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Sugata, Marcelia
Universitas Pelita Harapan
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Evaluation of Plantaricin Gene Expression in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strain SU-KC1a: [Evaluasi Ekspresi Gen Plantarisin pada Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strain SU-KC1a] Sugata, Marcelia; Sunardi, Jessica; Victor, Hans; Tan, Tjie Jan
FaST - Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi (Journal of Science and Technology) Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): MAY
Publisher : Universitas Pelita Harapan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19166/jstfast.v9i1.9595

Abstract

Lactobacillus species are normal gastrointestinal flora and are commonly used in the food industry for fermented milk products. Due to their probiotic properties, Lactobacillus strains are considered safe and effective for human consumption, with antimicrobial activity often attributed to bacteriocins. Lactobacillus plantarum (known as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) produces plantaricin, a ribosomally synthesized bacteriocin with activity against a range of pathogens and potential as a bio-preservative. In this study, L. plantarum SU-KC1a, isolated from human breast milk, was assessed for its antimicrobial activity through the production of plantaricin. Since plantaricin is typically produced at low concentrations, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed. PCR amplification of the plnJ and plnK genes resulted in amplicons of approximately 168 bp and 173 bp, respectively. These findings suggest that L. plantarum SU-KC1a produces plantaricin JK. However, further sequence analysis is required to confirm the homology of the amplified genes with known plantaricin J and K genes in GenBank. Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Spesies Lactobacillus adalah flora gastrointestinal normal dan sering digunakan dalam industri makanan untuk produk susu fermentasi. Karena sifat probiotiknya, strain Lactobacillus dianggap aman dan efektif untuk konsumsi manusia, dengan aktivitas antimikroba yang sering dikaitkan dengan bakteriosin. Lactobacillus plantarum (dikenal sebagai Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) menghasilkan plantarisin, sebuah bakteriosin yang disintesis ribosom dengan aktivitas melawan berbagai patogen dan berpotensi sebagai bio-preservatif. Dalam penelitian ini, L. plantarum SU-KC1a yang diisolasi dari ASI manusia dievaluasi aktivitas antimikrobanya melalui produksi plantarisin. Karena plantarisin biasanya diproduksi dalam konsentrasi rendah, dilakukan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Amplifikasi PCR dari gen plnJ dan plnK menghasilkan produk amplifikasi sekitar masing-masing 168 bp dan 173 bp. Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa L. plantarum SU-KC1a menghasilkan plantarisin JK. Namun, analisis urutan lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengonfirmasi kesamaan gen yang diamplifikasi dengan gen plantarisin J dan K yang diketahui di GenBank.
Aktivitas Antimikroba Bakteri Asam Laktat yang Diisolasi dari Susu Sapi di Indonesia Suphandi, Michell; Sugata, Marcelia; Tan, Tjie Jan
Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati Vol 8, No 2 (2023): June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24002/biota.v8i2.6554

Abstract

Bakteri asam laktat (BAL) diketahui memiliki potensi untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen. Pada penelitian ini, BAL yang diisolasi dari susu sapi di Indonesia diidentifikasi melalui pengamatan morfologi dan analisis molekuler. Pengamatan morfologi meliputi pewarnaan Gram dan endospora. Selanjutnya, identifikasi molekuler dilakukan dengan ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA menggunakan primer universal, sekuensing dan analisis BLAST. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dari cell free supernatant (CFS) yang dihasilkan isolat dilakukan dengan metode sumuran. Selain itu, dilakukan juga evaluasi terkait pengaruh suhu dan pH terhadap aktivitas antibakteri dari CFS. Berdasarkan pengamatan morfologi, isolat merupakan bakteri berbantuk batang, Gram positif, tidak menghasilkan endospora, dan tidak termasuk bakteri acid-fast. Hasil analisis 16S rRNA menunjukkan bahwa isolat memiliki kekerabatan yang erat dengan L. paracasei strain L1 (100%) dan L. casei strain WX121 (99,84%). Uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa isolat mampu menghambat pertumbuhan E. coli dan S. aureus. Aktivitas penghambatan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh pH, tetapi tidak oleh suhu. Aktivitas penghambatan terbaik ditunjukkan oleh CFS dengan pH yang sangat rendah (pH 3). Suhu tidak mempengaruhi aktivitas antibakteri karena senyawa antibakteri yang dihasilkan isolat kemungkinan besar tahan terhadap panas.
Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Lactobacillus Species dari Susu Kambing Peternakan Lokal Octaviana, Cindy; Watumbara, Medista Lisa; Sugata, Marcelia; Jo, Juandy
Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati Vol 8, No 3 (2023): October 2023
Publisher : Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24002/biota.v8i3.6718

