothers at Sinduadi village, who had child or children under 5 years old. Mothers who were using hormonal birth control at the time of the study were excluded. Statistical analysis was done by using Spearman correlation and Kruskal Wallis test. Results: In mothers who were less than 35 years old, there was a significant correla-tion between the frequency of lactation and the initiation of menstruation