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All Journal JURNAL DIMENSI UTAMA TEKNIK SIPIL Jurnal Dimensi Pratama Teknik Sipil Civil Engineering Dimension Rekayasa: Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dimensi Utama Teknik Sipil
Djwantoro Hardjito
Petra Christian University
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Long-term Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Concrete Utilizing Self-Cementing Fly Ash as A Sole Binder Material Oswyn Karsten Wattimena; Antoni Antoni; Djwantoro Hardjito
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 25 No. 2 (2023): SEPTEMBER 2023
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.25.2.106-114

Abstract

Self-cementing fly ash, containing calcium oxide (CaO) of about 20%, has successfully become a sole binder material in concrete through hydration. A very low water-to-fly ash ratio, e.g., below 0.20, is the main key to achieving the high compressive strength of concrete. This study explores the strength evolution, long-term compressive strength, and mechanical properties of concrete that utilize self-cementing fly ash as a sole binder material. Remarkably, the long-term compressive strength continues to develop over a year, reaching nearly 50 MPa at 365 days, a 34% increase from the 28-day strength. While the other mechanical properties are slightly lower than predictions from empirical formulas for Portland cement concrete, promising results are observed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images highlight surface-restricted hydration products in self-cementing fly ash, rather than full dissolution of fly ash particles.
Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) using Local Clay with Clinker Content below 50% Mihardja, Edwin; Antoni, Antoni; Riady, Elbert G.; Suhendro, Samuel V.; Susanto, Tri E.; Akbar, Rizky T.; Anuraga, Bangkit Tegar T.; Hardjito, Djwantoro
Civil Engineering Dimension Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026): MARCH 2026
Publisher : Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9744/ced.28.1.120-129

Abstract

This study examined the performance of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) produced with Indonesian clays containing low–medium kaolinite (20–30%) and clinker contents below 50%. Material characterization was carried out using XRF, XRD, and particle size analysis, followed by evaluation of fresh and mechanical properties. LC3 mixtures incorporating local clays exhibited good workability and required less superplasticizer than metakaolin-based controls, indicating favourable fresh behaviour despite reduced clinker content. A notable strength reduction was observed when clinker content dropped below 35%, reflecting insufficient portlandite required for pozzolanic reactions. The addition or substitution of Ca(OH)₂ did not improve strength and hindered calcined clay reactivity due to elevated pH level (12.5–13.5). Microstructural analysis confirmed that mixtures with higher kaolinite and clinker contents produced denser hydration products. The results demonstrated that Indonesian clays are suitable for LC3 development, with promising fresh properties and microstructural behaviour supporting further optimization and future durability studies.
Co-Authors , Antoni Agie Vianthi Agie Vianthi Agung Sugiarto Akbar, Rizky T. Albert Natanegara Albertus Yonathan Aldi Vincent Sulistio Aldwin Ivan Gan Aldwin Ivan Gan Aleksander Jodjana Aleksander Jodjana Alvin Adiputra Widjaja Alvin Adiputra Widjaja, Alvin Adiputra Alvin Cahyadi Djoewardi Alvin Cahyadi Djoewardi Alvin Krisnanta Widianto Alvin Krisnanta Widianto, Alvin Krisnanta Andi Widjaya Andi Widjaya Andreas Andreas Andry Wirananda Angdiarto, Stella Patricia Anton Prayogo Go Anton Prayogo Go Antoni , Antoni , Antoni . Antoni . Antoni . Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Antoni Anuraga, Bangkit Tegar T. Ariyanto Mulya Sim Ariyanto Mulya Sim, Ariyanto Mulya Arnold Phengkarsa Arnold Phengkarsa Arthur Arthur Austin Purwantoro B.V Rangan Benedictus Trista Dmitri Billy Susilo Billy Susilo, Billy Chrisco Nathaniel Thomas Christanto, Daniel Chrysilla Natallia Chrysilla Natallia Chrystian Hadinata Crystie Angelina Leuw Crystie Angelina Leuw Daniel Christanto David Christianto David Christianto David Wiyono David Wiyono David Wiyono David Wiyono Dewanti Ratna Paramitha Diar Januar Utomo Diar Januar Utomo Dmitri, Benedictus Trista Dody M.J. Sumajouw Ediantonius Lubis Edvan Benefisco Edwin Christian Edwin Valentino Edwin Valentino Eric Budisetiawan Eric Budisetiawan Erwin Suryawangi Erwin Suryawangi Evelin Anastasia Fanuel Jeffry Christianto Fanuel Jeffry Christianto Febrina Ekaputri Susanto Febrina Ekaputri Susanto, Febrina Ekaputri Felicia Tria Nuciferani Gan, Aldwin Ivan Gary Kartadinata Gary Kartadinata Geraldo Theodore Santoso Gerardus Abi Gerardus Abi, Gerardus Ghozali, Kurniawati Ester Goey Frengki Gregorius Franky Tanggu Hans Tobias Wijaya Hendra S. Wibawa Hendra S. Wibawa Hendra Surya Wibawa Henry Sutikno Hilda Utami Citra Hilda Utami Citra Jason Ghorman Herianto Jerry Laksmana Wiranegara Jerry Laksmana Wiranegara, Jerry Laksmana Jonathan Robby Joshua Wilson Thiofilus Juan Satria Juan Satria, Juan Kent Setiono Kevin Desailly Kevin Guyana Kevin Klarens Kevin Saputra Kevin Saputra Yusuf Krisno Phoanajaya Krisno Phoanajaya Kristella Nathania Lairenz Kuncoro, Albert Kurniawati Ester Ghozali Lucky Chandra Lucky Chandra Lydia Yuniarti Meok Maria Lupita Maria Lupita Masyogo Pangestu Masyogo Pangestu, Masyogo Meok, Lydia Yuniarti Michael Benjamin Honny Michael Indranata Mihardja, Edwin Natanegara, Albert Nataniel Alexsander Roberto Nico Christiono Oswyn Karsten Wattimena Owen Malvin Sirapanji Paramitha, Dewanti Ratna Permana Putra Prasetio Permana Putra Prasetio Raven Andrean Subroto Raven Andrean Subroto Reiner Tirtamulya Surja Riady, Elbert G. Ricard Mintura Ricky Surya Ryan Renaldo Wijaya Sam Wahyudi Winata Sam Wahyudi Winata Samuel Santosa Samuel Wahjudi Singgih Suryajaya Stacia Dwi Shenjaya Stacia Dwi Shenjaya Stanley Filberto Steenie E. Wallah Stella Patricia Angdiarto Sugiarto, Agung Suhendro, Samuel V. Susanto, Tri E. Sutikno, Henry Teguh Hermawan Widodo Teguh Hermawan Widodo Thomas, Chrisco Nathaniel Vellyana Wardoyo Vindy Satrya Wangsa Hioewono Chandra Wardoyo, Vellyana Wempy Erlando Widya Suyanto William Alexander Yoanes Maria Louis Adhi Prasetya Yohanes Christian Yohanes Takarendehang Yohanes Takarendehang Yonathan, Albertus