Abstract

Mikrobiota susu kambing dapat mencakup bakteri asam laktat (BAL), khususnya Lactobacillus spp., yang berpotensi sebagai kandidat probiotik dan dapat dipergunakan dalam berbagai produk fermentasi. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan isolasi dan karakterisasi BAL, khususnya Lactobacillus spp., dari susu kambing yang berasal dari peternakan lokal. Pada awalnya, didapatkan 25 isolat BAL dari susu kambing lokal. Semua isolat dikarakterisasi sesuai Bergey’s Manual of Systematics Archaea and Bacteria, yang dimulai dengan pewarnaan Gram, endospora dan ketahanan asam. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji aktivitas biokimia (uji aktivitas katalase, uji aktivitas hemolitik, serta uji fermentasi karbohidrat) dan uji ketahanan isolat terhadap berbagai konsentrasi NaCl, pH dan suhu. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, isolat B4 dan B6 dipilih untuk diidentifikasi lebih lanjut. Kedua isolat menunjukkan kemiripan karakteristik dengan Lactobacillus spp., yaitu berbentuk basil atau kokobasil, Gram positif, tidak membentuk spora, tidak tahan asam, katalase negatif, tidak memfermentasi manitol, sensitif terhadap konsentrasi NaCl tinggi, serta tumbuh optimum pada pH 5.5-6.2 dan pada suhu 37-45°C. Identifikasi kedua isolat berdasarkan sekuens 16S rRNA menunjukkan bahwa isolat B4 adalah Lacticaseibacillus paracasei dan isolat B6 adalah Limosilactobacillus fermentum. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa susu kambing peternakan lokal dapat menjadi sumber alternatif untuk mendapatkan isolat Lactobacillus spp.
Isolation And Characterization of Lactobacillus Species From Local Indonesian Cow’s Milk Kandou, Abigail Sabrina; Sugata, Marcelia; Jo, Juandy
Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati Vol 9, No 2 (2024): June 2024
Publisher : Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24002/biota.v9i2.7792

Abstract

Probiotics are a group of beneficial microorganisms that can improve the health of their host. Lactobacillus species are lactic acid bacteria that have great potential as probiotics, in which cow’s milk is a great source of lactic acid bacteria. In this study, Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from fresh local Indonesian cow’s milk. The methods used to characterize the Lactobacillus spp. were (i) biochemical tests including catalase, hemolytic and sugar fermentation tests; (ii) tolerance tests against salt (NaCl 2%, 4% and 6%), low pH (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) and temperature (7°C, 37°C and 45°C); and (iii) 16S rRNA sequencing. The isolation yielded 14 isolates matching the criteria of Lactobacillus spp. colony and cell (i.e., Gram positive rods that did not produce endospores and did not have a waxy layer covering its cell wall). Based on subsequent biochemical tests, 5 isolates were suspected as potential probiotic Lactobacillus spp. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the isolate L was Limosilactobacillus fermentum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that local cow’s milk could be used to isolate Lactobacillus spp.
Assessment on the Antimicrobial Activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SU-KC1a against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC-7644 Timothy, Michael; Samantha, Ariela; Sugata, Marcelia; Tan, Tjie Jan; Jo, Juandy
Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati Vol 10, No 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24002/biota.v10i1.8038

Abstract

Lactobacillus species are particularly noteworthy due to their ability to synthesize a variety of antimicrobial substances, including organic acids and bacteriocins. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SU-KC1a, a member of the genus of Lactobacillus, had been previously isolated from human breast milk by our group. A preliminary in silico investigation had identified that Lpb. plantarum SU-KC1a possessed genes responsible for plantaricin, which is a type of bacteriocin produced by Lpb. plantarum strains. This study therefore aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of Lpb. plantarum SU-KC1a against pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes ATCC-7644 and to induce the biosynthesis of plantaricin by Lpb. plantarum SU-KC1a through co-culture with L. monocytogenes ATCC-7644 as the inducer strain. Our results showed that the cell-free supernatants from both co-culture and monoculture of Lpb. plantarum SU-KC1a exhibited a modest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes ATCC-7644. However, it was further determined that the inhibitory effect was not due to the production of plantaricin. Instead, it was primary attributed to the production of organic acids, which decreased the pH and inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes ATCC-7644. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Lpb. plantarum SU-KC1a could exert a modest antibacterial activity towards L. monocytogenes ATCC-7644, but not through the induction of plantaricin.
PENGARUH SUPLEMENTASI IKAN TERI (Stolephorus sp.) TERHADAP KANDUNGAN OMEGA-3 DAN OMEGA-6 PADA TELUR DAN DAGING AYAM RAS HISEX BROWN [THE EFFECT OF ANCHOVY FISH (Stolephorus sp.) SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE CONTENT OF OMEGA-3 AND OMEGA-6 IN HISEX BROWN CHICKEN EGG AND MEAT] Sugata, Marcelia; Wahyudi, Callista Levina; Kodrat, Erlangga; Tan, Jan Tjie
FaST - Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi (Journal of Science and Technology) Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021): NOVEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Pelita Harapan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The balance between omega-3 and omega-6 in the body is very important. The ideal omega-6/omega-3 ratio is 4:1 or lower, but modern people's diets with high omega-6/omega-3 ratio increase the risk of various diseases such as cardiovascular disease. To lower this ratio, the increase of omega-3 intake is required. Egg as a source of omega-3 is idealy consumed by people. Omega-3 eggs can be increased by providing supplementation of anchovy fish in chicken feed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the effect of five-months anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) supplementation on the level of omega-3 and omega-6 in Hisex Brown chicken eggs and meat. Laying hens were fed commercial feed which had been added with anchovy powder for five months. Samples of eggs and chicken meat (breast, upper thigh, lower thigh) were taken every 1-2 months, then the oil from the sample was extracted. Analysis of omega-3 and omega-6 content in oil samples was carried out by GC-MS Based on the results after five months of supplementation, longer supplementation period resulted in higher content of omega-3 (especially docosahexaenoic acid/DHA) and omega-6 (arachidonic acid/ARA) in egg yolks. Compared to the first month, the omega-3 and omega-6 content of eggs in the fifth month increased by 3.5 and 15.5 times, respectively. The content of omega-3 and omega-6 in chicken meat (breast, upper and lower thigh) during supplementation period were fluctuated. However, the omega-6/omega-3 ratios in the chicken breast and upper thighs got lower as the supplementation period lengthened.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Keseimbangan antara omega-3 dan omega-6 di dalam tubuh sangatlah penting. Rasio omega-6/omega-3 yang ideal adalah 4:1 atau lebih rendah, namun pola makan masyarakat modern memiliki rasio omega-6/omega-3 yang tinggi sehingga meningkatkan risiko berbagai penyakit seperti kardiovaskular. Untuk menurunkan rasio tersebut, dibutuhkan peningkatan asupan omega-3. Telur merupakan salah satu sumber omega-3 yang banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. Peningkatan omega-3 telur dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan suplementasi ikan teri pada pakan ayam. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh suplementasi ikan teri (Stolephorus sp.) terhadap kandungan omega-3 dan omega-6 pada telur dan daging ayam ras petelur strain Hisex Brown. Ayam petelur diberikan pakan komersil yang telah ditambahkan dengan bubuk ikan teri selama lima bulan. Sampel telur dan daging ayam (dada, paha atas, paha bawah) diambil setiap 1-2 bulan, lalu minyak dari sampel diekstraksi. Analisis kandungan omega-3 dan omega-6 dari sampel minyak dilakukan dengan GC-MS. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dari lima bulan suplementasi, periode suplementasi yang semakin lama menghasilkan kandungan omega-3 (khususnya docosahexaenoic acid/DHA) dan omega-6 (arachidonic acid/ARA) yang semakin tinggi pada kuning telur. Dibandingkan bulan pertama, kandungan omega-3 dan omega-6 telur pada bulan kelima meningkat masing-masing 3,5 dan 15,5 kali lipat. Kandungan omega-3 dan omega-6 pada daging ayam (dada, paha atas dan paha bawah) selama periode suplementasi mengalami fluktuasi. Meskipun demikian, rasio omega-6/omega-3 pada dada dan paha atas semakin rendah seiring dengan periode suplementasi yang semakin lama.
Analisis Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kedondong (Spondias dulcis) Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology [Analyzing the Antioxidant Activity of Ambarella Leaf Extract (Spondias dulcis) using Response Surface Methodology] Adhiwijaya, Ruben Patrick; Sugata, Marcelia; Jo, Juandy
FaST - Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi (Journal of Science and Technology) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2022): MAY
Publisher : Universitas Pelita Harapan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19166/jstfast.v6i1.5314

Abstract

Antioxidants are substances that mitigate the impacts of free radicals on the body, in which they can be extracted from plants. One common Indonesian plant that has a potential to be used as a source of antioxidants is the ambarella plant (Spondias dulcis). The aim of this research is to measure the antioxidant activity of ambarella leaf’s extract via response surface methodology to determine the optimum conditions required to facilitate maximum extraction. Ambarella leaves were dried and soaked in methanol by using various combinations of time, methanol concentration and solid:solvent ratio (SSR). Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH test. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the optimum conditions. The obtained optimum conditions were 26.5 hours, 82.2% methanol and a solid:solvent ratio of 1:14.6. Bahasa Indonesia Abstract:Antioksidan adalah sejenis senyawa yang dapat meminimalkan pengaruh radikal bebas dalam tubuh, dimana senyawa tersebut dapat diekstraksi dari tanaman. Salah satu tanaman di Indonesia yang memiliki potensi digunakan sebagai sumber antioksidan adalah kedondong (Spondias dulcis). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun kedondong, serta menemukan kondisi yang optimum untuk ekstraksi daun kedondong dengan menggunakan response surface methodology. Daun kedondong dikeringkan lalu dimaserasi menggunakan berbagai kombinasi parameter waktu, konsentrasi pelarut metanol, dan solid:solvent ratio (SSR). Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak lalu diukur menggunakan uji DPPH. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) digunakan untuk menemukan kondisi yang optimum. Kondisi maserasi yang optimum adalah 26,5 jam, konsentrasi pelarut metanol 82,2% dan SSR 1:14,6.
AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBIAL Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F75 DAN SU-KC1a TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI PATOGEN [ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F75 AND SU-KC1a AGAINST THE GROWTH OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA] Widjaja, Anasthasia Nathania; Sugata, Marcelia; Jo, Juandy
FaST - Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi (Journal of Science and Technology) Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022): NOVEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Pelita Harapan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19166/jstfast.v6i2.6085

Abstract

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Lactiplantibacillus species, are important within the food industry, as antimicrobial-exhibiting LAB are utilized as a bioprotective culture to increase food quality and safety. However, antimicrobial substances and other beneficial properties should be considered strain-specific, hence further characterization at the strain level is needed. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SU-KC1a and F75 have been isolated by the Biology Study Program, Universitas Pelita Harapan. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of L. plantarum SU-KC1a and F75 against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. The results showed that supernatants of L. plantarum SU-KC1a and F75 could inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Subsequent experiments suggested that the antimicrobial activity of both strains of L. plantarum were likely due to the production of organic acids that eventually decreased the pH.Bahasa Indonesia Abstract:Bakteri asam laktat (BAL), termasuk Lactiplantibacillus species, memiliki peran yang penting dalam industri makanan, karena BAL yang menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba dipergunakan sebagai kultur bioprotektif untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan keamanan pangan. Namun, senyawa antimikroba dan juga sifat menguntungkan lainnya seharusnya dianggap lebih spesifik terhadap masing-masing strain, sehingga karakterisasi lebih lanjut pada tingkat strain perlu dilakukan. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SU-KC1a dan F75 telah diisolasi oleh Program Studi Biologi Universitas Pelita Harapan. Pada penelitian ini, aktivitas dilakukan evaluasi antimikroba dari L. plantarum SU-KC1a dan F75 terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa supernatan dari L. plantarum SU-KC1a dan F75 memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus. Hasil uji lebih lanjut mengindikasikan bahwa aktivitas antimikroba dari kedua strain L. plantarum lebih dikarenakan oleh produksi asam organik yang menurunkan pH.
PENGOMPOSAN SAMPAH ORGANIK DAN ISOLASI BAKTERI TERMOFIL DARI KOMPOS [COMPOSTING ORGANIC WASTE AND ISOLATING THERMOPHILE BACTERIA FROM COMPOST] Tan, Tjie Jan; Daniel, Juan; Victor, Hans; Sugata, Marcelia
FaST - Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi (Journal of Science and Technology) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): NOVEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Pelita Harapan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19166/jstfast.v7i2.7596

Abstract

Composting is one of the methods to sustainably minimize the accumulation of waste in the environment. Compost is made through the decomposition process of organic waste with the help of microorganisms. The process of making compost goes through several phases, one of the most important phases is the thermophilic phase. In this research, an evaluation was carried out on the effect of temperature, humidity, pH and aeration on the success of composting from leaves and twigs and braches of trembesi tree (Albizia saman). In addition, isolation and identification of thermophilic bacteria which play an important role in the composting process were carried out. Isolation of thermophilic bacteria is carried out when the compost making process is in the thermophilic phase. To support the growth of thermophilic bacteria, incubation during the isolation and purification process was carried out at a temperature of as high as 55-60 oC. Subsequently, thermophilic bacterial isolates were identified based on morphology and biochemical activity tests. The characterization results based on Bergey's Manual Systematic Bacteriology Second Edition Volume Three the Firmicutes indicated that the isolates obtained belonged to the genus Bacillus.Bahasa Indonesia Abstract:Pembuatan kompos merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalisasi penumpukan sampah di lingkungan secara berkelanjutan. Kompos dibuat melalui proses dekomposisi sampah organik dengan bantuan mikroorganisme. Proses pembuatan kompos melalui beberapa fase, salah satu fase terpenting adalah fase termofilik. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan evaluasi pengaruh suhu, kelembapan, pH dan aerasi terhadap keberhasilan pembuatan kompos dari daun dan ranting serta dahan pohon trembesi (Albizia saman) Selain itu, dilakukan isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri termofilik yang berperan penting dalam proses pengomposan. Isolasi bakteri termofilik dilakukan saat proses pembuatan kompos berada pada fase termofilik. Untuk mendukung pertumbuhan bakteri termofil, inkubasi selama proses isolasi dan purifikasi dilakukan pada suhu 55-60 oC. Selanjutnya, isolat bakteri termofil diidentifikasi berdasarkan morfologi dan uji aktivitas biokimia. Hasil karakteriasasi yang dicocokan dengan Bergey’s Manual Systematic Bacteriology Second Edition Volume Three the Firmicutes mengindikasikan bahwa isolat yang diperoleh berasal dari genus Bacillus.
Assessment on the antioxidant, photoprotective, and antimicrobial properties of Siraitia grosvenorii Figo, Figo; Candra, Tasya Mariska; Novia, Jessica; Sugata, Marcelia
JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025): JIFI
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pancasila

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v23i1.1588

Abstract

Exogenous antioxidants from plant-based sources, such as polyphenols, show potential in maintaining a balance of cellular oxidation in biological systems. Additionally, the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the harmful effects of UV radiation on skin necessitate the exploration of medicinal plants for drug development and photoprotective agents. This study specifically focused on Siraitia grosvenorii or Luo Han Guo, and aimed to assess its phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and photoprotective properties. The study involved the preparation of Siraitia grosvenorii extracts from seeds and fruit peels, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3, evaluation of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, and analysis of antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli using turbidity assays. Photoprotective activity was examined by calculating the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) using a UV spectrophotometer and a normalized function. The results showed that fruit peel of Siraitia grosvenorii had a higher total phenolic content than the seed, and no significant difference in flavonoid content between seed and fruit peel extract. Additionally, Siraitia grosvenorii fruit peel and seed had low SPF value and DPPH reduction. Both fruit peel and seed showed highest antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 100 ppm.
Co-Authors Abigail Christy, Suawa Natania Adhiwijaya, Ruben Patrick Agustina Ika Susanti Anasthasia Nathania Widjaja Ariela Samantha Ariela Samantha Callista Levina Wahyudi Candra, Tasya Mariska Celeste Abigail Thanos Chelsea Valeria Simamora Christy, Suawa Natania Abigail Daniel Elia Firmansyah Daniel, Juan Dela Rosa Denny Juvi Erlangga Kodrat Febriani, Enjelia Ferren Chrislin Figo, Figo Firmansyah, Daniel Elia JAP, LUCY Jessica Novia Jessica Novia Jessica Trisina Juandy Jo Kandou, Abigail Sabrina Karnelasatri Karnelasatri Kodrat, Erlangga Litanto, Vivian Marbun, Kristin Talia Marcellie, Jessica Meiryanti Layarda Octaviana, Cindy Pongajow, Billy Yosua Costantin Reinhard Pinontoan Riskianto Riskianto Ruben Patrick Adhiwijaya Samantha, Ariela Sanjaya, Astia Simamora, Chelsea Valeria Soewono, Effendi Sophiano, Theophilus Suawa Natania Abigail Christy Sunardi, Jessica Suphandi, Michell Tan Tjie Jan, Tan Tjie Thanos, Celeste Abigail Timothy, Michael Valiant, Andreas Victor, Hans Vidian, Valerie Vivian Litanto WAHYU IRAWATI Wahyudi, Callista Levina Watumbara, Medista Lisa Widjaja, Anasthasia Nathania Yohan Aditya Manik